Chem Top School Trials

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TRIAL EXAMS 2022
CHEMISTY
A SOURCE YOU CAN TRUST
➢ MARANDA SCHOOL
➢ ASUMBI GIRLS
➢ PANGANI GIRLS
➢ KENYA HIGH
➢ NAIROBI SCHOOL
➢ MANG’U SCHOOL
➢ MOI GIRLS ELDORET
➢ FRIENDS SCHOOL
➢ MASENO
➢ BAHATI GIRLS
➢ STAREHE BOYS
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MOI GIRLS-ELDORET
PAPER 1
TIME 2HRS
1. Element K has atomic number 20 while element M has atomic number 8.
a) Write the electron configuration of K and M
K ______________________ (1mk)
M ______________________ (1mk)
b) Write the symbol of the most stable ion of K and M
K ____________________________ (1/2 mk)
M ___________________________ (1/2mk)
2. Molten lead (ii) iodide is electrolyzed using inert electrodes. Write the half equation of the reactions that
occur at the anode and cathode.
i) Anode _______________________________________ (1mk)
ii) Cathode ______________________________________ (1mk)
b) Explain why the conductivity of metals decrease with increase in temperature
3. Some sodium chloride was found to be contaminated with copper (ii) oxide. Describe how a sample of
dry sodium chloride can be obtained from the mixline
4. Hot platinum wire was lowered into a flask containing concentrated ammonia solution as shown below
Glass rod
Hot platinum
wire
Conc ammonia solution
State and explain the observations made (3mks)

________________________________________________________________________
5. a) What is a dative boud? (1mk)
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b) Draw a dot (.) and cross (x) diagram to show bouding in carbon (ii) oxide (2mks)
6. Air was passed through several reagents as shown in the flow chart diagram
Air Concentrated KOH Excess heated copper Excess heated

solution turnings magnesium powder
a) What is the purpose of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution? (1mk)

________________________________________________________________________
b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the chamber with magnesium powder (1mk)
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2 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

c) Name one gas which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder (1mk)
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7. Name the following substances
a) CH2CH CH2CH3 ______________________________________ (1mk)
b) CH3CHCHCH2CH3 _______________________________________ (1mk)
c) State the observation made when compound in (a) above was passed through acidified potassium
(vii) manganite (1mk)
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8. The diagram below shows a wooden splint that was placed horizontally across the middle part of a non-
luminous flame.
Charred black
i) Explain the observation made (2mks)

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ii) Explain why non-luminous flame is preferred for heating than luminous flame (1mk)
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9. Explain giving reasons why?
a) Sulphuric(vi) acide is not used with marble in the preparation of carbon(iv) oxide (2mks)
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b) Water cannot be used to extinguish oil fire
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10. 15cm3 of a solution containg 2.88g/dm3 of an alkali XOH completely reacts with 20.0cm 3 of 0.045m
sulphuric(vi) acid. Calculate the molarity and relative atomic mass of x present in the alkali
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11. An hydrocarbon Q was found to decolourise potassium manganate(vii)solution. When two moles of Q
were burnt completely six moles of carbon(iv)oxide and six moles of water were formed.
a) Write the structural formula of Q (2mks)
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________________________________________________________________________
b) Name the homologous series to which Q belongs
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12. The diagram below represents an electrochemical cell
V
Cell A
Cell B
Zinc Copper
Zinc sulphate
Copper (ii)sulphate
i) On the diagram label the salt bridge (1mk)

ii) State two observations made in cell B (1mk)
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a) Write the overall ionic equation of the cell (1mk)
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13. During the extraction of copper and zinc from their ores, some of the processes include
i) Crushing
ii) Mixing of the crushed ore with oil and water and bubbling air through it.
(a) (i) Name the process (ii) above (1mk)
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(ii) What is the purpose of (ii) above
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14. Dry chlorine gas was passed through two pieces of coloured cotton cloth as shown
Experiment I Experiment II
Dry Dry
chlorine chlorine
Wet cloth
a) State what is observed in each experiment (1mk)

Experiment I
______________________________________________________________________
Experiment II
______________________________________________________________________
b) Explain your observation using an equation (1mk)
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15. a) what is meant by solubility? (1mk)
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b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid Y in water at 30 oC the following results were
obtained.
Mass of evaporating dish = 26.2g
Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 42.4g
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid y = 30.4g
Using the information, determine the solubility of solid Y at 30 oc in grams per 100g of water (2mks)
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16. the molar heat of formation of carbon(ii) oxide is -105kjmol-1, molar heat of combustion of carbon is -
393 kjmol-1
by using an energy cycle diagram, determine the molar heat of combustion of carbon(ii)oxide (3mks)
________________________________________________________________________
17. The diagram below was used to study the effect of heat on copper(ii)sulphate crystals
Copper(ii)sulphate
Boiling
tube
Liquid M
Heat
Ice cold
water
a) Name liquid M (1mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
b) State and explain the precaution that should be made before stopping heating (2mks)
_____________________________________________________________________
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18. Deuterium 21D and tritium 31T are two isotopers of hydrogen. They react to form element Y and neutron
particles according to the equation below.
2 3 a 1
1D + 1T bY + 0n
i) Find the value of a and b (2mks)
________________________________________________________________________
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ii) What name is given to the type of reaction undergone by the isotope of hydrogen (1mk)
________________________________________________________________________
19. A gas occupies 4dm3 at -230c and 152mmHg. At what pressure will its volume be halved, if the
temperature then is 2270c? (2mks)
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20. Ammonium nitrate was gently heated and the products collected as shown in the diagram

Ammonium
nitrate
Gas G
Colourless Water
liquid
Ice cold
water
a) Identify
i) Colourless liquid H (1mk)
____________________________________________________
ii) Gas G (1mk)
b) Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify gas G
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21. The diagram below shows the acidic and basic oxides fit into the general family of oxide
Acidic
Acidic Basic
oxide
oxide oxide
a) State the type of oxide that would be placed in the shaded area (1mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
b) Name an oxide that would be placed in the shaded area (1mk)

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22. A dynamic equilibrium between dichromate and chromate ions is established as shown in the equation
below.
Cr2O72-(aq) + ZOH-(aq) 2Cro2-4 + H2O (l)
Orange Yellow
a) What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? (1mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b) State and explain the observation made if a dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the equilibrium
mixture (2mks)
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23. An experiment showed that the composition of a compound to be 5838% Barium, 13.72% Sulphur and
27.47% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound (Ba = 137; S=32, O=16) (3mks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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24. In an experiment to study diffusion of gases, the following set up was used
Cotton wool soaked Cotton wool soaked

in conc. NH3(aq) in con. Hcl
i) State and explain observations made in the experiment (2mks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs in the experiment (1mks)
__________________________________________________________________
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25. The figure below is an energy level diagram for the reaction 2Z (g) + 2B(g) = 2AB(g)
2Z (g) + B(g)
Energy (kj)
2AB(g)
Reaction progress
Explain the effect of yield AB by
i) Increase in pressure (1 ½ mk)
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_____________________________________________________________________
ii) Decrease in temperaline (1 ½ mk)
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26. Study the following changes that took place when the following substances are exposed to air.
a) NaOH(s) I NaOH(aq)
b) N2CO3.IOH2O(s) II Na2CO3(s) + IOH2O(l)

c) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) III CuSO4.5H2O(s)

Name the process (3mks)
I _______________________________
II ______________________________
III _____________________________
27. A white solid K was heated. It produced a brown gas A and another gas B which relights a glowing
splint. The residue left was yellow when hot and white when cold.
a) Identify gases A and B (2mks)
A ______________________________
B ______________________________
b) Write an equation for the decomposition of solid K (1mk)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
28. Bronze is an alloy of copper and another metal. Identify the other metal.
PAPER 2
1. The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the true symbols of the elements.
I B C D E
F G H
a) Which element forms an ion of charge - 2? Explain your answer 2marks

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(b) What is the nature of the oxide formed by element C? 1mark
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(c) How does the reactivity of H compare with that of E? Explain. 2marks

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(d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between B and chlorine? 1mark
(e) Explain how the atomic radii of the following compare; 2marks
i) F and G
……………………………………………………………………
ii) B and G
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(f) The oxides of B and D are separately dissolved in water. State the effect of each product on litmus paper.
2marks
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(g) 20cm3 of a solution of a hydroxide of I completely neutralizes 17.5cm 3 of 0.5M sulphuric (VI) acid. Calculate
the concentration in moles/litre of solution of the hydroxide of I 3marks
2. a) Sulphur occurs naturally in two different forms called allotropes;
(i) What are allotropes? 1mark
(ii) The two allotropes of sulphur are stable at different temperatures, as shown in the equation below.
Above 95.50C
Rhombic sulphur Monoclinic sulphur
Below 95.50C
Give a name to the temperature 95.50C 1mark
b) Below is a flow chart diagram for the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid.

(h)
(i) Give the name of chambers labeled 1 ½ mark
X
Y
Z.
(j) State the three conditions in the converter. 1 ½ mark
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(k) Explain why gases are passed through ; 2marks
I – The dust precipitator and drying power
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(i) II- The chamber labeled Y Write the balanced equations for the reactions in;3marks
Step 2:
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Step 3:
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Step 4:
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c) Calculate the volume of sulphur (VI) oxide gas in litres that would be required to produce 178kg of Oleum in
step 3. (Molar gas volume at s.t.p.=22.4l, H=1, O=16, S=32) 3marks
3. Below is a scheme of some reactions of propanol. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Polymerisation HBr
Q Y Z
Step II Conc. H2SO4

Step I
0
160 C
Propanol
CH3CH2CH3
(a) State the reagents and conditions required to effect step I 3marks
CH3CH2CH2OH
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Step III
11 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706 CH3CH2CH2CL

(b) Draw the structural formulae and name product Z. 1mark

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(c) Name product Q 1mark
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(d) Explain how product Y can be distinguished from the product formed after step I has taken place.
2marks
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(e) What name is given to the process in Step II and step III 2marks
Step II
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Step III
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(f) (i) Define the term hydrocarbon 1mark
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(ii) Draw the structure of 1, 2 – dibromopropane 1mark
4.
a) What is the molar heat of combustion of a substance? (1mark)
The experiment below was set up to determine the molar heat of combustion of methanol.
Thermometer
Mettallic Container
Water Wind Shield
Methanol Burner

The following data was obtained from the above experiment.
Mass of burner + methanol before burning = 62.74g
Mass of burner + methanol after burning = 62.36g Final temperature of water
= 38.50C
Initial temperature of water = 23.50C
Volume of water used = 100cm3
i) From the above results work out the molar heat of combustion of methanol. (3marks)
(Density of water =1g/cm3, C = 12, O=16, H= 1.0)
Specific heat capacity of solution 4.2Kj K-1g K-1)
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ii) Write a thermo chemical equation for this reaction. (1mark)
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iii) Explain why the value obtained in (i) above may be lower than the actual value. (1mark)
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b) Study the data given below
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ΔH = - 2209 KJmol-1
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l) ΔH = -286KJmol-1
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = -406KJmol-1
Use this information to find the heat of formation of propane. (3marks)

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c) What do you understand by the term heating value of a given fuel? (1mark)
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d) State two factors you consider when choosing a fuel. (1mark)
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5.
a) Magnesium ribbon was reacted with steam as shown in the diagram below.
Magnesium
Ribbon
Gas x
Wet
Sand
Boiling
Heat Heat tube Water
(i) State two observations in the boiling tube. (2marks)

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(ii) Describe how you test for gas x (2marks)
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(iii)State one industrial use of the product formed in the boiling tube at the end of the experiment.
(1mark)
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b)
(i) Explain what is meant by the term neutralisation. (1mark)
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(ii) Starting with 50cm3 of 2M nitric (v) acid, describe how you would prepare crystals of sodium nitrate.
(3marks)
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c) Complete the table below. (1mark)

Colour in
Indicator
Acidic solution Alkaline solution
Phenolphthalein __________ Pink
Methyl Orange Pink __________
d) When magnesium is burnt in air two reactions take place forming two different compounds. Write down the
equations for the two reactions. (2marks )
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6. The set up below is used to measure the change in mass during the course of the reaction between dilute
hydrochloric acid (Excess) and marble chips at 220C.
Cotton Wool Plug
Hydrochloric acid
Marble chips
Balance
Changes in mass were noted at one minute intervals and were as follows;
Time (Min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Loss in mass (g) 0.26 0.46 0.60 0.69 0.73 0.73 0.73
a) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in the flask. (1mark)

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b) Give a reason why the mass of the flask charged with time? (1mark)
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c) What is the role of cotton wool at the mouth of the flask? (1mark)
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d) Explain why it is not advisable to use dilute sulphuric (VI) acid with marble chips in this experiment
(1mark)
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e) Plot a graph of loss in mass (vertical axis) against time. Label the curve 22 0C (3marks)
f) On the same axis in (e) above sketch the graph you would expect to obtain if the experiment was repeated at
350C. Label the curve 350C. (1mark)
g) State what would happen if the marble chips were replaced with the same mass of marble powder. Explain
your answer. (1mark)
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h) Determine the volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced if 0.12g of marble chips was reacted with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid. (Experiment done at room temperature and pressure. Molar gas volume at r.t.p = 24dm 3,Ca
= 40.0,O = 16, C = 12.0) (2marks)
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7. In an experiment ,0.71g of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3.XH2O) was treated with dilute nitric v acid
and the gas evolved was carbon iv oxide which was measured using a syringe at stp.The volume of carbon iv
oxide obtained was 56cm3
a.Write the equation for the reaction between anhydrous sodium carbonate and dilute nitric v acid (1mk)
b. Calculate the number of moles of carbon iv oxide gas collected at s.t.p (molar gas volume at stp=22,400)
(2mks)
c.Calculate the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate reacted (3mks)
d.Calculate the mass of water in 0.715g of hydrated sodium carbonate (1mk)

e. Determine the R.F.M of hydrated sodium carbonate, hence the value of X (3mks)
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with:
- Solution A, a mixture of two bases sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate solids
dissolved in a 1 litre solution.
- Solution B, 0.2M hydrochloric acid.
- Phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators.
- Solution C, barium chloride solution.
You are required to determine the concentration of each of the reactants in the mixture.
Procedure 1
Pipette 25.0cm3 of solution A into a conical flask.
Add two drops of methyl orange indicator.
Titrate solution A with B until the yellow colour just changes to pink.
Record your results in the table below.
Repeat the procedure to obtain two more readings.
Table I (3 marks )
1 2 3
3
Final burette reading (cm )
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of solution B used (cm3)
(a) Calculate the average volume (V1) of solution B used. (1 mark )
(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted. (1 ½ marks )
Procedure II
Pipette 25.0cm3 of solution A into a conical flask. Measure 15.0cm3 of barium chloride
solution (solution C) with clean measuring cylinder.
Add it to the solution A in the conical flask. Shake it gently and add three drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Titrate solution B into the conical flask until the pink colour just changes to colourless.
NB: The white precipitate should remain in the flask.
Repeat the procedure to obtain two more readings.
Table II ( 3 marks )
1 2 3
Final burette readings (cm3
Volume of solution B used (cm3)
(c ) Calculate the average volume (V2) of solution B used. (1 mark )
(d) The equation for the formation of white precipitate
Na2CO3 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
During titration II the white precipitate formed after adding barium chloride does
not take part in the titration but all the hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution are neutralized.
(i) Calculate the moles of the acid (solution B) reacting in titration II. ( 1 ½ marks )
(ii) Calculate moles of sodium hydroxide (OH-) reacting during the titration. ( 1 ½ marks )
(e) Calculate number of moles of acid that reacted with sodium carbonate in the mixture. ( 1 ½ marks )
(f) Calculate the concentration of solution A in terms of sodium hydroxide in
moles per litre. ( 1 ½ marks )
(g) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of the acid with sodium carbonate. ( 1 mark)

(h) (i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate in the mixture. (1 mark )
(ii) Calculate concentration of solution A in terms of sodium carbonate in
moles per litre. (1 ½ marks )
2. You are provided with solid Z. Carry out the tests below and write your observations
and inferences.
(a) Using a clean metallic spatula, heat a half of solid Z in a Bunsen burner flame.
Observation Inferences
( 1 ½ marks ) ( 1 marks
(b) Dissolve the remaining portion of solid Z into 10cm3 of distilled water in a boiling tube.
Divide the resulting solution into four portions.
( 1 mark ) ( ½ mark )
(c ) To 1st portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII)

( ½ mark ) ( 1 ½ marks )
(d) To the 2nd portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium dichromate (VI) and warm.
( ½ mark ) ( 1 ½ marks )
(e) To the 3rd portion, add all the NaHCO3 provided.
( 1 mark ) ( ½ mark )
(f) To the 4th portion, add 3 drops of universal indicator and determine the pH value.
( 1mark ) ( ½ mark )
3. You are provided with solid Y. Carry out the tests below and record your observations and
inferences in the spaces provided.
(a) Place half of solid Y in a boiling tube and heat. Test any gas produced with litmus paper.

( 1 ½ marks ) ( 1 mark )
(b) Place the remaining solid Y into a boiling tube. Add about 10cm3 distilled water and
shake. Divide the resulting solution into 5 portions.
( ½ mark )
( ½ mark )
(c ) To the 1st portion, add NaOH (aq) dropwise till in excess.
( 1mark ) ( ½ mark )
(d) To the 2nd portion, add NH3 (aq) dropwise till in excess.
( 1 mark )
( ½ mark )
(e) To the 3rd portion, add 1cm3 of acidified hydrogen peroxide followed by
NaOH (aq) dropwise till in excess.
( 1 mark )
( ½ mark )
th
(f) To the 4 portion, add 3 drops of lead (II) nitrate and then filter.
( 1 mark )
( 1 mark )
(g) To the 5th portion, add 3 drops of acidified barium nitrate solution.
( ½ mark ) ( ½ mark )
KENYA HIGH SCHOOL
PAPER 1
1) An element K has atomic number 20 while element M has atomic number 8.
a) Write the electronic configuration for K and M
K 1mark
M 1mark
b) Write the symbol of the most stable ion of K and M
K………………………………………1mark
M…………………………………. 1mark
2) Molten Lead (II) bromide is electrolyzed using carbon electrodes. Write the half equations of the reactions
that occur at the anode and the cathode.
* Anode
…………………………………………………………………………………….…… 1mark
* Cathode
……………………………………………………………...……….………………… 1mark
3) Explain why the conductivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature. 2marks
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4) Three metal oxides XO, YO, and ZO are heated with powdered metal Y. Hot powdered Y will remove oxygen
from XO but not from ZO. Arrange the metals in order of reactivity, starting with the most reactive.
1mark
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5) Some sodium chloride was found to be contaminated with copper (II) oxide. Describe how a sample of sodium
chloride can be separated from the mixture. 2marks
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6) Hot platinum wire was lowered into a flask containing concentrated ammonia solution as shown below.
Glass rod
Hot platinum wire
Concentrated Ammonia Solution
State and explain the observations made. 3marks

7) The set up below represents the apparatus that may be used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids C
and D whose boiling points are 800C and 1100C.

a) Name B
………………………………………………………………………………….. 1mark
b) What is the purpose of the thermometer 1mark
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c) Which liquid was collected in the test tube? 1mark
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8) Draw a dot (.) and cross (x) diagram to show bonding in carbon (II) oxide. 2marks
9) Ammonium nitrate was gently heated and the products collected as shown in the diagram.
i. Identify:
a. Colourless liquid H

………………………………………………………………………………………… 1mark
b.Gas G
………………………………………………………………………………………… 1mark
ii. Describe one physical and one chemical test that can be used to identify gas G. 2marks
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10) Air was passed through several reagents as shown in the flow chart below.
Escaping gases
Concentrated Excess heated Excess heated

A KOH solution copper turnings magnesium powder
a) What is the purpose of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution? 1mark

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b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the chamber with magnesium powder. 1mark
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c) Name one gas which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder.
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Give a reason for your answer 2marks
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11) Name the following substances.
• CH2 CH CH2 CH3 1mark

• CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 1mark
12) The diagram below shows the acidic and basic oxides fit into the general family of oxides.
Acidic Basic
Oxide Oxide

a) State the name given to the type of oxide that would be placed in the shaded area. 1mark
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b) Give the name of any oxide that would be placed in the shaded area. 1mark
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13) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent the
actual symbols of the elements.
Substance Solubility in water Electrical conductivity

Solid Molten
A Insoluble Good Good
B Soluble Poor Good
C Insoluble Poor Poor
a) Which of the substances is highly likely to be sodium chloride? Explain 2marks

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b) What type of bond exists in substance A? 1mark
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c) State a possible structure in substance C? 1mark
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14) Laboratory results showed the composition of a compound to be 58.81% barium, 13.72%, sulphur and 27.47%
Oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. Ba=137, S = 32, O = 16. 2marks
15) The diagram below shows a wooden splint that was placed horizontally across the middle part of a non-
luminous flame.
Unburnt part
Charred black
a) Explain the observation made 2marks

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b) Explain why non-luminous flame is preferred for heating than the luminous flame. 2marks
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16) 200cm3 of oxygen gas took 60 seconds to diffuse through a porous plug. Determine the time taken by 300cm 3
of sulphur (IV) oxide to diffuse through the same plug under the same conditions.
(O=16, S = 32) 3marks
17) Explain why?

i. Both methane and diamond are covalently bonded. Methane is a gas but diamond is a solid with very high
melting point. 2marks
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ii. Ammonia is dissolved in water using an inverted funnel. 1mark
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18) Explain giving reasons why?
a) Sulphuric acid is not used with marble in the preparation of carbon (IV) oxide 2marks
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b) Water cannot be used to distinguish oil fire. 1mark
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19) A gas occupies 4dm3 at -230C and 152 mmHg. At what pressure will its volume be halved, if the temperature
then is 2270C.? 2marks
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20) a) Sodium, Magnesium and Aluminium are elements in the periodic table. Explain why aluminium has a
higher melting and boiling point than sodium and magnesium. 2marks
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b) The ionization energy of an atom is strongly influenced by three atomic parameters. State two of these
parameters. 2marks
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21) 15cm3 of a solution containing 2.88g/dm3 of an alkali XOH completely reacts with 20cm 3 of 0.045M
sulphuric acid. Calculate the molarity and relative atomic mass of X present in the alkali. 3marks
22) Describe how a solid sample of calcium sulphate can be prepared using the following reagents; dilute nitric
(v)acid, dilute sulphuric (vi) acid and solid calcium carbonate 4marks
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23) Crude oil is the main source of organic compounds such as hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in the crude oil
have to be separated.
a) Name two important hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil. 2marks
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b) Give the uses of the two hydrocarbons named in (a) above. 2marks
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24) A hydrocarbon Q was found to decolourise potassium manganate (vii) solution. When two moles of Q were
burnt completely six moles of carbon (iv) oxide and six moles of water were formed.
(i) Write the structural formula of Q. 1mark
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Name the homologous series to which Q belongs 1mark
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25) Dilute sulphuric acid was added to a compound X, of magnesium. The solid reacted with the acid to form a
colourless solution, Y and a colourless gas Z which formed a white precipitate when bubbled through lime
water.
Name:-
i) Compound X 1mark
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Solution Y 1mark
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iii) Colourless gas Z 1mark
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26) When dry hydrogen gas passed over heated Lead (II) oxide in combustion tube, a grey solid was formed.
i) Identify the grey solid. 1mark

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) Write the equation of the reaction taking place in the combustion tube. 1mark
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iii) Write the equation involving the blue flame. 2marks
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27) What do (C F C’ S) mean? 1mark
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28)
1. What is meant by the term allotrophy? 1mark
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2. Explain in terms of structure and bonding why graphite is soft with greasy feeling. 2marks
PAPER 2
1) The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the true symbols of the elements.
A
I B C D E
F G H
a) Which element forms an ion of charge - 2? Explain your answer 2marks

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b) What is the nature of the oxide formed by element C? 1mark
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c) How does the reactivity of H compare with that of E? Explain. 2marks
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d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between B and chlorine? 1mark
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e) Explain how the atomic radii of the following compare; 2marks
a) F and G
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b) B and G
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f) The oxides of B and D are separately dissolved in water. State the effect of each product on litmus paper.
2marks
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g) 20cm3 of a solution of a hydroxide of I completely neutralizes 17.5cm 3 of 0.5M sulphuric (VI) acid. Calculate
the concentration in moles/litre of solution of the hydroxide of I 3marks
2) The diagram below shows an experiment set-up to investigate a property of carbon (ii) oxide. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.

i. Name one condition that is missing in the set up that must be present if the experiment to proceed.
1mark
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ii. If the experiment was carried out properly. What observation would be made in the combustion tube?
1mark
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iii. Give an equation for the reaction that occurs in the combustion tube. 1 ½ mark
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iv. Give an equation for the reaction that takes place as gas x burns. 1 ½ marks
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v. Why is it necessary to burn gas x? 1mk
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vi. Name the reducing and oxidizing agent. 2marks
a) Reducing agent
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Oxidising agent
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vii. Identify any other substance that would have the same effect on copper (ii) oxide as carbon (ii) oxide.
1mark
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viii. What would happen if copper (ii) oxide was replaced with sodium oxide? Explain 2mark
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3) a) Sulphur occurs naturally in two different forms called allotropes;
• What are allotropes? 1mark
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• The two allotropes of sulphur are stable at different temperatures, as shown in the equation below.
Above 95.50C
Rhombic sulphur Monoclinic sulphur
Below 95.50C
Give a name to the temperature 95.50C 1mark
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Below is a flow chart diagram for the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid.
a) Give the name of chambers labeled 1 ½ mark

X
………………………………………………………………
Y
………………………………………………………………
Z
……………………………………………………………….
b) State the three conditions in the converter. 1 ½ mark
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c) Explain why gases are passed through ; 2marks
I – The dust precipitator and drying power
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II- The chamber labeled Y
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d) Write the balanced equations for the reactions in; 3marks
Step 2:
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Step 3:
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Step 4:
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* Calculate the volume of sulphur (VI) oxide gas in litres that would be required to produce 178kg of Oleum in
step 3. (Molar gas volume at s.t.p.=22.4l, H=1, O=16, S=32) 3marks
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4. a) The scheme below shows various reactions starting with ammonia. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.
Ammonia
31 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706 (i) O2(g) +

Compound catalyst
J STEP I STEP II
Nitric (v) acid Aqueous sodium
a) List the raw materials used in the manufacturer of ammonia gas. 1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) What catalyst is used in step I? 1mark
.......................................................................................................................................................................
c) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs between ammonia and oxygen gas in the presence of a catalyst.
1mark
.......................................................................................................................................................................
d) Identify the process is step II? 1mark
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e) Using an appropriate equation, explain how the reaction in step III occurs (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) What should be added to solution K to form solid L? (1 mark)
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f)
(a) I. Write the formula of compound J.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
II. Calculate the mass of compound J that would contain 14g of nitrogen. (N=14, O=16, H= 1) (2marks)
b) Explain the advantage of using ammonium phosphate fertilizer over the other nitrogenous fertilizers.
(1mark)
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5. Dry chlorine was collected using the set up below.
a) Name a suitable drying agent for chlorine gas? 1mark

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b) State one property of chlorine gas which facilitates this method of collection. 1mark
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c) State the observations on the moist blue litmus paper. 2marks
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d) Chlorine gas was bubbled through distilled water. With aid of an equation show the formation of chlorine
water. 1mark

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e) Write the formula of the compounds formed when chlorine gas reacts with warm dry phosphorous.
2marks
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f) Chlorine gas is mixed with moist hydrogen sulphide gas, state and explain the observations 2marks
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g) Give one use of chlorine gas. 1mark
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vi) Fractional distillation of air is used in the industrial manufacture of oxygen. The diagram below shows the
process.
Dust particles Liquid S
Air
A B M
Substance T
Dry air
Sodium Carbonate Compressor

solution
X
Nitrogen boiling
D
point- 1960C
Fractional
Argon boiling distillation
point -1860C
R
Oxygen boiling
point - 1960C
i. What processes are taking place in chamber A,B,M and D 2marks

ii. Name;
i) Liquid S
……………………………………………………………………………………….……….……………
ii) Substance T
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iii. Explain why part Y in chamber D is curved? 1mark
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iv. Give two industrial uses of oxygen gas? 2marks
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v. In the laboratory preparation of oxygen, manganese (iv) oxide and hydrogen peroxide are used. Write an
equation to show how oxygen gas is formed. 1mark
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vi. An investigation was carried out using the set-up below. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) State and explain what will happen in the three test-tubes R, S and T after seven days. 3marks
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b) Give one reason why some metals are electroplated. 1mark
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vii) Below is a scheme of some reactions of propanol. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Polymerisation HBr
Q Y Z
Step II Conc. H2SO4

Step I
0
160 C
Propanol
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2OH
Step III
CH3CH2CH2CL
a) State the reagents and conditions required to effect step I 3marks
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b) Draw the structural formulae and name product Z. 1mark
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c) Name product Q 1mark
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d) Explain how product Y can be distinguished from the product formed after step I has taken place.
2marks
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e) What name is given to the process in Step II and step III 2marks
Step II
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Step III
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f) (i) Define the term hydrocarbon 1mark
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(ii) Draw the structure of 1, 2 – dibromopropane 1mark
PAPER 3
c) Solution A is prepared by dissolving 6.3g of the organic acid H 2C2O4.nH2O in water to make a litre of the
solution.
Solution B: 0.1M NaOH solution
Phenolphthalein indicator
Clamp and stand
Burette and pipette.
You are required to determine the value of n in the organic acid H2C2O4. nH2O
Procedure.
Fill the burette with solution A and adjust the volume to zero mark.
Add 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate solution A against solution B until thecolour just
permanently changes. Record your results in the table below. Repeat the procedure two more times to obtain
concordant results.
•
Titration 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Volume of solution A used (cm3)
4marks
• Calculate the average volume of solution A used. 1mark
• Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide in the volume of solution B used. 2marks
• Given that solution B - Sodium hydroxide and solution A organic acid react in the ration of 2:1, calculate
the number of moles of the organic acid –solution A used? 2marks
• Calculate the moles of organic acid solution A used per litre of solution 2marks
• Calculate the relative formula masses of the organic acid solution A 3marks
• Calculate the value of n in H2C2O4.nH2O(H=1, C=12, O=16) 3marks

d) You are provided with CBI. Carry out the test below. Write your observation and inferences in the spaces
provided.
h) Using a clean spatula, heat about one third of the solid CBI in a non- luminous Bunsen burner flame.
1mark 1mark
i) Put a half spatula endful of CBI in a test tube. Heat gently and then strongly. Test for any gas produced
using litmus papers.

1mark 1mark
j) Put 2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a test tube. Add ¼ endful of CBI into the test tube.
Test for any gas procedure.
2marks 2marks
e) You are provided with solid Q, carry out the test below. Record your observations and inferences in the table.
Identify any gas (es) evolved.
Place all the solid Q provided into boiling tube and add distilled water until the tube is ¼ full. Divide it into
five portions.
c) To the 1st portion add ammonia solution drop wise until excess.
1mark 1mark
nd
d) (i) To the 2 portion add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise until in excess. Keep the resulting
mixture for the next test.

1mark 1mark
ii) Warm the preserved mixture from b (i) above
1mark 1mark
e) i) To the 3rd portion add silver nitrate solution. Preserve the mixture for the next test.
1mark 1mark
ii) To the preserved mixture in c (i) above add diluted nitric acid.

1mark 1mark
f) To the 4th portion add dilute Barium nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid.
1mark 1mark
g) To the 5th portion add 2-3 drops of conc. Nitric acid.

Warm the mixture and allow to cool. Add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise until in excess.
1mark 1mark

NAIROBI SCHOOL
PAPER 1
1. The set up below was used to separate a mixture of two substances.
One of the components in the mixture T was sodium chloride.
(i). Name the other component (1mk)
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(ii). Name the method of separation (1mk)
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2. Dry hydrogen gas was passed through a hot metal oxide as shown in the diagram below.
Dry Hydrogen
The metal oxide turned from black to brown.
a). Identify the metal oxide (1mk)

b). State one other observation in the combustion tube. (1mk)
c). Write a chemical equation for one of the reaction taking place in the combustion tube. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
3.The diagram below shows regions of a burning charcoal stove.
a). Write an equation for the reaction taking place at
(i). B (1mk)
(ii). C (1mk)
b. Name the allotropes of carbon represented by the diagram below (2mks)
4. Student are advised to use a non- luminous flame when heating during laboratory experiments.
a). Why is the non-luminous flame preferred. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b). How does a Bunsen Burner produce a non-luminous flame. (1mk)
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5a. State Boyles Law (1mk)
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b). A balloon contains 250dm3 of helium at 25˚c and 100kPa pressure. Calculate the temperature when its volume reaches
400dm3and 80kpa pressure (2mks)
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6. Below is a diagram of a set up of apparatus used to investigate the effect of electric current on a binary electrolyte, lead
(II) bromide.
(i). What is a binary electrolyte. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii). What is the importance of heating in the above experiment? (1mk)

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(iii). Write the ionic equation for the reaction taking place at the anode (1mk)
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7. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction
(a). Temperature (2mks)
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(b). Concentration (2mks)
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8.Study the reaction below and answer the questions that follows
2NO2g N2O4(g) H = -ve
Brown Pale yellow
a). State the observation made when a mixture of NO2 (g) and N2O4 (g) at equilibrium is subjected to

(i). High pressure (½mk)
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(ii). High temperatures (½mk)
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Explain the observations in a(i) and a(ii) (1mk)
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9. The set up below shows the catalytic oxidation of ammonia in the laboratory.
One of the observations made in the flask is that the platinum wire glows even though it is no longer heated.
(a). Explain this observation (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(b). State another observation made in the conical flask (1mk)

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c). Write an equation to explain the second observation (1mk)
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10. Distinguish between a dative and covalent bond (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b). Draw a diagram to show bonding in hydroxonium ion (H3O+) (H=1, O = 8) (2mks)
11.The information below gives pH value of solution V, W, X, Y, Z
SOLUTION pH Values
V 2
W 6.5
X 11
Y 14
Z 4.5
(a). Which solution is likely to be
--
(i). Calcium hydroxide? (1mk)
(ii). Rain Water (1mk)
b. Explain the pH value of rain water (1mk)
12. 20cm3 of a dibasic acid required 25cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide for complete neutralisation.
(a). How many moles of sodium hydroxide reacted with the dibasic acid ? (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b). Calculate the concentration of the dibasic acid in moles per litre (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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13. Chloride water was exposed to sunlight as shown in the set up below x
a). Write an equation for the reaction that produce gas X. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b). Explain the observation made if a red flower petal is immersed in chlorine water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(1mk)
14. The table below shows the solubility of a substance at various temperatures. Study it and answer the questions that
follows.
Temperature ˚c Solubility in g/100g water

0 36
40 30
80 25
110 20
a). What is the meaning of solubility (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b. State and explain what would happen if a sample of a saturated solution of the substance at 40˚c was heated to 110˚c
(1mk)
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…………………………
15. The flow chart below shows the processes involved in extraction of Zinc metal. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

(a). Name the main ore used in the extraction of Zinc. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b). What is the function of limestone in roaster B (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c). State one use of Zinc (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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16. The products formed by action of heat on nitrates of elements P,Q,R are shown in the table below.
Nitrate of element Products formed

P Metal oxide + Nitrogen (iv) Oxide +Oxygen
Q Metal + oxygen + nitrogen (iv)Oxide
R Metal Nitrite + Oxygen
a). Arrange the metal elements in order of increasing reactivity (1mk)
b). Which element forms a soluble carbonate (1mk)
c). Give an example of element Q (1mk)
17. A student set up the apparatus shown below to prepare and collect oxygen gas.

He made a mistake in the set and could not collect the gas.
(i). What was the mistake (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(ii). Identify substances Y (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(iii). Write an equation for the reaction in the flask (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
18a). A radioactive element weighed 384g. After 270days, its mass fell to 48g. Calculate the half -life of the element.
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b). State one application of radioisotopes in industry. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
19. Three portions of a solution of B(NO 3)2 (B is not the actual symbol of the element) where tested as follows.
(i). When 2cm3 portions of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the first portion, a white precipitate was formed which
dissolve on warming.
(ii). When two drops of 2M sodium hydroxide solution were added to the second portion, a white precipitate is formed
which dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide to form a colourless solution.
(iii). When a solution of potassium iodide was added to the third portion, a yellow precipitate was formed.
(a). Identify the
White precipitate formed in step 1 (1mk)
Element B (1mk)
b). Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in step (iii) (1mk)

20. The following table gives standard electrode potentials for a number of half cell reactions.
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.70
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- Fe (s) -0.44
I2 + 2e- 2I-(aq) +0.54
(i).Which of the substances listed above is the strongest oxidising agent. Explain (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(ii). Write the cell representation that would give the highest e.m.f value (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
21. 0.6g of element K (not actual symbol) were completely burnt in oxygen to heat 500cm 3of water. Given that the RAM
of X is 12.06, determine the final temperature of the water heated if the initial temperature was 21˚c. Specific heat
capacity of water = 4.2Jk-1g-1
Density of water = 1.0gcm³
Molar heat of combustion of K is 380kJ mol (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
22a. Name two reagent that can be used to prepare sulphur (iv) oxide gas in the laboratory. (2mks)
b). When a tube containing moist sulphur (iv) oxide gas is inverted over one containing hydrogen sulphide gas a yellow
deposit forms on the sides of both tubes. Explain (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
c). State one use of sulphur (iv) oxide gas (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
23. A container in the lab has the label CH 3CH2COOCH3.
(i). Name the process of formation of the above substance (1mk)
(ii). Identify the two substances from which the substance is made (2mks)
(iii). Name the condition necessary for the formation of CH3CH2COOCH3- (1mk)
24. In an electrolytic process a current of 200A was passed through molten oxide of a metal Q for 58 minutes and 64.8g of
the metal deposited. Determine

(i). Charge on metal Q (R.M.M of Q =27) (1mk)
(ii). The volume of oxygen produced at standard temperature and pressure (IF= 96500c, Molar gas volume at StP =
22.4dm³) (2mks)
25. Describe how a student can distinguish between Calcium and Lead ions in solution using aqueous sodium chloride.
(2mks)
26. The table below shows the 1 st and 2nd ionization energies of three elements in the same family of the periodic table.
Element 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol 2nd Ionisation energy kJ/mol

K 900 1880
L 736 1450
M 590 1150
(a). Arrange the above element in order of decreasing reactivity (1mk)
b). Explain why the 1st ionization energy is higher than the second ionization energy (2mks)
27. Draw and name two isomers of C4H6 (3mks)
PAPER 2
CO2 + H2O
Step I Reagent T
Step III Step II

Substance Propanol Propene
M Methanoic acid H2SO4(l)
Step IV Reagent B
Propanoic acid
Step V Sodium hydroxide
Step VI
Sodium propanoate Ethane
Reagent N
a. Name the process in step; (3 marks)

I …………………………………………………………………………………………….
III …………………………………………………………………………………………...
IV …………………………………………………………………………………………..

b. Write an equation for the reaction in step (2 marks)
I …………………………………………………………………………………………….
V ……………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Give the name and structural formula of substance M (2 marks)

Name ………………………………………………………………………………………
Structural formula
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
d. Name the reagent; (2 marks)
B ……………………………………………………………………………………………
N ……………………………………………………………………………………………
e. State the condition necessary for reaction in step II (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
f. The diagram below shows the structure of a detergent.
i. Identify the detergent (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii. A sample of water was found to contain magnesium ions. Explain why the detergent above is a suitable reagent
to be used in the water. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
1. a.The table below shows properties of four substances. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Substance Melting point Electrical conductivity
(0C)
Solid Molten
A – 33 Poor Poor
B 801 Poor Good
C 1083 Good Good
D 1417 Poor Poor
i. Identify the structure in the following: (2 marks)

A ………………………………………………………………………………….
C ………………………………………………………………………………….
ii. Explain the conductivity in substance B (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
iii. Give a reason why substance D has a h-igh melting point. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
b.Draw dot and cross diagram showing bonding in the following; (2 marks)
i. Ammonia gas (N=7, H=1)

ii. Sodium sulphide ( Na=11, S=16)
c. Explain the following; (3 marks)
i. Magnesium and sulphur are in the same period of the periodic table. However, magnesium oxide is a solid while
sulphur (IV) oxide is a gas at room temperature (Mg = 12, S=16, O=8)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
ii. Ethanol is molecular but it dissolves in water
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
iii. Solid copper metal is a better electrical conductor than molten copper
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
2. a.The diagram below shows the set-up used to test a property of carbon in the laboratory. Study it and use it to
i. State the role of potassium hydroxide solution (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
ii. Write an equation for the reaction in the combustion tube (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
iii. State the property of carbon being investigated. (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
b.Sodium carbonate is prepared industrially using Solvay process. The flow diagram below shows some of the
reactions in the process. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow.
i. Identify; (2 marks)
Solid Y …………………………………………………………………………
Solid P ………………………………………………………………………….
ii. Write an equation for the reaction taking place in chamber M (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
iii. Name the process taking place in chamber N. (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
iv. State two uses of sodium carbonate (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
c. The set-up below was used to prepare carbon (IV) oxide gas in the laboratory. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

i. Identify the mistake in the set-up and suggest a possible correction. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Complete the diagram showing how the gas can be collected (1 mark)
3. The list below shows reduction potentials of element M, N, P and Q
a. Identify the element that is strongest reducing agent (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
b. Which elements would form an electrochemical cell with the highest e.m.f. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
c. The half cells of M and P were combined to form an electrochemical cell.

i. Draw the electrochemical cell formed (3 marks)
ii. Calculate the e. m. f of the cell formed (1 mark)
d. The set-up below was used during the electrolysis of a solution of Magnesium sulphate using inert electrodes.

i. State the observation made in electrode Q. Explain (2 marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
Write an equation for the reaction in electrode P (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
ii. A current of 0.5 Amperes was passed through the cell for 16 minutes and 5 seconds. Calculate the
volume of product at the anode at RTP (1M= 24l ,I F=96500C)
……………………………………………………………(3 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
e. Give one application of electrolysis (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. a) Define molar heat of neutralization (1mark)
b) The table below shows temperature reached when equal volumes of an alkaline solution of 1.5M
concentration was reacted with 0.95M sulphuric (VI) acid.
Total volume of Sulphuric VI acid 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

added
Volume of alkaline solution 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Highest temperature reached 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 27 26
Plot a graph of temperature against volume of acid used (3mks)
c. From the graph determine
i. the volume of sulphuric VI acid needed to completely neutralize 30cm 3 of the alkali solution ( 1mk)
the temperature change (1mk)
d. Calculate the heat change for the above reaction density of solution 1g/cm 3, Specific Heat Capacity 4.2g/J/K
(2mks)
e. Calculate the molar heat of neutralization for the reaction (2mks)
5. The diagram below shows the set-up used to extract sodium metal.
a. Identify; (2 marks)
i. Electrolyte X
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
ii. Gas Y
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
b. During extraction of sodium using the down's process, calcium chloride is added to the ore. Give a reason for the
addition of calcium chloride. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
c. State two uses of sodium (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
d. Give a reason why sodium is extracted using electrolysis (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
e. Why is the anode made of graphite and not steel? (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
f. On the diagram, label the steel diaphragm. (1 mark)
g. State the role of the steel diaphragm (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
h. State and explain two observations made when sodium metal is placed in a trough of cold water.
(3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
6. a. The figure below shows some properties and reactions starting with solid S. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.
White solid S
Add dilute nitric (V) acid Step 1
Colourless solution F
Gas K that forms a white precipitate with lime water
Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Sodium hydroxide in excess Aqueous In excess Sodium sulphate solution
Ammonia
Colourless
i. solution
Identify; White precipitate (2 marks)
White precipitate
Solid S
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
Gas K
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
ii. Write an equation for the reaction in step 1 (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
iii. State the property of solution F that makes the reaction in step 2 possible. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
iv. Write an ionic equation for the reaction in step 2 (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
b. Starting with Zinc oxide, describe how a dray sample of zinc carbonate can be prepared in the laboratory
(3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
c. Name the process taking place when the following reactions take place (3 marks)
i. Calcium chloride placed on a watch glass overnight forms a solution

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
ii. Sodium hydroxide reacts with sulphuric (VI) acid to form a colourless solution
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
iii. Silver nitrate and potassium chloride react to form a white solid
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with :
• 2M hydrochloric acid, solution W
• 5 pieces of magnesium ribbon, each 2cm long
• 0.5M sodium carbonate, solution R
You are required to determine:
i) the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium

ii) the mass of 2cm of magnesium ribbon
Procedure 1
I. Using a clean measuring cylinder, measure 60cm 3 of 2M hydrochloric acid, solution W and place it into a clean
conical flask. Take one piece of 2cm piece of magnesium ribbon provided and place it in the hydrochloric acid
and immediately start the stopwatch.
II. Measure and record the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to react completely with hydrochloric acid in table 1
below.
Retain the contents of conical flask 1 for use in procedure II. Label this solution P
III. Repeat the procedure using 50cm3, with 10 cm3 of water , 40 cm3 and 20cm3 of water ,, 30cm3 and 20cm3 of
water , portions of 2M hydrochloric acid adding distilled water to make up to 60cm3 of solution and complete the
table below.
NOTE: Do not retain the contents of the conical flask in experiments 2, 3, 4 and 5. Table 1
Experiment number 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 2M hydrochloric acid(cm3) 60 50 40 30 20
Volume of water added 0 10 20 30 40
Time taken for ribbon to disappear (s)
1/time (sec -1)

(6mks)
a) Plot a graph 1/time (sec-1) against volume of 2M hydrochloric acid (3mks)
b) From your graph, determine the time taken for the ribbon to disappear when 36cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid were
used. (1mks)
c) In terms of rate of reaction, explain the shape of your graph. (1 mks)
Procedure II
1) Using a clean measuring cylinder measure 40cm 3 of distilled water and add it to the contents of the conical flask
retained in procedure I labeled solution P
2) Fill a burette with solution P. Pipette 25.0cm3of solution R 0.5M sodium carbonate and place it into a clean
flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator to solution R. Titrate with solution P and record your results in
table II below. Repeat the titration two more times and complete the table.
Table II
1 2 3
Final volume(cm3)
Initial volume
(cm3)
Final- initial
volume (cm3)
(4mks)
Calculate the :
vii. Average volume of solution P used. (1 mks)
ix. Number of moles of sodium carbonate solution R used. (1 mks)
viii. Number of moles of hydrochloric acid used. (1 mks)
ix. Number of moles of hydrochloric acid present in 100cm3 of solution P. (1 mks)
x. Number of moles of hydrochloric acid present in 60cm3 of solution W. (1 mks)

xi. Number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with 2cm magnesium ribbon. (1 mks)
xii. Mass of magnesium present in 2cm ribbon. (Mg = 24.0) (1 mks)
2. You are provided with solid K. Carry out the following tests below. Write your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
a) Place about one half of solid K in a dry test tube. Heat gently then strongly. Test any gases produced with blue
and red litmus papers
observation inference
(1mk) (1mk)
b) Place the remaining amount of solid K in a boiling tube. Add about 10cm3 of distilled water and shake the
mixture.
(1mk) (1mk)
c) Divide solution K above into four portions of 2cm3 each in separate test tubes. Use the portions for tests (i) to
(iv) below.
i) To the first portion add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise until in excess.

(1mk) (1mk)
ii) To the second portion add about 1cm3 of sodium chloride solution
(1mk) (1mk)
iii)To the second portion add aqueous ammonia drop wise till excess
(½mk) (½mk)
iv) To the second portion add three drops of aqueous barium nitrate followed by five drops of nitric (v) acid .
(1mk) (1mk)

3. You are provided with an organic substance S. Carry out the following tests and record your observations and
inferences in the spaces provided.
a) Place about one third of substance S on a metallic spatula and ignite it with a bunsen burner flame.
(1mk) (1mk)
3
Place the remaining amount of substance S in a boiling tube. Add about 10cm of distilled water and shake well. Use
3
about 2cm portions of the mixture obtained for tests (i) to (iii) below.
i) To the first portion add solid sodium hydrogen carbonate.

(½mk) (½mk)
ii) To the second portion add two drops of acidified potassium manganite (VI) solution.
(1mk)
(1mk)
iii)To the third portion add 3 drops of bromine water

(1mk) (1mk)

SUNSHINE SCHOOL
PAPER 1
1. What name is given to the different forms of an element in the same physical state? (1mark)
2. Element J whose atomic number is 31 has two isotopes. The table below shows the mass numbers and the relative
abundance for each isotope.
Mass Relative abundance %

69 60.4
71 39.6
(a) Determine the number of neutrons in the isotope with mass number 69 (1mark)
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of element J (2marks)
3. When excess chlorine gas is bubbled through dilute sodium hydroxide solution the resulting solution act as a bleaching
agent.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine and sodium hydroxide solution.
(1mark)
(b) Explain how the resulting solution act as a bleaching agent (1mark)
(c) Other than bleaching state one use of chlorine (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
4. Crystals of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide were placed on opposite ends of a petri dish with water as shown below.
Potassium iodide Lead (II) nitrate crystal

crystal
(i) State the observation that would be made after some time (1mark)
(ii) On the diagram above indicate with an X the likely position of the observation made in (i) above. (Pb = 207 , I =
127) (1mark)
(iii) Explain your observation in (ii) above. (1mark)
5. The table below gives some information about elements represented by letters B,C,D and E. Study the information and

Element Atomic radii(nm) Melting point oC
B 0.152 180
C 0.186 98
D 0.231 64
E 0.244 39
(i) Would these elements form part of a group or a period? Explain. (1mark)
(ii) Explain the trend in the melting point of the elements. (1mark)
6. When an aqueous solution of barium chloride was added to an aqueous sodium salt W, a white precipitate was formed.
On addition of dilute hydrochloric acid the white precipitate dissolved and a gas was evolved.
(i) Give two possible identities of W (1mark)
(ii) What type of reaction takes place when Sulphur is reacted with concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid. (1mark)
(iii) What property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid enables it to be used as used as a drying agent
(1mark)
7. In an experiment 10.6g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were dissolved in water to make
100cm3 of solution.25cm3 of this solution required 20.0cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid for complete neutralization. Calculate
the percentage of sodium chloride in the mixture.( R.A.M; Na = 23 , O = 16 , H = 1 ) (3marks)
8. Give the name of a suitable method that can be used to extract potassium from its ore. Explain your
answer (1mark)
9. The diagram below shows the apparatus used by a student to collect dry hydrogen chloride gas
Gas generator
i) Explain why even with the correct chemicals in the gas generator the student failed to collect hydrogen chloride
gas. (1mark)
ii) Which gas could be dried and collected using this arrangement? (1mark)
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that produces hydrogen chloride gas in the laboratory
(1mark)
10. An element R has a boiling point of 4830 oC and burns in air to form an acidic gas.

Suggest a likely structure for element R. Explain your answer (2marks)
11. 3.79g of metal M were deposited when a molten salt of M was electrolysed by passing a current of 0.6A for 90 minutes.
(Relative atomic mass of M = 226, 1 Faraday = 96500 Coulombs)
(a) Calculate the amount of electricity in Coulombs;
(i) Used to deposit 3.79g of metal M (1mark)
(ii) Needed to deposit one mole of M (1mark)
(b) Deduce the charge on the ions of M (1mark)
12. Lead is extracted from an ore called galena
(a) What is the formula of galena? (1mark)

(b) State the role of the following in extraction of lead.
(i) Scrap iron (1mark)
(ii) Limestone (1mark)
13. The equations below represent two processes that take place without change in temperature
I H2O(s) H2O(l)
II CdCl2(s) Cd2+(l) + 2Cl-(l)
(i) Explain why although heat is required for each of the processes to take place, the temperature remains constant in both
cases (1mark)
(ii) Which of the two processes has a higher enthalpy change ΔH Give a reason? (3marks)
14. Describe how you can distinguish between dilute sulphuric (VI) acid and ethanoic acid. (2marks)
15. (i) An isotope F has a half- life of 2.5 hours. What percentage of a given mass of the isotope would be left after 10.0
hours? (2marks)
(ii) Radioactive Polonium 216 dacays as shown below.
216 Po 208
21684 Po 82 208 Pb + m α + n β
84 82
Determine the values of m and n (2marks)
16. Alkanol is one of the homologous series of organic compounds
(a) Give the name and structural formula of the fourth member of this series
(i) name; ………………………………………………………………………… (1mark)
(ii) structural formula (1mark)

(b) Write an equation for the complete combustion of the fourth member of this series (1mark)
17. (a)What is vulcanization of rubber (1mark)
(b)Sulphur(IV)oxide gas is oxidised catalytically to sulphur(VI) Oxide gas in the contact process as shown below
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) ΔH = -197kJ
Explain how the following conditions will affect the yield of Sulphur (VI) oxide
(i) Increase in temperature (1mark)
(ii) Increase in pressure (1mark)
18.(i) A compound Y reacts with bromine to form another compound whose formula is
H Br
| |
CH3CH2 __ C __ C __ CH3
| |
Give the formula and name of compound Y (2marks)
Br ethanol
(ii)Name the compound formed when H is reacted with propanoic acid in presence of a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric (VI) acid (1mark)
19. (i)When soap is added to hard water, lather does not form immediately but eventually forms on addition of more soap.
Explain using an equation (1mark)
(ii) State two methods that can be used to remove both types of water hardness (1mark)
20. Methane in natural gas is used for preparing hydrogen for the Haber process. When methane is heated with steam,
carbon II oxide and hydrogen are formed.
(i)Write an equation for this reaction (1mark)
Using the bond energies given below
Bond Bond Energies kJmol-1

H__H 436
H__O 463
C__H 412
C __ O 995
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in (i) above (2marks)
21. Starting with 50 cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide describe how crystals of sodium sulphate can be prepared in the
laboratory. (3marks)
22. When carbon (IV) oxide is bubbled through lime water a white precipitate is formed. This precipitate dissolves when
excess carbon (IV) oxide is bubbled.
(i) Name the white precipitate (1mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the white precipitate dissolves (1mark)
(iii) State one use of carbon (IV) oxide and state the property of the gas which the use depends (1mark)
23. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in presence of manganese (IV) oxide to give oxygen gas
(i)Draw a labelled diagram to show how the volume of oxygen gas can be measured. (1mark)
(ii) Explain how an increase in temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction. (2marks)
24.(a)Name the solvent that is used to extract oil from groundnuts (1mark)
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the question that follow
Liquid Boiling point oC

Water 100
Ethanoic acid 118
Suggest with an explanation the most suitable method of separating a mixture of ethanoic acid and water
(1mark)
25. A candle was burnt in air as shown below by a form one student. She made some observations as the burning progresses.
Inverted
funnel To pump or
aspirator
Ice N
cold
water Calcium hydroxide
Ice- cold
candle
mixture
Aqueous sodium
hydroxide
(a) Identify the substance that form in tube M (1mark)
(b) What observation would be made in tube N. Explain your answer. (1mark)
26. A piece of phosphorus was burnt in excess air and the product obtained was shaken with a small amount of hot water to make a
solution.
(i)Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air. (1mark)
(ii)State the observation that would be made when both red and blue litmus papers are dipped into the
resulting solution (1mark)
27. The set- up below was used to study one of the chemical properties of ammonia. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Identify metal M (1mark)

(ii) State two observations that would be made during the experiment above (1mark)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs. (1mark)
28. (a) What is an acid- base indicator. (1mark)
(b) Give one example of a commercial acid – base indicator and the colour of the indicator in a basic solution
(1mark)
Indicator Colour in basic solution
29. In a paper chromatography experiment to determine the presence of substances A B, C and D in a mixture M the results shown
below were obtained
P
PM QA RB SC TD
(a) Identify line P. ………………………………………………………………………… (1mark)
(b)What substances are present in mixture M. (1mark)
30. Use the standard electrode potential given below to answer the questions that follow

Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) Eɵ = + 0.34
I2(aq) + 2e 2I-(aq) Eɵ = + 0.54
Calculate the e.m.f of the cell made by combining the two half cells above (1mark)
31. Below is a diagram used by a student to investigate zinc / copper electrochemical cell
Copper electrode
Zinc electrode
1M solution X
1M solution Y
Porous pot
(i) What could solutions X and Y be (1mark)
(ii) On the diagram above show the direction of flow of electrons. (1mark)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode. (1mark)
PAPER 2
1. (a) Use the information below to answer the questions that follow.
Ca (S ) + 1 O 2( g ) → CaO(S ) H = -635 kJ molˉ¹

2
Ca (S ) + O 2( g ) → CaO2( g ) H = -394 kJ molˉ¹
Ca (S ) + e (S ) + 3 O 2( g ) → CaCO3(S ) H = -1207 kJ molˉ¹

2
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
CaO(S ) + CO 2( g ) → CaCO3(S ) (3 marks)
(b) State one factor that should be considered when choosing a fuel for cooking. (1 mark)
(c) The following data was obtained during an experiment to determine the molar heat of combustion of
ethanol.
Volume of water used = 500cm³
Initial temperature of water = 25C
Final temperature of water = 44.5C

Mass of ethanol + lamp before burning = 121.5g
Mass of ethanol + lamp after burning = 120.0g
Calculate the
(i) Heat evolved during the experiment (density of water = 1g/cm³, specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jgˉ¹ˉK¹).
(2 marks)
(ii) Molar heat of combustion of ethanol (C = 12, O = 16, H = 1). (2 marks)
(d) Write the thermo equation for the complete combustion of ethanol. (1 mark)
(e) At 298K and one atmosphere pressure, graphite changes into diamond according to the equation.
C → C H = +2.9 KJ/mol


graphite 

diamond 
In the space provided, sketch a simple energy level diagram for the above change. (2 marks)
2. (a) At 25C 50g of substance X were added to 100g of water to make a saturated solution.
What is meant a saturated solution? (1 mark)
(b) The table below gives the solubilities of substance X at different temperatures.
Temperature C 14 24 33 40 46 52
Solubility g/100g H2O 24 36 50 62 72 90
(i). Plot a graph of the solubility of substance X (vertical axis) against temperature. (3 marks)
(ii) Using the graph.
d) Determine the solubility of substance X at 20C. (1 mark)

e) Determine the mass of substance X that remained undissolved given that 90g of substance X were
added to 100cm³ of water and warmed to 35C. (2 marks)
f) Calculate the molarity of the solution at 30C. (Relative formula mass of X = 122.5). (3 marks)
(c) The figure below shows an ion exchanger used to soften hard water
Hard water containing MgCl2
Na + Na +
Na + Na +
Ion exchanger
Na +
Na +
Na + Na +
Soft water out

(i) Draw the ion exchanger and show how it will appear at the end of softening process. (2 marks)
(ii) How is the ion exchanger recharged after exhaustion (1 mark
3.(a) Below is an incomplete diagram of a set-up of the apparatus used to obtain nitrogen gas from the air.
Zinc W
Water →
in
Heat
Aspirator
Potassium
Water
hydroxide solution
IV. Complete the diagram to show how nitrogen gas is collected. (1 mark)
V. State the role of the following:
I Water entering the aspirator. (1 mark)
II Potassium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)

(iii).Write a chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in combustion tube. (1 mark)
(b).The diagram below represents the Haber’s process for the manufacture of ammonia. Study it and answer
the questions that follow.
Nitrogen Hydrogen
Purifier
Compressor 500
atmosphere
Condenser Heat Exchange
unreacted gases
Liquid ammonia 10%
Catalytic ammonia
chamber
( i) Name any two impurities removed by the purifier. (2 marks)
(ii) Name the catalyst used in the process (1 mark)
(iii) In the Haber’s process the conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia is only 10%.
The remaining unreacted gases are recycled. What is the advantage of recycling. (1mark)
iv) A part from the catalyst and pressure of 500 atmospheres, name any other condition required for this
process.
(c) Give any two uses of ammonia (2 marks)
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
d) In the manufacture of nitric (V) Acid from ammonia and air, ammonia is catalytically oxidized to nitrogen
(II) oxide
(i) Name the catalyst used in the reaction. (1mark)
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and air. (1mark)
(iii) State one environmental problem likely to be faced in an area where nitric (v) acid manufacturing plant is
located. (1 mark)
....................................................................................................................................................................................
4. In an experiment, carbon (IV) Oxide gas was passed over heated charcoal and the gas produced collected as
shown in the diagram below.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube . (1 mark)
(ii) Name another chemical substance that can be instead of sodium hydroxide . (1 mark)
(iii) Describe a simple chemical test to distinguish between carbon (II) Oxide and carbon (IV) Oxide
(2 marks)
(iv) What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide in the above set-up (1 mark)
(v) What property of the gas makes it possible to be collected as shown above? (1 mark)
(vi) State one use of carbon (II) oxide (1 mark)
(b) In order to prepare sodium carbonate in the laboratory, students passed carbon (IV) oxide and ammonia gas
into brine as shown in the flow diagram below. Use it to answer the questions that follow:

(i) Why is the mixture obtained in chamber A cooled down in chamber B? (1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that recurs in the heating chamber D (1 mark)
(iii) Give a reason why it is difficult to prepare potassium carbonate by the same method. (1 mark)
5. Study the flow diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Metal A + Chlorine
Sodium
Water Heat
Solution C + Hydrogen gas Compound B
Water
Solution Colorless solution Na2CO3
White
C D Solution precipitate
Mixed
Few drops of
solution C
Colorless solution Dilute White Precipitate Excess Colorless solution
G HCl E NaOH(aq) F
E
(a) Give the name and formula of the following.
(i) White precipitate E
Name
(1 mark)
Formula
(1 mark)
(ii) Colourless solution F
Name
(1 mark)
Formula
(1 mark)
(b) What property is exhibited by white precipitate E when it reacts with Sodium hydroxide and HCl acid.
(1 mark)
(c) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between white precipitate E and excess sodium hydroxide solution.
(1 mark)
(d) You are provided with.
i) Potassium carbonate solid
ii) Zinc hydroxide
iii) Nitric (v) acid
iv) Distilled water
State briefly how you would prepare solid zinc carbonate using the reagents given. (3 marks)
(e) Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid giving an example of each. (2 marks)
(f). Identify an acid in the forward reaction given by the equation below:
(1 mark)

6. The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow. The letters do not
represent actual symbols.
S U V
P R T X W
x. Which of the elements has the largest atomic radius? Explain. (2 marks)
xi. Identify the most reactive non-metal. Explain. (2 marks)
xii. Compare the atomic radius of P and R. (1 mark)
xiii. Give the formula of one stable ion with an electron arrangement of 2.8 which is:
3. Negativity charged divalent ion. (2 marks)
4. Positively charged monovalent.
xiv. Given that the mass number of W is 40. Write down the composition of its nucleus. (1 mark)
xv. Write the formula of the compounds formed between.

(iii) Element R and X. (1 mark)
(iv) Give one property of the structure formed when R and X bond. (1 mark)

7. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
Ca (OH)2
CaC2 + X
Step 1
Gas Y 1 mole HCl Z

Step 2
H H
1 mole H2
| |
C — C Step 3
|
H H 2
C2H4 CH3CH3
2000C, High pressure H2 1500C
Step 5 Step 4
(i) Identify reagent X. (1 mark)
(ii) Draw the structural formula of gas Y. (1 mark)
(iii) What name is given to the process that takes place in step 5? (1 mark)
(b) An organic compound T reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of u.v light to form compound U. The
structural formula of compound U is shown below.
Name the organic compound T and draw its structural formula. (2marks)
(c).The structure below represents two cleansing agents, L 1 and L2.
L1 → R – CH – CH3
OSO3- Na+
L2 → R – COO- Na+
(i) Identify each of the two cleansing agents, L1 and L2.
L1 (½mark)
L2 (½mark)
(ii). State a disadvantage of each of the above cleansing agents.
L1 (½mark)
L2 (½mark)
(d) In an experiment an organic compound was reacted with absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric (VI) acid to form a compound whose formula is CH3 CH2 CH2 COOCH2 CH3. Name
I. The type of reaction that took place. (1 mark)
II. The name of the organic compound to which the compound belonged. (1 mark)
(e) Write the structural formula and give the systematic name of the acid used in the above experiment.
(2 marks)
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
Q1.You are provided with:

i) Magnesium ribbon, solid FA1.
ii) 0.7 M hydrochloric acid, solution FA2.
iii) 0.05 M sodium hydroxide solution, solution FA3.
iv) Distilled water.
v) Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
You are required to determine the:
i) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid that remain unreacted.
ii) Number of moles of magnesium that reacted.
PROCEDURE I
a) Using a burette, measure 50.0cm3 of solution FA2 and place it in a 100ml plastic beaker.
b) Put the magnesium ribbon, solid FA1 in the 50.0cm3 of solution FA2 in the 100ml beaker and allow the
reaction to proceed until effervescence stops.
PROCEDURE II
c) Transfer ALL the solution obtained in Procedure I into a 250ml volumetric flask.
d) Top up the solution in the volumetric flask to calibration mark using distilled water. label this as solution
FA4.
e) Empty the burette and fill it with solution FA3.

f) Pipette 25.0cm3 of solution FA4 and place it into an empty 250ml conical flask. Add 3 drops of the
phenolphthalein indicator solution and titrate against solution FA3 from the burette. Record the results
in Table 1.
g) Repeat the titration of solution FA4 against FA3 two more times in order to complete Table 1.
Table 1.
Titration 1st 2nd 3rd
Final burette reading, cm3
Initial burette reading, cm3
Volume of solution FA3 used, cm3
(4mks)
Average volume of solution FA3 used = _______________________________ cm3 (1mk)
Calculate the number of moles of:

i) Sodium hydroxide in the average titre volume used. (1mk)
3
ii) Hydrochloric acid in 25.0 cm of solution FA4. (2mks)
iii) Hydrochloric acid in 250.0 cm3 of solution FA4. (2mks)
3
iv) Hydrochloric acid in 50.0 cm of solution FA2. (1mk)
v) Hydrochloric acid that reacted with the magnesium. (2mks)
vi) Magnesium that reacted. (2mks)
i). 2.20g of solid BA11,
ii). Thermometer.
iii). Distilled water.
iv). 100 ml Glass beaker
v). Boiling tube.
You are required to determine the solubility of compound BA11 at various temperatures.
Procedure I:
a) Place the whole amount of solid BA11 supplied to you into a clean, dry boiling tube.
b) Using a burette, add 2.00cm3 of distilled water into the boiling tube with solid BA11.
c) Insert a thermometer into the boiling tube and heat the mixture in the hot water-bath (use the 100ml
beaker), while stirring continuously with the thermometer, until the temperature of the mixture is about
800C when ALL the crystals JUST dissolve
d) Remove the boiling tube from the hot water bath and allow the contents to cool slowly while stirring with
the thermometer. Note the temperature at which the crystals FIRST form/reappear and record this
crystallization temperature, Tc in Table 2
e) Using the same mixture from (d) above, add 1.00cm 3 of distilled water from the burette into the boiling
tube containing the mixture and repeat steps (c) and (d) above. Continue in this way until a total volume
of water added to the boiling tube is 7.00cm3. Complete Table 2 by calculating the solubility of compound
BA11 in water at the different temperatures.
Table 2: (4mks)
Total volume of water Crystallization Solubility of compound BA11 in water

added (cm3) Temperature ,TC(oC) (g/100g of water)
2.00
3.00

4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
f) On the grid provided plot a graph of solubility of compound BA11 (vertical axis) against temperature.
(3mks)
g) Using the graph determine:
I. the temperature at which 100.0g compound BA11 would dissolve in 100g of water.
(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. solubility of compound BA11 at 30.00C. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
h) A solution containing 100g of BA11 per 100g of water was cooled to 30.00C. Determine the mass of
crystals formed. (2mks)
3. You are provided with solids FA5, FA6 and FA7. Carry out the following tests and write your observations
and interferences in the spaces provided.
a) Place all of solid FA5 in the boiling tube. Add about 10 cm 3 of distilled water and shake until all the
solid dissolves. Label this as Solution FA5.
i). To about 2 cm3 of Solution FA5 in a test tube, add 2M sodium hydroxide solution drop wise until in
excess.
OBSERVATION INFERENCES
(1mk)
(1mk)
ii). To about 2 cm3 of Solution FA5 in a test tube, add 2M ammonium hydroxide solution drop wise until in
excess.
(1mk) 1mk)
iii) To about 2 cm3 of Solution FA5 in the test tube, add 4 drops of 2M sulphuric (VI) acid.

(1mk) (1mk)
iv) To about 2 cm3 of solution FA5 in a test tube, add 2 drops of potassium iodide solution.
(1mk)
(1mk)
b). Place solid FA7 into boiling tube. Add about 10cm 3 of distilled water and shake well. Label this as solution
FA7 .Use this solution for the following tests.
i) Place about 2cm3 of solution FA7 in a test tube and place the universal indicator paper provided into the
solution hence determine its pH.
(1mk) (1mk)
ii). To about 2cm3 of solution FA7 made in (ii) above, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (vii)
solution.
(1mk) (1mk)
iii). To the remaining solution FA7 in the boiling tube, add the other half of solid FA6.
(1mk) (1mk)

BAHATI GIRLS
PAPER 1.
1. A certain element Y has atomic number 15 and mass number of 31.
a) How many electrons are in this element? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write the electron arrangement of the ion formed by element Y. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) How would the atomic size of the above element compare with another atom X whose atomic
number is 11 and mass number 23? Explain. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain why the pH of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is 2.0 while that of 1.0M ethanoic acid is 5.0.
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Ethanedioic acid (COOH)2 is used instead of methanoic acid (HCOOH) to prepare carbon (II) oxide
in the laboratory. It gives equal volume of carbon (II) oxide and carbon (IV) oxide.
a) If water is one of the products write an equation for the dehydration of elthanedioic acid.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) How can pure carbon (II) oxide be obtained from the mixture of the two gases?
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State the Charles’ law. (1mk)
b. A volume of 120cm3 of nitrogen gas diffused through a membrane in 40 seconds, how long will 180cm 3 of
carbon (IV) oxide take to diffuse through the same membrane?
(2mks)
5. A solution of chlorine in tetrachloromethane turns colourless when propene gas is bubbled through
it.
a) What type of reaction takes place? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write an equation for the above reaction. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State one use of ethane gas. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Study the information in the table below then answer the question that follow.
Bond Bond energy (KJmol-1)
H–H 435
Cl –Cl 243
H – Cl 431
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction. (2mks)
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 HCl (g)
b) On the axis given below draw an energy level diagram for the reaction above.
(1mk)
Energy
KJ
Reaction path
7. 22.2cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, containing 4.0 g per litre of sodium hydroxide were required
for complete neutralization of 0.1g of a dibasic acid. Calculate the relative formula mass of the
dibasic acid. (Na = 23.0, O= 16.0, H= 1.0) (3mks)
8. The melting and boiling point of molecular substances increase with increase in relative molecular
mass. Explain why water with a lower relative molecular mass of 18 has a higher boiling point of
100oC than hydrogen sulphide with relative molecular mass of 34 and a boiling point of -61oC.
(2mks)
9. In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid Y in water at 30 OC the following results were
obtained:
Mass of evaporating dish = 26.2.
Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 42.4g
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid Y = 30.4g
Using the information, determine the solubility of solid Y at 30 OC in grams per 100g.
(2mks)
10. A, B, C and D are dyes present in a mixture. C is more soluble than B. A is more soluble than C
while D is the least soluble in a given solvent. Draw a round paper chromatogram showing how they
would appear when separated using the solvent.
(2mks)
11. The diagram below shows a section of a model of the structure of element T.
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Key
+
Charged nucleus
An electron
-
a. State the bonding type that exists in element T. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. In which group of the periodic table does element T belong? Give a reason.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Determine the values of the scalars X and Y in the nuclear equation shown below.
235 141
U +1 n Ba + x
Kr + 31 n
92 0 56 y 0
b. State one application of this type of reaction. (1mk)

c. State one danger associated with exposure of human beings to radioactive substances.
(1mk)
13. The diagram below shows an incomplete set up of the laboratory preparation of dry carbon (IV)
oxide. Complete it. (2mks)
14. Write down the property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid shown in the following reaction.
(2mks)
H2SO4(i)
a. CuSO4. 5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) +5H2O(i)
Blue White
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. C(s) + 2H2SO4(I) CO2(g) + 2H2O(I) + 2SO2(g)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
15. When excess chlorine gas is bubbled through dilute sodium hydroxide solution, the resulting
solution acts as a bleaching agent.
a) Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide solution.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain how the resulting solution acts as a bleaching agent. (2mks)
16. An element P has a relative atomic mass of 88. When a current of 0.5 ampheres was passed through
the fused chloride for 32.16 minutes, 0.44g of P were deposited at the cathode. Determine the charge
on an ion of P. (1 F = 96500 coulombs) (3mks)
17. Matter exists in three states which can be related as shown in the diagram below.
Solid P Gas
Liquid
R Q
a) Name processes P and R. (2mks)
P……………………………………………
R……………………………………………
b) Explain whether process Q is exothermic or endothermic. (1½ mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Study the diagram below.
a) Give the most likely identity of metal U. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State two observations made in the conical flask. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Write an equation for the reaction which took place between ammonia and oxygen inside the
flask. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
19. In an experiment, soap solution was added to three separate samples of water. The table below
shows the volumes of soap solution added in order to form lather with 1000cm 3 of each samples
before and after boiling.
Sample I Sample II Sample III
Volume of soap added to unboiled sample 27.0 3.0 10.6

(cm3)
Volume of soap added after boiling the 27.0 3.0 3.0

sample (cm3)
a) Identify the sample that was likely to be soft water. Explain. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain the change in the volume of soap solution in sample III. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give one disadvantage of hard water. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
20. In an experiment to monitor the rate of reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid a student
recorded the volume of hydrogen produced at regular time intervals and obtained the graph shown
below.
a) On the same set of axes sketch the curve expected if the experiment is repeated with a few
crystals of copper (II) sulphate added to the reactants.
(1mk)
b) Explain the shape of your curve. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the factor that can increase the rate of a reaction. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
21. The grid below is a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
A D
B C F
a) State the name given to the family of B and E. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Identify the most reactive metal. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Which type of bond exists in the compound formed by A and F. Explain.
(1 ½ mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
22. Write the formula of the chief ore (bauxite) from which aluminum is extracted.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Explain the role of molten cryolite in aluminum smelting. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
23. Aluminum does not apparently react with dilute nitric (V) acid to liberate hydrogen gas. Explain.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Study the diagram below.
a) State the role of manganese (IV) oxide in the set up shown above. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State and explain the observation made in tube II. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
25. Two manila papers were placed at different levels of a non- luminous flame. Paper A was placed at
the lowest part of the flame, while B was placed at the top.
a) Indicate the observations made on each manila paper. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain the observation made on paper A. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
26. Starting with 50cm3 of 2.8M sodium hydroxide, describe how a sample of pure sodium sulphate
crystals can be prepared. (3mks)
27. In an experiment to determine the percentage of magnesium hydroxide in an anti-acid a solution
containing 0.5g of the anti-acid was neutralized by 23.0cm3 of 0.10M hydrochloric acid. Given the
relative formula mass of magnesium hydroxide is 58. Calculate the:
a) Mass of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Percentage of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
28. Study the standard electrode potentials in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
EѲvolts
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) + 0.34
Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg (s) - 2.38
Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) +0.80
Ca2+ (aq)+ 2e-Ca(s) - 2.87

a) Which of the metals is the strongest reducing agent? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What observations will be made if a silver coin is dropped into an aqueous solution of copper
(II) sulphate? Explain. (2mks)
29. A student used the figure below to investigate the action of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid on some
metals. Beaker I and II contained equal volumes of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. To beaker I, a clean
iron rod was dipped and to beaker II, a clean copper rod was dipped.
Iron rod copper rod

Dilute sulphuric (VI)
acid
I II
a) Describe the observations made in each beaker.

Beaker I (1mk)
Beaker II (1mk)
b) Explain observations in (a) above. (1mk)
PAPER 2
1. Sulphuric (VI) acid can be prepared using hydrogen sulphide as shown in flow chart below.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
DRY HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
BURNERS AIR
GAS A LIQUID B
SOLID C SULPHUR (VI) OXIDE

CHAMBER D ABSORPTION TOWER
OLEUM
(a) Identify:
(i) Gas A: (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Liquid B: (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) What function does solid C play in the chamber D? ( 1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in chamber D. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Explain the observations made if hydrogen sulphide gas is bubbled through copper (II) nitrate
solution? (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(d)Write an ionic equation for the confirmatory test for hydrogen sulphide gas.1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(e)Write a chemical equation to show the formation of concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid from the oleum.
(1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(f)Explain why in contact process SO3 gas is not directly dissolved in water to make concentrated
sulphuric (VI) acid. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(g)Name the main pollutant from the process above and how it is controlled. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) State two factors that increases the yield of sulphur (VI) oxide using the equation below.
(1 marks)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) -ve
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2.a) During an experiment a student added soap solution to separate samples of water until
lather was formed. Below is a table showing the volumes of soap solution that was
required to form lather with 100cm3 of each sample of water before and after boiling
the samples.
Volume (cm3) of soap required by water sample

X Y Z
Before boiling 4.5 19.5 22.5
After boiling 4.5 19.5 4.5
i) (a)State the most likely source of water sample X. (1/2 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Identify a salt most likely to be present in water sample Y. (1/2 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Write an equation for the reaction that may have occurred in water sample Z when it was being
boiled. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow.
Propanoic acid
Butanol
Step III
Water
Step II
Hydrogen chloride
Butene T
Step IV
Step I
Butane
i) Name the types of reaction that occurs in steps I and II

Step I : …………………………………….. (1/2 mark)
Step II : …………………………………… (1/2 mark)
ii) What conditions are necessary for the reaction you have named in (i) above? (1 1/2 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in step IV (1 mark)
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iv) Why is substance R used in some soaps? (1/2 mark)

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c) The flow diagram below shows some of the steps followed during the industrial manufacture of a
detergent.
i) What is a detergent? (1 mark)

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ii) Identify reagents V and W (2 marks)

I) Reagent V ……………………………………………………………..
II) Reagent W ……………………………………………………………
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that may occur when the detergent is added to water
containing magnesium ions. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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iv) State one advantage of using the above detergent. (1 mark)

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3. Metals K and N were connected to form a cell as shown in the diagram below. Their reduction potentials are as shown
below:
K+(aq) / K(s)  - 0.17V
N+(aq) / N(s) = + 1.1 6V
I. Write the equation for the half-cell reaction that occurs at
Metal K electrode (1mark)
………..........................................................................................................
Metal N electrode (1mark)
......................................................................................................................
II) Identify P and state two roles in the above setup
(i). Identity of P (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Two Roles of P in the setup. ( 1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………….
III. On the diagram, show the flow of :-
I. Electrons (1/2 mark)
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II. Current. (1/2 mark)
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IV Calculate cell potential (E) for the cell represented in the setup above (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) The table gives the standard redox potentials for a number of half reactions. Use it to answer the questions that
follow:-
(E/Volts)
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- Fe(s) -0.44
I2+ (l) + 2e- 2I- (aq) +0.54
Fe3+ (aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.88
(e) Relative to which half-cell reaction are the above electrode potentials expressed?
(1/2 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell made up by combining the I2(l) /2I-(aq) electrode and
Zn2+(aq)/Zn(s) electrode (1marks)
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(ii) Which of the substances listed in the above table is :- ( 1marks)
I. The strongest oxidising agent

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II. The strongest reducing agent

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(iv) Which substances could be used to convert iodide ions to iodine? Write balanced equations for any
possible conversions (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(v) Draw a cell diagram formed between zinc and lead. (2marks)
c) A steady current of 2.5A was passed for 15 minutes through a cell containing divalent ions
M2+. During this process 0.74g of metal M was deposited (IF = 96500C)
Calculate the quantity of electricity passed in this cell (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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ii) Determine the relative atomic mass of M (2marks)
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4. In an experiment, a student measured the amount of gas produced with time when excess 1.0 M hydrochloric acid
was reacted with 0.42 g of a carbonate, XCO3 and obtained the following results. (Note: The reaction was carried
out at room temperature)
Time (minutes) Volume of carbon (IV) oxide, cm3
0.0 0
0.5 20
1.0 32
2.0 52
5.0 86
7.5 103
10.0 112
12.0 118
14.0 120
16.0 120
18.0 120
a) On the graph paper provided, draw a graph of volume of carbon (IV) oxide against time.{3 mks}
b) From the graph,

i) Determine the time at which half the original mass of marble chips will have reacted.
(1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
i) Determine the reaction rate between the 5th and 6th minutes. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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c) i)Write the equation for the reaction that takes place. (1 mark)
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ii) Calculate the total number of moles of carbon (IV) oxide produced in this reaction.
(Molar gas volume at r.t.p = 24 dm3) (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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iii) Determine the relative molecular mass of XCO3. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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iv) Determine the relative atomic mass of X. (1 mark)
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d) On the same graph paper, draw a sketch of the curve that would be obtained if 0.5 M hydrochloric acid was used.
Label the curve A. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Sodium metal tarnishes when exposed to air to form a white powder on its surface. A small piece of sodium metal was
dropped into 30 g of propanol and 2400cm3 of hydrogen gas produced at room temperature and pressure .The
unreacted propanol was evaporated and white solid remained .( molar Gas Volume at room temperature and
pressure =24dm3 Na=23 , C=12 , O= 16)
a) (i)Give the name of the white powder formed on the original piece of sodium metal. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii)Explain how the white solid was formed. (2marks)
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b) (i)White down the chemical equation for the reaction between propanol and sodium metal. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii)Determine the mass of sodium that reacted with propanol. (2marks)
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(iii) What mass of propanol was evaporated? (2 marks)
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(iv) The propanol was evaporated at 970c and the white solid remained unaffected at this temperature .what is the
difference in structure of propanol and white solid. (1 mark)
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c) (i)Name the inorganic liquid which liberates hydrogen gas with sodium metal. (1 mark)
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(ii)State two differences you would observe if similar pieces of sodium metal were dropped
separately into beakers containing equal amount of propanol and liquid named in (i)
above respectively. (2marks)
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6. The figure below is a section of periodic table. Study and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent
the actual symbol of elements.
D I E
F G H
(i) Select the elements which belongs to the same chemical family. (1/2 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Identify the strongest reducing element. (1/2 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) (i) The chloride of H vaporizes easily while the oxide of H has a high melting point. Explain
the observation in terms of structure and bonding. (2marks)
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(ii)Blue and red litmus papers were dropped into solution of chloride of H, state and explain the observations
made. (1mark)
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c) K- has ionic configuration of 2:8:8
(i) Give the chemical family name to which element K belong. (1mark)
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(ii) Place element K on the above periodic table. ( 1mark)
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d) The first and second ionization energies of element G at random are 665kjmol- and 560 kjmol-
(i) Define the term the ionization energy. (1mark)
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(ii) Write equations for the first and second ionization energies for element G indicating their energies.
(1 mark)
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(iii) Explain your answer in (ii) above. (1mark)
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e) Explain the difference in the atomic radii of D and I. (1mark)
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7. The diagram below illustrates the Hall’s cell for the extraction of Aluminium. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.
G
Electrolyte
Molten
Aluminium
(a) (i) Name the electrode labeled G (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Electrolysis is carried at 800 – 9000C and newly formed Aluminium is tapped off as a
liquid. What does this indicate about the melting point of Aluminium? (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) Give the ionic equations for the reaction that takes place at the cathode. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) The anode has to be replaced frequently. Explain. (1 mark)
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d) Cryolite is used in the extraction of aluminium from bauxite. State its function. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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d) A piece of unpolished aluminium foil is not attacked by water steam and dilute hydrochloric acid. Explain.
(1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
e) (i) The basic raw material for extraction of aluminium is bauxite. Name two major impurities in bauxite.
(1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) State one property of duralium that make it more suitable than pure aluminium in aeroplane construction.
(1 mark)
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with
• 2.0M NaoH solution labelled B

• Sulphuric(VI) acid solution labelled A `
You are to:

[a] Prepare a dilute solution of NaoH solution.
[b] Determine the concentration of in moles per litre.
PROCEDURE 1
i. Using a pipette 25.0cm3 of solution B and place it into 250cm3 volumetric flask.
ii. Add about 200cm3 of distilled water and share well.
iii. Add more water to make up to 250cm3mark. Label this solution C
[a] Calculate the concentration of the dilute solution C in moles per litres. [2mks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
PROCEDURE 2
i. Fill the burette with solution A and record the readings in the table below.
ii. Pipette 25cm3 of dilute solution C and place it into 250ml conical flask.
iii. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
iv. Titrate with solution A.
v. Record your results in the table below.
vi. Repeat the titration two or more times and complete the table.
I II III
Initial burette reading(cm3)
Volume of solution A(cm3)
[4mks]
[a] Determine average volume of the acid (solution A) used. [1mk]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
[b] Determine moles of dilute solution C in the volume used. [2mks]
[c] Write an equation for the reaction taking place. [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[d] Determine the number of moles of A used. [2mks]
[e] Determine the concentration of A in moles per litre. [2mks]
2. You are provided with the following
• 2M sodium hydroxide solution, solution B

• 2M hydrochloric acid, solution D
You are required to determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization of the acid using sodium hydroxide.
PROCEDURE
[i] Measure out 20cm3 of acid into a clean plastic beaker.
[ii] Record the temperature of this solution in the table below
[iii] Measure 5cm3 of sodium hydroxide and add it to the hydrochloric acid.
[iv] Stir with the thermometer and record the maximum temperature reached.
[v] Repeat the above procedure adding 5cm3 portions of sodium hydroxide until the total
volume of the solution is 50cm3.
Volume of acid(cm3) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Volume of NaoH added cm3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature(°𝐶)of solution
[3mks]
You are required to:

[a]. Plot a graph of temperature rise against sodium hydroxide added. [3mks]
[b]From your graph determine:
[i] maximum temperature change. [1mk]
[ii] the volume of NaOH that is required for complete neutralization [1mk]
[iii] Calculate the molar enthalpy of neutralization for this reaction. (C=4.2J/g/𝐾) assume density of
solution is 1gcm-3) [2mks]
[iii] The theoretical molar heat of neutralization is -57.2kj/mol-1.Compare your value in [ii] above
with the theoretical value. Give the reasons for any differences noted between these two values.
[2mks]
3. You are provided with solid N carry out the tests below and record your observations and inferences.
[a] Place a spatula of N in a test tube and add 5cm3 of water and shake well divide the solution in to
three portions.
OBSERVATION (1mk) INFERENCE (1mk)
[b] Add sodium hydroxide to the first portion drop wise while observing till in excess
OBSERVATION (1mk) INFERENCE (2mks)
[c] Add ammonia solution to the second portion drop wise until in excess.
OBSERVATION (1mk) INFERENCE (1mk)
[d] Add four drops of potassium iodide solution to the third portion.
OBSERVATION INFERENCE (1mk)

(1mk)
[e] Add three drops of acid barium nitrate to the fourth followed by 5 drops of nitric acid.
OBSERVATION (2mks) INFERENCE (1mk)

ASUMBI GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
PAPER 1
1 [a] State Boyle’s law [1mk]

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[b] At 4000C, 850cm3 of a gas exert a pressure of 560mmHg. What volume of the same gas would exert a
pressure of 640mmHg at the same temperature? [3mks]
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2. When burning magnesium is lowered into a gas jar containing nitrogen (I) oxide, it continues to burn forming a
white solid
[a] Name the white solid 1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[b] Write a chemical equation of the reaction that occurred [1mk]
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3. Carbon {IV} oxide is one of the gases used in fire extinguishers
[a] State any other possible use of carbon {IV} oxide [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[b] Name any two reagents that can be reacted together ti generate carbon {IV} oxide [2mks]
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4. Rusting is a process that causes massive destruction of iron structures
[a] State one condition that accelerates rusting [1mk]
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[b] State one advantage of rusting [1mk]
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5. At 600C, 38 grams of lead{II} nitrate saturate 56cm3 of water. Determine the solubility of lead {II} nitrate at this
temperature [2mks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6. Explain why molten sodium chloride conducts electricity, but solid sodium chloride does not
[2mks]
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7. A polymer can be represented as
[a] Name and draw the structure of the monomer [2mks]

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[b] What type of polymerization occurs in the above case? [1mk]
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[c] Given that the molecular mass of the polymer is 25620, how many units of the monomer make the
polymer [2mks]
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8. A reaction can be represented as;
C2H4[g] +HBr[g] C2H5Br[g]
Given the bond energies of C-H, C=C, C-C, C-Br, and H –Br as 20kJ/mol, 580Kj/mole, 446Kj/mole,
438KJ/mole and 396kJ/mole respectively. Determine the heat of formation of C2H5Br
[3mks]
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9 [a] Define the term, dynamic equilibrium [1mks]
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[b] A reaction at equilibrium can be represented as
2CrO2-4[aq] +2H+[aq] Cr2O7 2[-aq] + H2O{l}
Yellow orange
State and explain the observation made when;
[i] NaOH is added to the equilibrium mixture [2mks]
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[ii] HCl is added to the equilibrium mixture [2mks]
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10. During the electrolysis of dilute copper {II} chloride using carbon electrodes, a current of 1.5A was
passed through the solution for 2 hours and 30 minutes
[a] Write the ionic equation of the reaction that occurred at the cathode [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[b] Given R.A.M of copper = 64 and 1F = 96500C, calculate the change in mass of the cathode
[3mks]
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11. [a] Define the term half-life [1mk]
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[b] Name two particles likely to be emitted when a radioactive nuclide undergoes radioactivity
[2mks]
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[c] The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is 3 hours. Given that its initial mass is 288g, determine the remaining
mass after 12 hours. [2mks]
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12. The reduction potentials of elements M and N are;
M2+[aq] +2e- M[s],𝐸 𝜃 =+0.44V
N+[aq] e- N[s], 𝐸 𝜃 = -1.64V
Using the above reduction potentials, predict whether a reaction would occur between
N+[aq] and M[[s] [3mks]
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13. An hydrocarbon can be represented as: C2 H2
[a] Name the hydrocarbon [1mk]
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[b] State two reagents that can be reacted together to generate the hydrocarbon [2mks]
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[c] Identify the group of hydrocarbons into which C 2H2 belongs to [1mk]
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14. [a] Name two allotropes of sulphur [2mks]
[b] In an experiment to investigate a certain property of sulphur, Maina added few drops of conc HNO 3 to
sulphur in a test tube and warmed the mixture
[i]State one observation made [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[ii]Write a chemical equation of the reaction that occurred [1mk]
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15. Chlorine is commonly used in the manufacture of Ca (OCl)2
[i] State one use of the above compound of chlorine [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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[ii] Write a chemical equation leading to the production of Ca (OCl) 2 [1mk]
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16. A compound can be represented as
[a] What name is given to the above class of compounds [1mk]
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[b] Name two reagents that can be reacted together to generate the above compound [2mks]
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[c] State two conditions necessary for the reaction leading to formation of the above compound to
occur [2mks]
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17. Using dots and crosses, show bonding in carbon{II} oxide [2mks]
18. When 20g of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was burnt in the air, 29.3g of
carbon{IV} oxide and 11.7g of water were produced. Determine its empirical formulae.
{C=12, H=1 , O=16} [3mks]
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19. Few drops of hydrochloric acid were added into a test tube containing lead {II} Nitrate solution
{a} State one observation made [1mk]
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{b} Write an ionic equation of the reaction that occurred in the test tube [1mk]
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20. In the industrial manufacture of Ammonia one of the raw materials is nitrogen gas
{a} Name one other raw material [1mk]
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{b} Name two possible sources of the raw material you have named in {a} above [2mks]
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{c} Name two substances that can be used as catalyst in this process [2mks]
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{d} State one use of ammonia [1mk]
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21. Gas X and Y can be collected as shown below
[a] Name the method used to collect gas Y [1mk]
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[b] How do densities of gas X and gas Y compare? [1mk]
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[a] Give an example of a gas that can be collected using the same method as gas Y [1mk]
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22. Element W has two isotopes W – 36 and W-40 which occur in the ratio x:4. Given that R.A.M of W is
37.25, find the value of x [2mks]
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23. Describe an experiment that can be used to determine whether a given sample of a liquid is pure
[2mks]
24. A given mass of gas T diffuses through a porous plug in 48 seconds while a similar mass of gas R
diffuse in 70 seconds. Given that the density of gas T is 0.6g/cm3, find the density of gas R [2mks]
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25. The electron configuration of elements A, B, C, D and E are as given below
Element Electron configuration
A 2, 8, 1
B 2, 8
C 2, 7
D 2, 8, 6
E 2, 8, 3
{a} Which element has the highest electrical conductivity [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
{b} Which letter represents the most reactive metal [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
{c} Which letter represents the most reactive non-metal [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
PAPER 2
1. The grid below shows a section of the periodic table, the letters are not the actual chemical symbol.
K L M N P
Q R S T V
a) Name the family into which element P belongs to ( 1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Which two elements forms the most soluble carbonates (2mks )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c) With a reason, identify elements in period 3 with the largest atomic radius (2mks )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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d) Write the formula of the compound formed between Q and M (1mk )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) State two uses of element R and for each use , state property of element R that makes lts possible for the
use
(i) Use ( 1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Property (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Use (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Property (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Using dots and cross ,show bonding in the compound formed between R and oxygen (2mks )
g) In terms of structure and bonding explain why the oxides of element Thas relatively low boiling points
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. (a) name the following compounds (3mks)
(i) CH3CH2CH2COOH
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii)CH3CH2OOCCH2CH3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Two types of detergents P and Q can be represented as
P: R −COONa
(i) Identify each type of the detergent (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Which of the two detergents is the best to use with hard water? Give a reason
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iii) State one advantage of detergent P (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iv) State one disadvantage of detergent Q (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) An hydrocarbon can be represented as follows
(i) Identify the hydrocarbon (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Name two reagents that can reacted together to generate the hydrocarbon (2mks)
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3. (a) Name two apparatuses that can be used for determining mass in a laboratory (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) One of the flames produced by Bunsen burner is the luminous flame
i) Explain why this flame is very bright (1mk )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ii) State two disadvantages of the luminous flame (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Air is usually one of the substances that is considered as a mixture
(i) Identify the two most abundant component of air (2mks )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Give two reasons why the air is considered as a mixture (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) One of the components of air is carbon (iv) oxide. Describe an experiment that can be used to
prove the presence of carbon (iv) oxide in the air (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. (a) The diagram below shows the process used to obtain Sulphur from underground deposits
i)
Name the above process used to obtain sulphur from the underground deposits
(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Name the substance passed through pipe
A (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) State two properties of Sulphur that makes it possible to extract using the above process
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) The diagram below shows the contact process used in the manufacture of concentrated sulphuric(vi) acid
i) Identify the following:

a) Substance Q formed in the burner (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Chamber T (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Substance R (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Substance S (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Write the chemical equation occurring in the dilution chamber (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Why is it necessary to pass substance Q though a purifier (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv) State one use of sulphuric (VI) acid (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. (a) Calamine is one of the ores from which zinc can be extracted from
(i) Name any other ore from which zinc can be extracted from (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) The calamine is usually decomposed by heating to obtain substance M as shown below
ZnCO3 M+ CO2
Identify substance M (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Identify two methods that can be used to obtain zinc from substance M (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) During the extraction of zinc, name two gases likely to emitted into the air and that are likely to cause
pollution (2mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) State one likely pollution effects of each of the gases you have mentioned in (a) above (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(d) State one possible use of zinc metal (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6. (a) define the term electrolysis (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) State two functions of a salt bridge during electrolysis (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) The reduction potential of elements K, L, M, and P are as given below.
K+ (aq) + e_ K(S), E = -1.46v
L2+ + 2e_ L(S) , E = +0.49V
M2+ M(S), E = -2.69V
N+ (aq) + e- N(s), E = +0.52 V
P+ (aq) P(s), E= - 0.86V
(i) Which letter represents the, strongest reducing agent? give a reason (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Which two letters represent elements whose half cells would form an electrochemical cell with the largest
e.m.f? (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell formed in (ii) above (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(d) During the electrolysis of a molten chloride of metal Q, a current of 0.25A was passed though the molten chloride
for 2 hours and 10minutes. Given that 0.9grams of metal Q were deposited at the cathode.
(i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Charge carried by the ions of metal Q given that R.A.M of metal Q is 84 (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7 (a) starting with magnesium oxide, describe how you can obtain a dry sample of magnesium
Carbonate (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) (i) Give one example of an acid salt ( 1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) When sodium nitrate was heated a solid A and gas B were produced identify solid A and gas B
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iii) State two uses of gas B produced in (ii) above (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State two factors that should be considered when choosing a fuel (2mks)
PAPER 3
QUESTION 1
▪ You are provided with solution K and L
▪ Solution K is 1M H2SO4
▪ Solution L contains 8.7g of the hydroxide of metal M {with formulae MOH] in 600cm3 of the solution
▪ You are required to carry out the experiment to determine;
i. Concentration of solution L
ii. R.A.M of metal M
Procedure
1. Measure 75cm3 of solution K and put into a clean 250cm3 volumetric flask and add distilled water up to the mark
-label this solution W
2. Fill a clean burette with solution W
3. Pipette 25cm3 of solution L into a clean conical flask and add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
4. Titrate the solution W in the burette against solution L in the conical flask and record the results in the table below
5. Repeat {3} and {4} above as you fill the table below.
TABLE 1
I II III
3
Final burette reading {cm }
Initial burette reading {cm3}
Volume of solution W used {cm3}
[4mks]
{a} Calculate the;
{i} Average volume of solution W used [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
{ii} Concentration of solution W [1mk]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
{iii} Number of moles of solution W that reacted with each 25cm3 portion of solution L {2mks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
{b} Calculate the;
{i} Number of moles of the metal hydroxide {MOH} in solution L that reacted with each portion of
solution W [2mks]
{ii} Concentration of solution L [1mk]
{iii} Number of moles of the metal hydroxide [MOH]in 600cm3 of solution L [2mks]
{iv}
R.A.M of metal M [2mks]
[0=16, H=1]
QUESTION 2
You are provided with solution N and P
▪ Solution N is 2M HCl
▪ Solution P is 0.16M sodium thiosulphate
▪ You are required to carry out the experiment below to determine how concentration affects the rate of
reaction between HCl and sodium thiosulphate solutions
PROCEDURE
1. Fill a clean burette with solution P.

Measure 25cm3 of the solution P from the burette into a clean 100cm 3 glass beaker and place on a white
piece of paper with a cross[x] marked on it
2. Add 10cm3 of solution N into it and immediately start a stop watch and note the time taken for the cross
beneath the mixture to become invisible
3. Clean the 100cm3 beaker and measure into it 20cm3 of solution P form the burette, and add 5cm3 of distilled
water into the solution solution
4. Repeat step [2] above and note the time taken for the cross to become invisible
5. Repeat the experiment using volumes indicated on the table below and as you record the results
TABLE 2
Expt
1 2 3 4 5
Volume of solution p(cm3) 25 20 15 10 5
Volume of water added to solution p{cm3} 0 5 10 15 20
Volume of solution N 10 10 10 10 10
Time taken for the cross to become invisible [in
seconds]
1 -1
S
𝑡
(4mks)
1
[a] plot a graph of against volume of solution P on the grid provided [3mk]
𝑡
{b} From the graph
{i} Determine the time taken for the cross to become invisible when 12.5cm3 of solution P is used
[2mks]
{ii} Explain the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between HCl and sodium thiosulphate
solution [2mks]
QUESTION 3
▪ You are provided with solids Q and R
▪ You are required to carry out the tests below as you record your observations and inferences
(i) SOLID Q
-Add about 5cm3 of distilled water to solid Q, shake the mixture thoroughly for a while and then filter it
NOTE: Retain both the filtrate and the residue for the tests below
TEST OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES

(a){i} Divide the filtrate into 4
portion
-To the first portion, add 4
drops of NaOH
1 (1𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 )
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
{ii} Scoop the 2nd portion on a
metallic spatula
and ignite on a non-luminous
flame
1 1
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘) ( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2 2
{iii} To the 3rd portion, add 2 drops
of Pb{NO3}[aq]
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
{iv} To the 4th portion ,add
acidified KmnO4
1
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘) 1
2 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
b{i} Put the residue in a test tube
and add about 2cm3 of HNO3
(1𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 )
1
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
{ii} To the mixture in b{i} above,
add 2 drops of KI solution
1 1
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘) ( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2 2
{ii}SOLID R
TEST OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES

(a) Scoop a portion of solid R on a
Metallic spatula and burn on a
Non-luminous flame
(1𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 ) (1𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 )
(b){i] Put the remaining portion of

solid R into a clean test tube
and add about 3cm3of distilled
water, shake and divide into 2
portions
(1𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 ) 1
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
{ii} To the 1st portion, add 2 drops

of acidified KMnO4 and warm
( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
{iii} To the 2nd portion add NaCO3

( 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2
MARANDA SCHOOL
PAPER 1
1. a) A hydrocarbon consists of 92.3% carbon. Its molecular mass is 26. Calculate it’s
Molecular formula. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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b) Draw the structure of the hydrocarbon. (1 mark)
2. a) Explain why melting point of chlorine gas is greater than that of Argon. (l mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Using dot(•) and cross (×) to represent electrons draw a diagram to show bonding in
carbon (iv) oxide. (l mark)
c) In terms of structure and bonding. Explain why Graphite is used as a lubricant.
(1 mark)
3. a) What is observed when a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added to a solution
whose pH value is 3.0? (l mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Write an equation for the reaction between Lead (ii) oxide and dilute Nitric acid.
(l mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State and explain the observation that would be made when zinc powder is heated with
copper (II) oxide. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Why is it dangerous to run a motor car engine in a closed garage? (2 marks)

6. 2 grams of sodium hydroxide is added to 30 cm3 of IM sulphuric (VI) acid. What volume
of 0. 1M potassium hydroxide solution will be needed to neutralize the excess acid.
(Na23,016,H1) (3 marks)
7. An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas reacts with manganese (IV) oxide to form chlorine gas while a
solution of hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene does not react with manganese (iv) oxide. Explain
(2 marks)
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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8. A small piece of potassium Manganate (VII) was placed in a glass of water and was left
standing for 6 hrs without shaking. State and explain the observations made. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Magnessium reacts with both dilute and concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid. Write a
balanced equation for the two reactions. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. The table below gives the atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Element W X y Z
Atomic number 14 17 16 19
a) Name the type of bonding that exists in the compound formed when X and Z reacts.
(1 mark)
b) Select the letter representing the strongest reducing agent. Give a reason for your answer.
(2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Ethyne reacts with hydrogen as shown below
H H
H C≡ C H+ H H C =
H H
Use the bond energies below to calculate the enthalpy changes for the above reaction.
(3 marks)
BOND ENERGY
H-H 435
C-H 413
C≡C 835
C=C 611
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12. a) Explain the role of common salt in defrosting ice on roads in ice cold countries.
(1 mark)
.…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain why the long term effects of use of common salt is costly to motorists.
(1 mark)
13. Given the equation below
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
Identify the species that acts as;
i) A base. Explain (1 mark)
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
ii) An acid. ( ½ mark)
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………
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14. a) State Grahams law of diffusion. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..
b) The rate of diffusion of sulphur(IV)oxide gas through a porous material is 40cm3s -1.
Calculate the rate of diffusion of carbon(IV)oxide gas through the same porous
material (S=32,O=16,C=12) (2 marks)

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15. Describe how a solid sample of lead(II) chloride can be prepared using the following
reagents : dilute nitric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid and lead carbonate (3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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16. The production of ammonia is given by the equation
(i) State and explain the effect of addition of dilute hydrochloride acid on equilibrium.
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Explain the effect of increase in temperature on the yield of ammonia. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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17. Cr2O72- + 14 H+ (aq) + 6Fe2+ Cr23+ + 7H2O(l) + 6Fe3+.
The above equation show a redox reaction
(a) Calculate the oxidation state of chromium in Cr2O72- (2 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the role of H+ in the above reaction. (1 mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. a) Define the standard heat of formation. (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Draw energy cycle diagram to show how the standard heat of formation of ethanol
(C2H5OH) can be determined from standard heats of combustion of its elements. (2 marks)
c) Given that ∆HC(C) = - 393kJmole-1, ∆HC(H2) = -286kJmole-1 and ∆HC(C2H5OH) = - 1368kJmole-1.

Calculate the enthalpy of formation of C2H5OH. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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19. 3.78g of a hydrated salt of iron (II) sulphate, FeSO4, in H2O were heated until all the water of
crystallization was driven off. The anhydrous salt left had a mass of 1.52g. Determine the
formula of the hydrated salt. (Fe = 56, S = 32, H = 1, O = 16) (3 marks)
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
20. A steady current of 0.2 Amperes was passed through molten silver bromide for 80 minutes.
a) Calculate the quantity of electricity that passed through the set up. (1 mark)
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
b) Calculate the mass of product deposited at the cathode. (1F = 96500C; Ag = 108,
Br = 80) (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
c) If a sample of cobalt has an activity of 1000 counts per minute, determine the time it would take for its activity to
decrease to 62.50 if the half-life of the element is 30 minutes. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………….
21. The apparatus set up below was used to prepare an anhydrous solid P
a) Write an equation for formation of solid P (1 mark)
......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
b) Suppose the gas used in the set up was dry hydrogen chloride gas; what would be the product obtained after the
reaction? Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….
22. Aluminium is obtained from the ore with the formula Al2O3. 2H2O. The ore is first heated and refined to obtain
pure aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The oxide is then electrolysed to get Aluminium and oxygen gas using carbon anodes
and carbon as cathode.
a) Give the common name of the ore from where aluminium is extracted from. (½ mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
b) What would be the importance of heating the ore first before refining it? (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) The refined ore has to be dissolved in cryolite first before electrolysis. Why is this necessary?
(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
d) Why are the carbon anodes replaced every now and then in the cell for electrolysing aluminium oxide?
(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
23. Use the cell representation below to answer the questions that follow
V(s) / V3+ (aq) //Fe2+ (aq) /Fe(s)
i. Write the equation for the cell reaction (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii. If the E.M.F of the cell is 0.30 volts and the Eθ value for V3+aq / V (s) is -0.74V, calculate
the Eθ of Fe2+(aq)/ Fe(s) (2 marks)
24. When 50cm3 1M potassium hydroxide was reacted with 50cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid, the
temperature rose by 80C. When the same volume of Potassium hydroxide was reacted with 50cm3
of 1M Pentanoic acid, the temperature rose by 30C.
i) Give reasons for the above difference in temperature. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….…………………………………………………………………………………………
Write an equation to show dissociation of pentanoic acid? (1 mark)
25. The following is structural formula of polyester.

O O
O CH2 CH2 O C CH2 C
a) Draw the structural formula and name the alkanoic acid and alkanol that react to form the polymer.
(2 marks)
b) Give one use of polyester. (1 mark)
26. A heavy metal P was dissolved in dilute nitric acid to form a solution of compound P(NO 3)2.
Portions of the resulting solution were treated as follows:
a) To the first portion a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid is added, where a white precipitate (S) is formed,
which dissolves on warming.
b) The second portion is treated with two drops of 2M Sodium hydroxide solution where a white precipitate T is
formed. The white precipitate dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide to form a colourless solution.
c) A solution of potassium iodide is added to the third portion where a yellow precipitate (U) is formed.
d) When the resulting solution is evaporated to dryness and heated strongly a yellow solid (V) is formed and a
brown gas (W) and a colourless gas (X) are formed.
i. Identify the substances P, S, T, U, V, W. (3 marks)
27. The graphs below were drawn when 15g of marble chips in different physical states were reacted with 50cm3 of
2M Hydrochloric acid. They are drawn by measuring the volume of carbon (iv) oxide produced with time.
Cm3
50
40
Volume of Co2
Curve A
Curve B
30
20
Curve C
10
10 20 30 40 50
Time
a) Which curves corresponds to the reactions involving powdered calcium carbonate and large sized
marble chips with the dilute acid?
(i) Powdered calcium carbonate (½ mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Large sized calcium carbonate (½ mark)
.........................................................................................................................................
b) All the graphs eventually flatten out at the same level but at different time. Why do the graphs flatten
out at the same level? (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
………………………………………………..
c) Why is curve A very steep at any given point compared to the other curves. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
28. Sodium thiosulphate was reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid in a round bottomed flask as shown below.
The gas evolved was collected by downward delivery in a gas jar.
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Cardboard cover
moisty filter paper

soaked in acidified
potassium chromium
(vi) solution
sodium thiosulphate
a) Write an equation to show the reaction going on in the reaction in vessel. (1 mark)
b) State the observation noted on the filter paper. Give a reason for your answer.
(1 mark)
c) Give a reason why the filter paper soaked in the acidified potassium chromium (VI) is used at the top
of the flask (1 mark)
PAPER 2
1. The grid given below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The le
are not the actual symbols of the elements.
B G H E
J I L C
D M
(i) What name is given to the family of elements to which A and C belong? ( 1 mark )
(ii) Write the chemical formula of the sulphate of element D. ( 1 mark )
(iii ) Which letter represents the most reactive ( 2 marks )
(a) Metal
(b) Non-metal
(iv) Name the bond formed when B and H react. Explain your answer. ( 2 marks )
(v) Select one element that belong to period 4. ( 1 mark )
(vi) Ionic radius of element E is bigger than the atomic radius. Explain.
( 2 marks )
(vii) The electron configuration of a divalent anion of element N is 2.8.8. Induce the
Position of element N on the periodic table drawn above. ( 1 mark )

(viii) The oxide of G has a lower melting point than the oxide of L. Explain.
( 1 mark )
(ix) How do the atomic radii of I and C compare. Explain. ( 2 marks )
(x)Explain the trend in the 1st ionization energies of the elements J, I and L.(1mark )
2 a) define the following terms

i) Saturated solution(1mk)
ii) Fractional crystallization(1mk)
b) Solubility of salt X and Y were determined at different temperatures as shown in the following
data.
Temperature (ºC) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Solubility of 100g of water X 12 30 75 125 185 250
Y 15 20 35 45 65 80
i. On the grid provided, plot a graph of solubility (vertical axis) against temperature.
(4mks)
ii. From the graph determine the solubility of each at 50ºC.
X ……………………………………………………….. (1mk)
Y ………………………………………………………… (1mk)
iii. At what temperature was the solubility of both salts equal. (1mk)
b)i. What is permanent hardness of water? (1mk)
3. The flow chart below illustrates two industrial processes. Haber and contact processes each with air as one of the
starting materials and other chemical reactions.
AIR Nitrogen B D
Harber
Oxygen Hydrogen process
Sulphur dioxide C Sulphuric

A acid
Water
Contact
process
a) (i) Give the name of the process by which air is separated into oxygen and nitrogen. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Apart from oxygen and nitrogen gas produced from process a(i) name any other gas produced in the process
above. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name the substances which are represented by the letter. (4 mks)

A……………………………..
B……………………………………..
C …………………………………….
D………………………………………
c) Name the catalyst used in;
(i) The Haber process (1 mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The contact process (1 mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Explain the role of the catalyst in both the Haber and contact process. (2 mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) (i) Write a balanced equation for formation of compound D. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen present in compound D
(N = 14.0, H = 1.0, S = 32.0, O = 16.0) (2 mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Give one use of compound D. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. A student set-up the arrangement below to prepare and collect dry hydrogen gas
(a) Identify two errors from the section of the arrangement shown above (2mks)
I: …………………………………………………………………………………………………
II:……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Complete the diagram to show how dry hydrogen gas can be collected. (2mks)
(c) (i) Explain why hydrogen was collected by the method shown above (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place when hydrogen gas is burnt
in air. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Determine the relative atomic mass of zinc, given that when 6.54g of zinc was used, 2.4litres of hydrogen
gas was produced. (Molar gas volume = 24 litres) (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State any two non-industrial uses of hydrogen gas (2mks)
5. The diagram below shows an experiment set-up to investigate a property of carbon (ii) oxide. Study it and
a) Name one condition that is missing in the set up that must be present if the experiment to proceed.
1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) If the experiment was carried out properly. What observation would be made in the combustion tube?
1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give an equation for the reaction that occurs in the combustion tube. 1 mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Give an equation for the reaction that takes place as gas x burns. 1 marks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Why is it necessary to burn gas x? 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Name the reducing and oxidizing agent. 2marks
(i) Reducing agent

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Oxidising agent
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) Identify any other substance that would have the same effect on copper (ii) oxide as carbon (ii) oxide.
1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) What would happen if copper (ii) oxide was replaced with sodium oxide? Explain 2mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Dry chlorine was collected using the set up below.
Moist blue litmus paper

a) Name a suitable drying agent for chlorine gas? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State one property of chlorine gas which facilitates this method of collection. 1mark
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) State the observations made on the moist blue litmus paper. (2marks)
d) Chlorine gas was bubbled through distilled water. With aid of an equation show the formation of chlorine water.
(1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..…….
e) Write the formula of the compounds formed when chlorine gas reacts with warm dry phosphorous.
(2marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Chlorine gas is mixed with moist hydrogen sulphide gas, state and explain the observations (2marks)
g) Give one use of chlorine gas. 1mark
7. Fractional distillation of air is used in the industrial manufacture of oxygen. The diagram below shows the
process.
Dust particles Liquid S
Air
A B M
Substance T
Dry air
Sodium Carbonate Compressor

solution
X
Nitrogen boiling D
point- 1960C
Fractional
distillation
Argon boiling
point -1860C
R
Oxygen boiling
point - 1960C
a) What processes are taking place in chamber A,B,M and D 2marks
b) Name;
(i) Liquid S(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………….……….…
(ii) Substance T(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………….…….………………
c) Explain why part Y in chamber D is curved? 1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
d) Give two industrial uses of oxygen gas? (2marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
e) In the laboratory preparation of oxygen, manganese (iv) oxide and hydrogen peroxide are used. Write an equation
to show how oxygen gas is formed. 1mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
f) An investigation was carried out using the set-up below. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
R T
S
Air Air
Air
Nail
Oil
Water
Anhydrous
Nail calcium Boiled water
chloride Nail
(i) State and explain what will happen in the three test-tubes R, S and T after seven days. 2marks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason why some metals are electroplated. 1mark
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with
- 4.5g of Solid T in a boiling tube
- Solution N, 0.6M acidified potassium manganate (VII)
You are required to determine:
- Solubility of Solid T at different temperatures
- The rate of reaction of Solution T at different temperatures
PROCEDURE A
a) Using a burette, add 4cm3 of distilled water to Solid T in the boiling tube. Heat the mixture while stirring with
a thermometer to about 85oC for the solid to dissolve; allow the solution to cool while stirring. Note the
temperature at which crystals of Solid T first appear. Record the temperature in Table 1.
b) Using a burette, add 2cm3 of distilled water to the content of the boiling tube. Warm the mixture while stirring
with the thermometer until all the solid dissolves. Allow the mixture to cool while stirring. Note and record
the temperature at which crystals of Solid T first appears.
c) Repeat step b) two more times and record the temperature in Table 1. Retain the contents of the boiling tube
for use in Procedure B.
d) Complete Table 1 by calculating the solubility of T at different temperatures
Table 1
Total volume of water in the boiling tube (cm3) 4 6 8 10
Temperature at which crystals of T appear (oC)
Solubility of Solid T (g/100g of water)

(5 marks)
i) On the grid provided, draw a graph of Solubility T (y-axis) versus temperature in oC. (3 marks)
ii) Use your graph to find the temperature at which the first crystal will appear if 100g of Solid T is dissolved
in 100cm3 of distilled water at 85oC then the solution is allowed to cool. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
PROCEDURE B
a) Transfer all the content of the boiling tube into a 100ml beaker. Accurately measure 10cm 3 of distilled water
and add to mixture T in the beaker.
b) Accurately measure 4cm3 of the mixture in the beaker and transfer into a clean boiling tube. Heat the mixture
to 80oC and add 4cm3 of Solution N (acidified potassium manganate (VII)) and immediately start the
stopwatch.
c) Note the time taken for the mixture to change to colourless. Discard the content of the boiling tube and
accurately measure another 4cm3 of the mixture in the beaker (Solution T) and transfer into the boiling tube.
d) Heat the mixture to 70oC and add 4cm3 of Solution N and immediately start the stopwatch. Note the time
taken for the mixture to turn to pink.
e) Repeat the procedure two more times and complete Table 2 using temperature in the table.
Table 2
Temperature (oC) 80 70 60 50
Time, t (sec)
⅟time (sec-1)
(5 marks)
i) On the grid below, draw a graph of ⅟time (sec-1) (y-axis) versus temperature. (3 marks)
ii) State and explain the shape of your graph (2 marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) What does the reciprocal of time represent on your graph? (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iv) From your graph, determine the time the mixture will decolorize if the experiment is carried out at 65oC
(1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. You are provided with Solid D. Carry out the tests below. Record your observation and inferences in the
spaces provided.
a) Put a spatula end full of Solid D in a boiling tube. Add about 1.0cm3 of distilled water. Shake well.
Observation Inference
(1 Mark) (1 Mark)
b) Divide the above mixture into four portions each, of 2cm 3.
(1 Mark)
(1 Mark)
c) To the 1st portion, add 2M NaOH solution dropwise until in excess.
(1 Mark) (1 Mark)
d) To the 2nd portion, add 3 drops of barium chloride solution
(1 Mark)
(1 Mark)
e) To the 4th portion, add 3 drops of lead (II) nitrate solution
(1 Mark)
(1 Mark)
f) Dip a clean glass rod in the remaining solution and place on a non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner
(1 Mark)
(1 Mark)
g) To the 3rd portion, add 2cm3 of bromine water
(1 Mark)
(1 Mark)
ou are provided with Solid J. Carry out the tests below and record your
observations and inferences in the spaces provided.
a) Burn half of Solid J on a non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner.
(1 Mark) (1 Mark)
b) Put the remaining amount of Solid J in a boiling tube. Add about 10cm3 of distilled water and shake
thoroughly. Divide the mixture into 2 portions. To the 1st portion, add 3 drops of NaHCO3 solution.
(1 Mark) (1 Mark)
c) To the 2nd portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.
(1 Mark) (1 Mark)
MANG’U SCHOOL
PAPER 1
Answer all the questions on spaces provided
1. (a) What name is given to a compound that contains Carbon and Hydrogen only (1mk)
(b) Octane is a compound containing Carbon and Hydrogen
(i) What method is used to obtained Octane from Crude Oil (1mk)
(C) State one use of Butane (1mk)
2. Starting with Potassium Chloride, describe how a pure sample of Lead(II) Chloride can be prepared in the
laboratory. (3mks)
3. When Magnesium burns in air, it forms a few solid and a grey-green solid. When a few drops of water are added
to the mixture a gas that turns red litmus paper blue is evolved. Identify the:
(i) White solid (1mk)
(ii) Gas evolved and state its use
Name of the gas ………………………. (1mk)
Uses of the gas ………………………… (1mk)

4. Iron is extracted from its ore by the blast furnace process.
a. Name one ore from which iron is extracted. (1mk)
b. One of the impurities in iron is removed in the form of calcium silicate. Write an equation the reaction in
which calcium silicate is produced. (1mk)
c. Give one use of iron (1mk)

5. During the electrolysis of Aqueous Lead (II) Chloride using Lead electrolysis, a current of 0.5 amperes was
passed through the cell for 5 hours.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that took place at the anode. (1mk)
(b) Determine the change in mass of the anode which occurred as a result of the electrolysis process (Pb =
207, 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulombs.) (2mk)
6. (a) Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fussion. (2mk)
(b) Radio-active emits three different particles. Give the symbol of the particle with the highest mass (1mk)
7. An element Q has two Isotopes Q – 36 and Q – 40 which occur in the ratio Y:4. Given that Relative Atomic Mass
of Q is 37.25. Find the value of Y. (3mks)
8. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study the information and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.
C
H T R Y F
E W S Z
M I
(i) How does the atomic radius of T compare with that of Y. (1mk)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that would occur between E and Z. (1mk)
(iii) Which element would form a trivalent cation? (1mk)

9. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion (1mk)
(b) A volume of 120cm3 of Nitrogen gas diffused through a Membrane in 40seconds, how long will 240cm3 of
Carbon (iv) Oxide diffuse through the same Membrane. (N = 14, C = 12, O = 16) (2mks)
10. Use the information below on solubility to answer questions that follow
Solubility in g/100g of H2O

Salt
80ºC 20ºC
Na2Co3 80 31
KClO3 55 12
A mixture containing 30g of Potassium Chlorate and 30g of Sodium Carbonate in 100g of water at 80ºC was
cooled to 20ºC. Some Crystals are formed.
(i) Which of the two salts crystallized out and by how much? (2mks)
(ii) Name the method used to obtain crystals in the above salts. (1mk)
(iii) Name the salt that will be unsaturated at 20ºC (1mk)
11. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follows.
Red-brown solution Q
NaI(aq)
H2S(aq)
Yellow-green gas P Solid J
Cold dil KOH Solution W
Pb(NO3)2(aq)
White Solid
Identify
(i) Solid J (1mk)
(ii) Solution Q (1mk)
12. (a) Half-life of a radio-active element is 30 days. Define the term half-life. (1mk)
(b) Calculate the time required for its mass to reduce to 37.5 %(2mks)
13. A compound was analysed and found to contain 24.27% Carbon, 4.08% Hydrogen and the rest is Oxygen. If the
molar mass of the compound is 99. Determine the molecular formula of the compound. (C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
(3mks)
14. The diagram was used to prepare and collect Sulphur (iv) Oxide gas
(a) Identify Solid H (1mk)
(b) State two properties of SO2 that makes possible to be collected in method shown. (1mk)
(c) What are the Optimum conditions of conversion of SO2 to SO3 (1mk)
15. The table below shows pH values of solutions A, B, C and D.
Solution A B C D
pH Value 14 2 11 7
(a) Which solution is likely to be sugar solution (1mk)
(b) A few drops of Methyl-Orange indicator were added to solution A. State and explain the observations
made. (2mks)
16. (a) Explain why the metals Magnesium and Aluminium are good conductors of electricity. (1mk)
(b) Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables while Magnesium does
not. (2mks)
17. The below graph shows a heating curve for substance W. Study and answer the questions that follow
i) What is the melting point of substance W.? (1mk)
ii) In terms of kinetic theory of matter, explain what happened to the particles in region CD (2mks)
18. i) Name the catalyst used for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia during Ostwald process. (1mk)
iii) State and explain the observations made when aqueous ammonia is added to copper (ii) sulphate solution drop
wise till in excess. Use equations if necessary. (2mks)
19) In an experiment, Carbon(iv) Oxide gas was passed over heated coke and the gas produced collected as shown in the
diagram below;
i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube. (2mk)
ii) Name another substance that can be used instead of potassium hydroxide. (1Mk)
20) Hydrogen can be prepared by reacting Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.
i) Write an equation for the reaction. (1mk)
ii) Name an appropriate dry agent for hydrogen gas. (1mk)
iii) Explain why copper metal cannot be used to prepare hydrogen gas. (2mks)
21) 25.0 cm3 of a solution of Potassium Carbonate neutralized 26.8cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid. Calculate the Molarity
of the carbonate. (3mks)
22. At 200 C and 760mmHg pressure, NO2 and N2O exists in equilibrium as shown in the equation below.
2NO2(g) N204(g) ∆H= -Ve
Brown pale yellow-
State and explain the observations that would be made when;
i) A syringe containing the gaseous mixture is immersed in ice-cold water.(2mks)
ii) The volume of the gaseous mixture in a syringe is reduced. (1mk)
23) A drop of silver nitrate solution on a glass rod was brought to the mouth of a gas jar containing hydrogen chloride as
shown below;
i) State and explain the observations made. (2mks)

ii) Write an ionic equation to represent the reaction above. (1mk)
24) a) Give the systematic name of the following compound, (1mk)
i) CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
b) Alkanoic acid can be prepared through oxidation of alcohols by strong oxidizing agent. Name two oxidizing agents.
i)………………………… (1/2mk)
ii) ………………………… (1/2mk)
c) The structure below represents a pleasant-smelling compound;
CH3-CH2-CH2-COO-CH2CH3
Give the names of the two organic compounds that can be used in its preparation;
i)………………………… (1/2mk)
ii) ………………………… (1/2mk)
25) Two measuring cylinders were each filled with oxygen and placed in position shown below. After 5 minutes, a
glowing splint was then introduced into the mouth of each measuring cylinders. State and explain what was observed
in each gas jar (3mks)
26) Use bond energy value given below to answer questions that follow;
Bonds Bond energy KJM/mol

H-H 432
C=C 610
C-C 346
C-H 413
i) Determine the enthalpy change for conversion of butene to butane by hydrogenation. (2mks)
ii) Sketch an energy level diagram for above enthalpy change. (1mk)
27) Study the information in the table below and answer the question that follow. (The letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements).
Element Electron configuration Ionization energy KJ/mol

X 2,8,8,1 418
Y 2,8,1 494
Z 2,1 519
a) Give the general name to which the elements belong. Explain (1mk)
b) Explain why element Z has the highest ionization energy. (1mk)
PAPER 2
1. (a) The set up below was used to collect gas F, produced by the reaction between water
and calcium metal.

(i) Name gas F ( 1 mark )
(ii) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found to be a weak base.
Explain. ( 2 marks )
(iii) Give one laboratory use of the solution formed in the beaker. ( 1 mark)
(b) The scheme below shows some reactions starting with calcium oxide.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Calcium Aqueous calcium Step Aqueous calcium Boil
OXIDE products
Water hydroxide 2 hydrogen Step3
Carbonate
Step 4
Aqueous calcium Step Calcium sulphate
Chloride 5 ( solid )
(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4.
Step 2 ________________ ( 1 mark)
Step 4 ________________________________ ( 1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in step 3. ( 1 mark)

(ii) Describe how a pure solid sample of anhydrous calcium sulphate is obtained in step 5. (3 marks )
2.The diagram below shows part of the periodic table. The letters used in it do not represent the
actual symbols of the elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
A -------------------
B ------------------- C D E
-
-------------------
-------------------
(a) Compare the:
(i) Reactivity of elements A and B. ( 2 marks )
(ii) Atomic radii of elements C and D. ( 2 marks )
(b) What name is given to the elements in the same group as element E. ( 1 mark)
(c ) Write down the formula of the compound formed when D reacts with excess oxygen. (1 mark)
(d) An element F is found just above element D in the periodic table. Write down
the electronic configuration of element F. (1 mark)
(e) A sample of the chloride of C was dissolved in distilled water. Both red and blue
litmus papers were dipped into this solution. State and explain what was observed.
(2 marks )
(f) 2g of element B react with 0.6 dm3 of oxygen at r.t.p. From these results, calculate
the relative atomic mass of B. (Molar gas volume = 24.0dm 3 at r.t.p ) ( 3 marks)
(g) Helium is used in filling weather study balloon. Name another gas which is used for
this purpose and explain which of the two is better suited for use for this purpose. (2 marks )
3. (a) Give the systematic names of the compounds with the structures below. ( 2 marks )
(i) CH2 CH CH2
Cl
(ii) CH3 CH CH2 OH
CH3
(b) Describe a chemical test that can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid.
(2 marks )
(c ) Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
H2 (g)
Na
CH2 CH2OH CH3 COOH
Product A
H2SO4 (l) CH3OH
1600C Process A H2SO4(l)
warm
CH3CH3 H2 (g) CH2 = CH2
Process B
Process Cl2 (g) Process C
(CH2 – CH2) n Product B H2O(l)
HCl CH3CH2Cl
(i) Name product A ___________________________________ (1 mark)
(ii) State the industrial application of process B. ( 1 mark)
(iii) Write down the equation for the reaction that takes place in process A. (1 mark)
(iv) Explain why high pressure is necessary when carrying out process C. ( 1 mark)
(v) Give the condition necessary for process D to take place. (1 mark)
(d) When a hydrocarbon is burnt in excess oxygen 3.3g of carbon (IV) oxide and 1.8g of
Water are produced. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon. (3 marks)
4. Use the standard electrode potentials for the elements RST and U given below to answer the
questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
E volts
R+ (aq) + 2e (s) -0.76
S2+ (aq) + 2e S (s) -0.44
T2 (g) + 2e 2T- (aq) + 0.54
U4+ (aq) + e 3+
(aq) +1.61
(a) Which element is the strongest reducing agent? Explain. ( 1mark)

(b)(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the electrochemical cell that would be formed when half cells of elements R and S are
combined. On the diagram show the direction of flow of electrons.
(3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell formed in b (i) above. ( 2 mark)
(c) In an experiment to electroplate iron with silver, a current of 0.5 amperes was passed through a solution of silver
nitrate for one hour.
(i) Give two reasons why it is necessary to electroplate iron with silver. (2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the mass of silver that can be deposited on iron (Ag = 108, I faraday = 96500C) (3 marks)
5. (a)Briefly explain how nitrogen gas is obtained industrially from air. (3 marks)
(b) Study the flow diagram below and answer the questions that follows.
Ammonia Water
Air Purifier Catalytic NO Chamber NO2 Absorption
Chamber Air A Air tower
HNO3
Substance C Chamber B
Ca(OH)2
(i) Name the catalytic used in the catalytic chamber. (1 mark)
(ii) Name the process that takes place in chamber A. ( 1 mark)
(iii) Write down the overall equation of the reaction that takes place in the absorption tower.(1 mark)
(iv) State one use of substance C. (1 mark)
(c) Write down the equation for the reaction that takes place when silver nitrate is heated.
(1 mark)
(d) Urea (NH2 CONH2) is commonly applied to the soil as a fertilizer. Calculate the
Percentage of nitrogen by mass in urea. (2 marks)
(N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
(e) Name the process through which substance C is formed. (1 mark)
6. Aluminium is extracted using the electrolytic cell represented by the diagram below.
Electrode X
Electrode Y
Steel tank
Molten ore
Molten
aluminium
(a)Why is aluminium extracted by electrolytic method? (1mk)
(b) Name the electrodes labeled.
X (1mk)
Y (1mk)
(c) The chief ore from which aluminium is extracted is bauxite.
(i)Name two main impurities present in bauxite. (2mks)
(ii) Aluminium oxide is the main component in bauxite with a melting point of 201 but electrolysis of molten aluminium
oxide is carried out at 800C. Explain how this is achieved.(2mks)
(d) Write the equations for the reaction taking place at the anode. (1mk)
(e) One of the electrodes is replaced periodically. Which one and why? (2mks)
(f) Duralumin (an alloy of copper, aluminium and magnesium) is preferred to pure aluminium
in the construction of aeroplane bodies. Give one property of duralumin that is considered.(1mk)
7. (a)In an experiment to study the rate of reaction a 10cm length of magnesium ribbon was
reacted with 50cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid. The table below gives the data that was collected.
Time(sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Volume of hydrogen (cm3) 0 60 90 105 112 116 118 120 120 120
(i) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen against time. (3 marks )
(ii) From the graph find:
I) the volume of hydrogen that had been produced when time was 35 seconds. (1 mark)
II) The rate of reaction when time is 45 seconds. (2 marks)
(ii) Sketch on the diagram the curve you would obtain if the reaction is repeated
Using 0.5M HCl. Label this curve 0.5M HCl. (1 mark)
(b) Study the equilibrium equation below and answer the questions below it.
A2 (g) + B2 (g) 2AB (g) H = + 7 kJmpol-1
(i) Explain the effect of changing pressure on the equilibrium above. (2 marks)
(ii) What is the effect of raising the temperature of the equilibrium mixture? (1 mark)
PAPER 3
You are provided with
- Magnesium powder
-1M Hydrochloric acid solution R
-0.2M sodium hydroxide solution S
You are required to determine the;
a) Mass of Magnesium that reacted
b) Molar enthalpy of reaction between magnesium and Hydrochloric acid
Procedure I
Using a measuring cylinder, transfer 100.0cm3 of the acid into a 200ml plastic beaker. Stir the acid with the
thermometer. Take its initial temperature and record it in the table below at time =0 seconds. Add all the
magnesium at once and start your stop watch immediately. Stir well and take the temperature after every thirty
seconds up to the 5th minute.
Table 1
Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

(seconds)
temperature
(4mk)
a) On the grid provided, plot a graph of temperature (Y-axis) against time (3mk)
b) On your graph show the highest temperature change ∆T (1mk)
c) Calculate the heat change for the reaction (1mk)
Procedure 2
Transfer the content of the plastic beaker into a 250 ml volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker and place the rinsing
water into the volumetric flask. Top up the solution to the 250ml mark using distilled water and label it solution
D.
Fill the burette with sodium hydroxide solution S
Using a pipette, transfer 25.0cm3 of solution D into a conical flask. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
and carry out titration .Record your results in the table 2 below. Repeat the procedure two more times and
complete table 2 below.
Table 2
titration 1 2 3
Volume of solution S used (cm3)
.(4mks)
b) Determine
I average titre volume of sodium hydroxide solution S used (1mk)
II moles of NaOH in the average titre volume (1mk)
III moles of hydrochloric acid in solution D that reacted with NaOH (1mk)
IV moles of HCl in 250cm3 of solution D (1mk)
V moles of HCl in 100cm3 of solution R (1mk)
VI moles of HCl that reacted with Mg (1mk)
VII moles of Mg that reacted (1mk)
VIII) Molar enthalpy of reaction between Magnesium and HCl (2mk)
2. You are provided with solid Z. Carry out the tests below and record your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
a) Place all solid Z in a boiling tube. Add 10cm 3 of distilled water and shake. Filter the mixture. Divide the
filtrate into two and preserve the residue.
observations inferences
1mk 1mk
b) To the first portion of filtrate add dilute sodium hydroxide and warm gently. Test the gas produced if any
using moist blue and red litmus papers
1mk 1mk
c) To the second portion add 2 drops of lead (II) nitrate and warm
1mk 1mk
d) Place the residue in a test tube. Add dilute nitric (V) acid until reaction is complete and test the gas produced
using a glass rod dipped in lime water. Divide the solution formed into two
1mk 1mk
e) To the first portion add sodium hydroxide drop wise till in excess
1mk 2mk
f) To the second portion add ammonia solution drop wise till in excess
1mk 1mk
3. You are provided with liquid L. Carry out the tests below and record your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
a) Place 2 drops of liquid L on a watch glass and ignite using a wooden splint
1mk 1mk
b) To 2cm3 of liquid L in a test tube add 2 drops of acidified KMnO4

1mk 1mk
c) To 2cm3 of liquid L in a test tube add 2drops of acidified potassium dichromate (VI) and warm
1mk
1mk
d) Use the remaining liquid L to determine the pH of the liquid using universal indicator paper provided. Use
the guide provided
procedure observation inferences
11/2mk 1/2mk 1mk

PANGANI GIRLS
PAPER 1
1. Molten sodium chloride and graphite both conduct electricity. State their difference in electrical conductivity.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Element R has atomic number 8 and a mass number 16.
(i) Draw the atomic structure of element R. (1mk)
(ii) Explain why R forms a hydride with a low boiling point. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(a) Name (i) Solid X (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Gas Y (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Compare the second ionization energy of magnesium with its first ionization energy. Explain your answer.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5. The set-up represented below can be used to separate ethanol from its mixture with water.
(a) Identify an error in the set-up. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name this method of separation. (1 mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
(c) What properties make it possible to separate ethanol from water by this method? (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Element K has two isotopes 20K and 22K with relative abundance of 90% and 10% respectively.
a) What are isotopes? (1 mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Determine the relative atomic mass of element K. (2 mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
7. Xg of Potassium hydroxide were dissolved in water to make 100cm3 of solution.50cm3 of solution required
50cm3 of 2M Nitric acid for complete neutralization. Calculate the mass X of Potassium hydroxide.
(3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Sulphur burns in air to form a gaseous product.
i) What is the colour of the flame of burning sulphur? (1 mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
ii) Give an equation for the reaction that takes place when the gaseous product is bubbled through water.
(1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
iii) State one importance of the product formed in (ii) above. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
9. The figure below shows a paper that was placed horizontally across the middle of a non-luminous flame and
quickly withdrawn.
(a) Explain the observations. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Why is luminous flame not used for heating in the laboratory? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
Iron wool Tube A Tube B
Dry chlorine gas
Heat
Concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution
(i) What is observed when the hot iron wool reacts with chlorine gas? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….……
(ii) What is the purpose of:
a) Tube B (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Concentrated Sodium hydroxide solution. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. The table below shows results obtained from experiment carried out on a suspect salt solution M.
Experiment Results
I. A few drops of Barium nitrate

added to solution M
No ppt/ colourless solution
II. A few drops of lead (II) nitrate
added to solution M.
White ppt
III. Ammonia solution added White precipitate

dropwise until in excess
Colourless solution
(a) Identify the cation and anion present in solution M. (1mk)
Cation (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Anion (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………....
b) Write an ionic equation for the formation of white precipitate in experiment II (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….…
c) Write the formula of the Ion responsible for formation of colourless solution in experiment III
(1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
12. The diagram below shows a set-up of apparatus used to prepare oxygen gas and pass it over burning candle. The
experiment was allowed to run for several minutes.
Liquid M
To pump
Flask I Flask II
Water
Sodium Burning candle

peroxide
(i) Identify liquid M. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The pH of the solution in flask II was found to be less than 7. Explain. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that forms oxygen gas in the set up. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Briefly explain the following
(i) Alkaline earth metals are generally less reactive than alkali metals. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Melting point of alkali metals decrease down the group while melting point of halogens increases down the
group. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Group VIII elements are gases at room temperature. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
14. How would you obtain a sample of pure iodine from a mixture of iodine and lead (II) sulphate.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
15. The table below indicates the PH values of solutions labelled A, B, C, D and E
Solution A B C D E
pH value 5 13 2 10 7
Identify the solution:
(i) Containing highest concentration of hydrogen ions. ( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) That is likely to be ethanoic acid. Give a reason. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) That is likely to be common salt solution. ( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
16.The table below shows physical properties of some substances. Use the information to answer the questions that
follow.
Substance Density (gm-3) M-P (Oc) B.P (Oc) Electrical conductivity
Solid Liquid
M 3.5 801 1413 POOR GOOD
O 0.8 -114 -84.9 POOR POOR
P 3.8 3550 4827 POOR POOR
Q 21.4 -39 357 GOOD GOOD
R 1.53 660 2470 GOOD GOOD
(i) Which of the elements is a liquid at room temperature. Explain (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Identify the type of structure in
P…………………………………………………………………………
R………………………………………………………………………… (1mk)
(iii) Which element would be the most suitable for use in over-head electric wire transmission?
(2 mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….………
17. An element Y has relative atomic mass 6.939 and atomic number 3. it has two isotopes with atomic mass 6.015
and 7.016. Calculate the relative abudance of the isotopes. (3mks)
18. (a) Give the name of the organic compound formed when methanol and ethanoic acid reacts in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the structural formula of
2 – methylpropane (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
19. The diagram below shows how magnesium reacts with steam.
(i) Gas C would not be produced as in the set-up but when certain condition is introduced gas C is
produced. On the diagram indicate the condition that was omitted. (1mk)
(ii) Describe how gas C is produced after the mistake was corrected in the set-up. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letter do not represent the
actual symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic number Electronic arrangement
X 16
Y 19
(a) Complete the table by writing the electronic arrangement of the elements (1mk)
(b) Which type of bond is formed between X and Y. Explain (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
21. Hydrogen chloride gas was passed into water as shown below.
(a) When a blue litimus paper was dropped into the resulting solution, it turned red. Give a reason for the
observation. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) What is the function of the funnel? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
22. The paper chromatogram below shows the identification of unknown metal ions in mixture M. The reference ions
X, Y and Z are also shown. The experiment was done in an ascending method.
X – Vanadium (IV) ion (V4+)

Y – Chromium (III) ion (Cr3+) Z–
Copper(II) ion (Cu2+)
(a) Name the ions present in the mixture M. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Indicate the solvent front on the diagram. (1mk)
(c) Mixture Q contains all the three ions. Show the chromatography of Q. (1 ½ mks)
23. The set-up below shows the preparation of carbon (II) oxide.
(a) Name gas N (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide in flask K? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Why is it necessary to carry out this experiment in a fume cupboard? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
24. Determine the oxidation states of the underlined elements (2mks)
i) Fe (CN)63- ii) K [Cr (CN)6]4+
Oxidation state of Fe Oxidation state of Cr
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
25. The diagram below shows a structure (i) of water molecules

i) Name the bonds labelled ( 1 mk)
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….……………………………………………………………………………………
b…………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Using dots (.) and cross(x) diagram show the bonding in the compound phosphonium ion
PH4+ (H = 1, P = 15) (1mks)
26. When dry hydrogen gas was passed over a heated lead (II) oxide sample in a combustion tube and the gaseous
product cooled, a colourless liquid was obtained.
(a) (i) Name the colourless liquid. ( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Describe a chemical test you would use to confirm the colourless liquid in a (i) above. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) What observation can be made in the combustion tube at the end of the experiment? ( ½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and heated lead (II) oxide. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
27. State one use of:
a) Calcium nitrate (1 mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Magnesium hydroxide (1 mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
28. Coloured flower placed in a gas jar containing gas X immediately turned colourless. A solution of gas X in water
formed a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution. The precipitate was insoluble in nitric (V) acid but
dissolved in excess aqueous ammonia.
(a) What is the identity of gas X? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write down the balanced chemical equation of the reaction that took place when:
(i) Solution of gas X in water reacted with silver Nitrate solution. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Aqueous ammonia was added to the resulting mixture in b(i) above. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
29. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify solid G (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the formula of the complex ion in solution F (Imk)
30. Describe how you would obtain solid sample of sodium carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and sodium
carbonate powders. (2mks)
PAPER 2
1. a What is an electrolyte (1mk)
bi. State how the following substance conduct electricity
i. Molten calcium chloride ( ½ mk)
ii. Graphite ( ½ mk)
c. The diagram below shows a set up that was used to electrolyze molten lead (II) iodide
i. Name electrodes A and B on the diagram 2mks
ii. What is omitted in the above set-up for the electrolysis process to take place? (1mk)
iii. Explain why the bulb lights when the omission is corrected (2mks)
iv. State the observation made at B(1mk)
v. Write the ionic equation for the reaction taking place;2mks
A:
B:
2. a) Draw the structural formula of . (3 marks)
(i) 2,3-dimethylpentane
(ii) Pent-2-yne
(iii) 2,3-dimethylbutane
(b)Study the reaction scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
Glucose
Ethene
H2 (g)/Nickel
Conc.H2SO4
J
Step II STEP I
Step
j III Acidified
KMnO4
K Ethanol
(i)Name the process in step I (1 mark)
(ii)Give the two conditions necessary in step II (2 marks)
(iii)State the observation made in step III. (1 mark)
(iv)Name compound J. (1 mark)
(v)Draw the structural formula of compound K. (1 mark)
(c) Water is added dropwise to calcium carbide in a conical flask.
(i)Identify the gas produced. (1 mark)
(ii)Write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurs. (1 mark)
(d)Part of a polymer is required below.

H H H H
C C C C
H CH3 H CH3
(i) Draw the structural formula of the monomer of this polymer. (1 mark)
(ii) State one use of this polymer. (1 mark)
3. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters are not
the actual symbols of the elements.
Y R Q X
V W U
(a)Select an element whose oxide is amphoteric.(1 mark)
(b)On the grid indicate with letter J the position of element J which is in period 3 and forms a stable ion J 2-.
(1 mark)
(c)Draw a dot-cross diagram to show bonding in the compound consisting of elements V and X only.
(2 marks)
(d)Write an equation to show the formation of an ion of R. (1 mark)
(e)Which is the least reactive element? Give a reason for your answer. (2 marks)
(f)Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when element Y is placed in water. (1 mark)
(g)How does the atomic radius of W compare with that of V? Explain. (2 marks)
(h)Name the chemical family to which elements R and V belong. (1 mark)
4. a) Use the chart below to answer the questions that follow.
Iron Steam Gas N Lead (II) Solid M

oxide /heat
+
Solid P Liquid L
Identify:
Gas N …………………………………………………………………………. (½ mark)
Solid P ……………………………………………………………………….. (½ mark)
Solid M………………………………………………………………………. (½ mark)
Liquid L…………………………………………………………………….. (½ mark)
b) Name the method that can be used to extract oil from castor oil seeds. (1 mark)
c) i) In the method named above, state the property of oil that enables the extraction to take place.
(1 mark)
ii) Describe an experimental procedure that can be used to extract oil from the seeds. (3 marks)
d) How is phosphorus stored in the laboratory? Explain your answer. (1 mark)
e) i) In the fractional distillation of liquid air water is removed, name two other substances that are removed.
(1 mark)
ii) Why must water be removed? (1 mark)
iii) State the processes involved in fractional distillation of liquid air. (2 marks)
5. Study the flow chart below showing the Solvay process and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Brine
Ammonia absorber
CO2(g)
Limestone Heat Carbonator
CaO(s) ProcessY Y NH4Cl (aq) NH3

X
recovery/heat
Slaker
NaHCO3(S)
Process T
Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3(s)
a) Write the equation for the reaction producing substance X.(1 mark)
b) Name processes Y and T. (1 mark)
c) In the carbonator, two reactions take place. Write the two equations for the reactions.
(2 marks)
d) Explain why the Solvay process is said to be one of the most efficient industrial process. (1 marks)
e) 16.8g of sodium hydrogen carbonate are completely decomposed by heating. Calculate;
i) the mass of the resulting solid produced. (3 marks)
ii) the volume in litres of the gas produced at s.t.p (2 marks) (Molar Gas Volume at s.t.p =22400 cm3, Na=23.0,
C=12.0, H= 1.0, O=16.0)
f) Give two industrial uses of sodium carbonate. (1 mark)
6. a) Dissolving of potassium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. Explain the effect of increase in temperature on
the solubility of potassium nitrate (2mks)
b. The table below shows the solubility of potassium sulphate and potassium chlorate (V) at different temperatures
Temperature oc 0 20 40 60 80 100
Solubility of K2SO4 g/100g of water 8.0 10.0 14.0 17.5 20.0 22.0
Solubility of KClO3 g/100g of H2O 3.0 5.0 15.5 24.0 38.0 53.0
i. On the grid provided (graph paper) draw the solubility curves for both salts on the same axis. (Temperature on the X-
axis) (3mks)
ii. A solution of potassium sulphate contains 20g of the salt dissolved in 100g of water at 100 oc. This solution is allowed
to cool to 25oc.
i. At what temperature will crystals first appear (1mk)
ii. What mass of crystals will be present at 25 oc (1mk)
iii. Which of the two salts is more soluble at 30 oc (1mk)
iv. Determine the concentration of potassium sulphate in moles per litre when the solubility of the two salts are the same
(K=39.0, O=16.0 S = 32.0) (3mks)
v. 100g of water at 100oc contains 19g of potassium sulphate and 19g of potassium chlorate (V). Describe how a solid
sample of potassium sulphate at 60oc can be obtained (1mk)
vi) Study the solubility curves below and answer the questions that follow.
100
80
60 Potassium Nitrate
40
30
20 Calcium carbonate
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (0C)
(i) At what temperature would equal amounts of potassium nitrate and calcium ethanoate dissolve in 100g of water?
(1 Mark)
........................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how you would prepare a saturated solution containing 80g of potassium nitrate in distilled water.
(1 Mark)
7.a) State two reasons why wood charcoal is not a suitable fuel for cooking. (1 mark)
b) In the equation below, identify the reagent that acts as a base. Give a reason
(2 marks)
H2O2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + H2O (aq)
(II) Distinguish between a strong and weak acid. Give an example of each (2 Marks)
c) In order to determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization of sodium hydroxide, 50cm 3 of 2M sodium hydroxide and
50cm3of 2M hydrochloric acid both at the same initial temperature were mixed and stirred continuously with a
thermometer. The temperature of the resulting solution was recorded after every 15 seconds until the highest
temperature of the solution was attained. Thereafter the temperature of the solution was recorded for a further two
minutes.
The sketch below was obtained when the temperature of the mixture were plotted against time. Study and answer
the questions that follow.
Temperature (°C)
y2
y3
y1
Time (sec)
i)What is the significance of point y2 (1mark)
ii) Explain why there is a temperature change between points y1 and y2 (1 mark)
iii) Explain how the value of temperature rise obtained in this experiment would compare with the one that would be
obtained if the experiment was repeated using 50cm3 of 2M methanoic acid instead of hydrochloric acid. (2
marks)
PAPER 3
1 You are provided with;
▪ Solution K, hydrochloric acid
▪ Solution L, containing 2g per litre of sodium hydroxide.
▪ 0.5 g of an impure calcium carbonate, solid N.
▪ You are required to determine the :
(a)Concentration of solution K in moles per litre.
(b) Percentage purity of calcium carbonate, solid N
Procedure I
Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid, solution K. pipette 25cm 3 of sodium hydroxide, solution L
into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate. Record the results in
the table. Repeat the procedure two more times.
Table 1
I II III
Volume of solution Kused

(cm3)
4mks
(a) What is the average volume of solution K used (1mk)
(b) Determine the concentration of solution L in moles per litre. (1mk( Na= 23,O = 16, H = 1)
c) Determine the number of moles of solution L that reacted with solution K(1mk)
d) Write the equation of the reaction that took place( 1mk)
e) Calculate the number of moles of solution K that reacted( 1mk)
(f) Calculate the concentration of solution K in moles per litre. (1mk)

Procedure II
Using a measuring cylinder, measure out 100cm3 of solid K into a 250ml beaker. Add all of solid N
into the beaker containing solution K. Swirl the mixture and allow the reaction to proceed until
offervescence stops. Label this as solution P. Fill the burette with solution P. pipette 25cm3 of solution L
into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolhthalein indicator and titrate. Record your results in table II
below repeat the titration two more times and complete the table
Table II I II III
Volume of solution Pused

(cm3)
4mks
(a) Determine the average volume of solution P used. 1mk

(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in solution P used. (1mk)
c) Determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in 100cm 3 of solution P. (1mk)
d) Calculate the:
(i) Moles of hydrochloric acid in 100cm3 of the original hydrochloric acid solution K (1mk)
(ii) Moles of the hydrochloric acid that were used up in the reaction with solid N. (1mk
(iii) Moles of calcium carbonate that reacted with hydrochloric acid.(1mk)
e) Given that the relative formula mass of calcium carbonate is 100,calculate the:
(i) Mass of the calcium carbonate that reacted. (1mk)
(ii) Percentage purity of the calcium carbonate, solid N. (1mk)
2You are provided with solid T. Carry out the following tests and write your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
Place all solid T in a boiling tube. Add about 6cm 3 of distilled water to the solid T and shake the
mixture well. Retain the mixture for use in the following tests.
a) Dip a clean glass rod in the mixture obtained above and burn it on a Bunsen burner flame.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
b) Divide the mixture in the boiling tube into 3 portions.
(i) To the 1st portion, add about 1cm3 of barium chloride solution. Retain the resulting mixture
for use in (iii) below.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(ii) To the mixture in (ii) above, add about 4cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(iii) To the 3rd portion, add about 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
3.You are provided with solid J. Carry out the test below to identify the compound.
(a) Place ½ spatula of solid J in a hard test tube and heat strongly until no further change. Test the gas
produced with litmus paper.
(1/2 mark) (1/2 mark)
(b) Place the remaining solid J into a clean boiling tube. Half fill it with distilled water and shake well. Divide
the solution into four portions.
(i) To the first portion add dilute sodium hydroxide solution dropwise till in excess.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(ii) To the second portion add ammonia solution dropwise till in excess.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(iii)To the third portion add drops of dilute barium nitrate.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(iv)To the fourth portion add a few drops of dilute nitric acid followed by lead (II) nitrate
solution and warm.
(1 mark) (1 mark)
Identify Compound J……………………………………….… (1 mark)
MASENO SCHOOL
1. Element Y has atomic number 8 while X has 16 .
i. Write electronic arrangement of X and Y (1mk)
X-
Y-
ii. Name the type of bond and structure formed when X and Y react. (2mks)
Bond-
Structure-
2. Explain why it is not advisable to leave a jiko with a burning charcoal in a closed room where one is
sleeping. (2mks)
3. The following equation shows a reversible reaction
H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBrg -74.4KJ

Red Brown Colourless
State and explain the observation that can be made when
i. Temperature is increased. (1 ½ mks)
ii. Pressure is reduced. ( 1 ½ mks)
4. A mixture contains zinc oxide, iron (iii) chloride and potassium chloride. Describe how each of the
substances can be obtained from the mixture. (3mks)
5. Using a dot (.) and cross (x) diagram, draw the structure for silicon (IV) chloride. (2mks)
(Atomic numbers Si= 14, Cl=17)
6. Ammonium nitratewas gently heated as shown above.
a) Complete the diagram to show how the gas is collected. (1mk)
b) Write the equation for the reaction occurring in the boiling. (1mk)
c) State one chemical test that can be used to identify the gas collected in the above set up. (1mk)
7. (a) What is a saturated solution? (1mk)
(b) 115g of a saturated solution at 65oc is found to contain 65g of potassium nitrate. Calculate the
solubility of potassium nitrate at 65oc. (2mks)
8. What do you understand by the term prescription in relation to drugs? (1mk)
9. Starting with sodium solid, describe how a sample of sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals may be prepared.
(3mks)
10. State boyles law. (1mk)
b. a gas occupies 500cm3 at 27oc and 100,000 pa. What will be its volume at 0oc and 101325 pa. (3mks)
11. Write equations to show the effect of heat on each of the following:
a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (1mk)
b) Silver nitrate (1mk)
d) Anhydrous iron (ii) sulphate (1mk)
12.A student electroplated a spoon with copper metal. Write an equation for the process that took place at the
cathode. (1mk)
b) Calculate the time in minutes required to deposit 1.184g of copper if a current of 2 amperes was used. ( 1
faraday = 96500 coulombs, cu= 63.5). (2mks)
13. In the extraction of Sulphur by the frasch process, hot compressed air at 15 atmospheres is forced down the
innermost pipe.
(a)What is the role of the hot compressed air? (1mk)
(b)Which allotrope of sulphur;
i. Is stable below the transition temperature at 960c. (1mk)
ii. has prismatic crystals (1mk)
14. The graph below shows the radioactive decay for a sample 400g of iodine -131.
a. Define half life. (1mk)
b. From the graph determine the half life of iodine -131. (1mk)
c. Determine the mass of the isotope present after 36.6 days. (1mk)
15. A certain salt was found to form a solution when exposed to air. Name the process undergone by the
salt. (1mk)
b. give one example of such a salt. (1mk)
16. State and explain two observations made when a spatula of sodium carbonate solid is added to
aluminum chloride solution in a boiling tube. (2mks)
Observation
Explanation
17. The structure below shows a portion of a polymer

H H H H
C C C C
n
C6H5 H C6H5 H
i. Draw a repeat unit of the polymer. (1mk)
ii. Name the polymer. (1mk)
18. Give one use and difference between the apparatus below. (3mks)
Use difference
19. Element R has two isotopes with mass numbers 29.46 and 31. If the relative atomic mass of element R is 30,
determine the percentage abundances of each isotope. (3mks)
20. When chlorine is bubbled through water, the resulting solution acts as a bleaching agent.
a)Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine gas and water. (1mk)
b)Using an equation, explain how the resulting solution acts as a bleaching agent(1 mk)
21. In an experiment, dry hydrogen gas was passed over heated lead (ii) oxide as shown in the diagram below.
State and explain the observations made in the combustion tube. (3mks)
22. State gay-lussacs law. (1mk)
b) A given volume of ammonia gas burned completely in air enriched with oxygen to form 300cm 3of steam and
nitrogen gas. Assuming all volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure, what was the volume
of ammonia burned. (2mks)
23. The diagram below shows the apparatus for preparation of hydrogen sulphide gas.
a. Complete the diagram to show how hydrogen sulphide gas is collected. (2mks
b. Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the conical flask. (1mk)
c. This experiment should only be carried out in fume cupboard. Explain (1mk)
24. The table below gives some properties of three elements in group vii of the periodic table. Study it and
Element Atomic Melting Boiling
no point(oC) Point (oC)
Chlorine 17 -101 -34.7
Bromine 35 -7 58.8
iodine 53 114 184
a. Which element is in liquid form at room temperature? Give a reason (1mk)
b. Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that of chlorine. (2mks)
25. Study the set up below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
(a) State and explain an observation that would be make at the anode when the circuit is completed. (2 mks)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction at the cathode. (1 mk)
26. In preparation of amnonia gas 30cm3 of nitrogen gas and 30cm3 of hydrogen gas were exploded in a
vacuum
(i) Write an equation for this reaction. (1 mk)
(ii) Calculate the volume of the residual gases. (2 mk)
27. juice extracted from a nettle plant were added drop wise into a boiling tube containing 5cm3 potassium
hydrogen carbonate solution until there was no further change.
(a) Explain the observation made in the boiling tube when the reaction was going on. (2 mks)
(c) What observation would have been made if the nettle juice were added to silver metal in a boiling tube?
Explain (1 mk)
28. The set up below was used to prepare and collect carbon (ii) oxide in the laboratory.
(i) Identify Z and give its role in the reaction. (1 mk)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in the flask a. (1 mk)
(iii) Give one use of carbon (II) oxide. (1 mk)
29. When 94.5g of hydrated barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2.nH2O was heated toa constant mass, 51.3g of
anhydrous barium hydroxide was obtained. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated barium hydroxide
(Ba = 137, O=16, H=1) (3 mks)
PAPER 2
1. (a) The table below gives information about elements Q, R, S and T. The letters are not the actual
symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic number Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)
Q 3 0.134 0.074
R 5 0.090 0.012
S 13 0.143 0.050
T 17 0.099 0.181
(i) In which period of the periodic table is element R? Give a reason. (2 mks)
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of R is smaller than that of Q. (2 mks)
(iii) Explain why the ionic radius of T is larger than its atomic radius. (2 mks)
(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses (x) to represent the outermost electrons, draw a diagram to show the
bonding in the compound formed when Q reacts with T. (2 mks)
(b) The table below shows some properties of substances E, F and G. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.
Substance Melting point Solubility in Electrical conductivity

(oc) water Solid state Molten state
E -39 Insoluble Good Good
F 1610 Insoluble Poor Poor
G 801 soluble Poor Poor
(i) Select a substance with:

Giant atomic structure ____________________________________________ (1mk)
Giant ionic structure ______________________________________________ (1mk)

(ii) Which substance is likely to have metallic bonding? Give a reason (2 mks)
2. (a) Define the term molar heat of combustion. (1 mk)
(b) The following results were obtained when an experiment was carried out to determine the heat of
combustion of ethanol. The experiment involved heating a known volume of water with a flame from
ethanol burner. The burner was weighed initially and after the experiment.
Results
Volume of water in glass beaker = 200cm3
Mass of ethanol burner at the start = 86.66g
Mass of ethanol burner after experiment =86.20g
Initial temperature of water =24.0Oc
Density of water =1g/cm3
Specific heat capacity of water =4.2kj/kg/k
Calculate the:
(i) Mass of ethanol burned (1 mk)
(ii) Amount of heat produced in this experiment (2)

(iii) Moles of ethanol burned ( C=12, H=1, 0=16) (2 mks)
(iv) Molar heat of combustion of ethanol (2 mks)
(c ) write a thermochemical equation for the combustion of ethanol (1 mk)
(d) Draw an energy level diagram for the combustion of ethanol. (3 mks)
3. Name the following compounds
O
(i) CH3CH2CH2C (1mk)
OH
(1 mk)
(ii) CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 (1mk)

(b) Name any two components of crude oil found in laboratory gas (2 mks)
(c ) What is the difference between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking? (2 m
(d) Study the flow chart below:-
Polymer
Sugar
Process W
Crude ethanol
Process X
Ethanoic acid KMnO4 Pure Conc H2SO4

Substance A
H+ ethanol 180oC
Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen gas
Substance B
Substance C+ water
(i) Identify process W and X (1 mk)
(ii) Name substances B and C (1 mk)
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction leading to production of substance A (1 mk)
(iv) Substance B was completely burned in air. Write the equation for the reaction (1 mk)
(v) State and explain the observation made when bromine is added to a gas jar full of substance B in the
presence of sunlight (2 mk)
(vi) The polymer D has a relative molecular mass of 112, 000. Calculate the number of monomers
(C=12, H=1) (2 mks)
4. (a) The diagram below shows a set up used in the electrolysis of molten copper (II) chloride using inert
electrodes
Bulb
Inert electrodes
Molten copper (II)

chloride
heat
(i) What happens to the brightness of the bulb as electrolysis proceeds? Explain (1 mk)
(ii) Label the cathode on the diagram above (1 mk)
(iii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the anode (1 mk)
(iv) Name a suitable pair of inert electrodes that can be used in this experiment
(b) Use the standard reduction electrode potentials given below to answer the questions that follows.
EØ (Volts)
Zn2+ (aq) + Ze- Zn (s) – 0.76
Pb2+ (aq) + 2e– Pb (s) -0.13
Cu2+ (aq) + Ze- Cu(s) + 0.34
Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) +0.80
(b) (i) identify the strongest reducing agent. Give a reason (2 mks)
(ii) Which two half cells would give the highest emf when combined? (1 mk)
(iii) Calculate the end of the two half cells identified in (ii) above. (1 mk)
(iv) Explain whether or not the following reaction can take place: (2 mks)
(v) Draw a well labelled diagram of the electrochemical cell obtained when the half cells of lead and silver
are combined. (3 mks)
5. (a) The diagram below shows spot of pure A, B and C on chromatography paper. Spot D is that of a
mixture.
A B C D
After development A,B and C were found to have moved 8cm, 3cm and 6cm respectively. D was
separated into two sports which had moved 6cm and 8 cm.
On the diagram
(i) Label the baseline (1mks)
(ii) Show the position of all the spots after development (3mks)
(iii) Identify the substances present in the mixture D (2mk)
(b) Describe how ammonium chloride can be separated from a solid mixture of ammonium chloride and
anhydrous calcium chloride (3mk)
(c) The table below shows liquids that are miscible and those that are immiscible
Liquid L3 L4
L1 Miscible Miscible
L2 Miscible Immiscible
Use the information given to answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the method that can be used to separated L1 and L3 from the mixture of the two (1 mk)
(ii) Describe how a mixture of L2 and L4 can be separated (3 mk)
6. (a) The extraction of aluminum from its one takes place in two stages, purification stage and electrolysis
stage.
(i) Name the ore from which aluminum is extracted. (1 mk)
(ii) Name one impurity which is removed at the purification stage (1 mk)
(iii) Name the substance added to the electrolyte to lower in order to its melting point. (1 mk)
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place at:
Cathode (1 mk)
Anode (1 mk)
(b) Iron is extracted from its ore by the blast furnace process.
(i) Name the method used to concentrate the ore (1 mk)
(ii) Name one ore from which iron is extracted (1 mk)
(iii) One of the components of the waste gases from furnace is nitrogen (iv) oxide. Describe the adverse
effects it has on the environment. (2 mks
(iv) Give two uses of wrought iron (2 mks)
(c) During the extraction of zinc, the ore is first roasted in air before feeding it into a furnace.
(i) Name the main ore from which zinc is extracted. (1 mk)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when the ore is roasted in air (1 mk)
(iii) Give two uses of zinc metal (2 mks)
PAPER 3
✓ 4.5g of dibasic acid (H2X. 2H2O), Solid N
✓ 0.4M sodium hydroxide, Solution P
You are required to:

a) You are required to determine the solubility of Solid N in water at different temperatures.
b) Determine RAM of dibasic N in H2X.2H2O.
Procedure I
(a) Place all solid N into a clean boiling tube.

(b) Using a burette, add 4cm3 of distilled water to solid A in the boiling tube. Heat the mixture while stirring
with a thermometer to about 80oC. When all the solid has dissolved allow the solution to cool while stirring
with the thermometer. Note the temperature at which crystals of solid A first appear. Record this
temperature in table I
(c) Using the burette, add 2cm3 of distilled water to the contents of the boiling tube, warm the mixture while
stirring with the thermometer until ALL the solid dissolves. Allow the mixture to cool while stirring. Note
and record the temperature at which crystals of solid N first appear.
(d) Repeat procedure (b) two more times and record the temperatures in table I.
Retain the contents of the boiling tube for use in procedure (II)
(d) Complete table I by calculating the solubility of solid N at different temperatures.

NOTE:
You may hasten cooling for the first two temperatures readings by pouring cold water from the tap on the sides
of the boiling tube.
a) TABLE I (6marks)
Volume of water added (cm3) 4 6 8 10
Crystallization temperature, (°C)
Solubility of solid C in g/l00g water
(b) Plot a graph of solubility of solid N against crystallizing temperature (3marks)
(c) Use your graph to determine

i. the solubility of solid N in water at 55°C. (1 mark)
ii. determine the temperature at which 100g of solid N would dissolve in 100 cm 3 of water.
(1 mark)
Procedure II
Transfer the content of the boiling tube into 100ml Measuring cylinder. Rinse both the boiling tube and
thermometer with distilled water and add to the measuring cylinder and shake thoroughly. Add more water
carefully to make up to 100 ml mark. Label this solution N. Fill the burette with solution N (H2X. 2H2O). Pipette
25cm3 of solution P into a conical flask. Add 2-3 of Phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with solution N. Record
your readings in table II below. Repeat the procedure and complete table II.
Table II (4marks)
I II III
3
Final burette reading (cm )
i) Calculate the average volume of solution N used. (1 mark)
ii) Calculate the ;

I. Number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 25 cm3 solution P. (1mark)
II. number of moles dibasic acid solution N used, given the equation for the reaction as;
2NaOH +H2X Na2X + 2H2O (1mark)
III. number of moles of dibasic acid in 100cm3 of solution N (1mark)
iii) Determine the ;

I. Relative formula mass of dibasic acid, H2X.2H2O. (1mark)
II. RAM of X in dibasic acid, H2X.2H2O. (H=1,O=16) (1mark)
2. You are provided with solid M containing two cations and one anion. Carry out the tests given and record
your observations and deductions in the space provided.
(a) Place half of solid M in a clean dry test-tube and heat gently then strongly. Test any gases produced with
both blue and red litmus papers.
(1mark)
( 2 marks)
(b) Place the remaining solid M into a boiling tube. Add about10cm 3 of distilled water and shake thoroughly.
Divide the resultant mixture into 4 portions.
(i) To the first portion add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution till in excess.
( 1 mark) ( 1 mark)
(ii) To the second portion, add a few drops of ammonium hydroxide solution till in excess.
( 1 mark) ( 1 mark)
(iii) To the third portion, add 2-3 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid.
( 1mark) (1mark)
(iv) To the third portion, add 2-3 drops of Lead (II) nitrate solution.
( 1mark) (1mark)
(v) To the third portion, add a few drops of Barium chloride solution.
( ½ mark) ( ½ mark)
3) You are provided with solid Q. Carry out the tests below. Record your observations and inferences in
the spaces provided.
i). Place about half of solid Q on a metallic spatula and burnt it using a non-luminous flame
Observations Inferences
(1mark) (1mark)
ii) Place the remaining solid Q in a clean boiling tube and add about 5cm3 of water and shake thoroughly.
I) To about 2cm3 of the solution Q, put the universal indicator paper provided to determine its PH.
( 1mark) ( 1mark)
II) To about 2cm3 of solution Q, add three drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution and
warm.
( 1mark)
( 1mark)
3
III) To about 2cm of solution Q, add solid sodium hydrogen carbonate.
( 1mark) (1mark)
STAREHE BOYS CENTER
PAPER 1
1. Element X and Y have atomic numbers 12 and 8 respectively.
(i) Write down the electron arrangement of the ions.
(a) X+ ……………………………………………………………………..(1mk)
(b) Y- …………………………………………………………………….. (1mk)
(ii) Write down the formula of the compound formed between X and Y. (1mk)
2. (a) when the air hole is open, the Bunsen burner produces a non-luminous flame. Explain (1mk)
(b) Give a reason why a luminous flame is yellow and sooty. (1mk)
3.Describe how you can separate a mixture of solid Copper (II) Oxide and solid Copper (II) Nitrate (3mks)
4.A compound X is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen whose percentage composition by mass are 62.1%, 10.3% and
the rest oxygen respectively. The relative molecular mass of X is 58. Determine the molecular formula of the
compound.. (H = 1, O = 16, C = 12) (3 mks)
5. Identify the acid and base in the forward reaction using the equation below (2mks)
H2O2(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + HO2 (aq)
+ -
6. A hydrocarbon, compound Z, decolourises bromine liquid in presence of light but does not decolourise acidified
potassium manganate(VII).
(i) Name and draw the structural formula of the 5 th member of the homologous series to which Z belongs. (2 mks)
(ii) Draw and name an isomer of Z. (1mk)
7. (a) State Gay Lussac’s law (1mk)
(b) 15.0cm³ of ethene were mixed with 50.0cm³ of oxygen and the mixture was sparked to complete the reaction. If all
volumes were measured at a pressure of one atmosphere and 25C, calculate the volume of the resulting gaseous
mixture. (2mks)
8. The set up below can be used to prepare Sulphur IV Oxide. Study it and answer the questions that follow
(a) N is Sodium Sulphite. Name M (1mk)

(b) Complete the diagram to show how dry Sulphur IV Oxide can be collected. (2mks)
9. The graph below is a cooling curve of a substance from gaseous state to solid state.
Give the name of the: (2mks)
a) Process taking place between t0 and t1
b) Energy change that occurs between t3 and t4
10.Element J has two isotopes namely J-39 and J-40. Its relative atomic mass (RAM) is 39.07. Calculate the percentage
abundance of each isotope. (3mks)
11. Starting with copper metal describe how crystals of copper (II) chloride can be prepared.
(3mks)
12. The diagram below shows the apparatus used to investigate one of properties of carbon.
State and explain the observations in each boiling tube. (2mks)
13. 3.1g of copper (II) carbonate reacted with 100 cm 3 of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid.
a) Determine the reagent that was excess.( Cu =63.5, C= 12, O=16) (1 mk)
b) Calculate the volume of carbon(IV) oxide that was liberated at r.t.p. (2 mks)
(MGV=24.0dm3)
14. Consider the following equilibrium reaction.
Cr2O72-(aq) + 2OH- (aq) 2CrO4-(aq)+H2O(l)

Orange Yellow
State and explain what would be observed when dilute hydrochloric acid is added into equilibrium mixture.
(2 mks)
15. a) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the penetrating power of the three types of nuclear radiation
(2 mks)
b) Which radiation causes more harm to human cells. Explain. (1mk)
16. Perspex is a synthetic polymer of formula;
CH3
CH2 C
COOCH3
n
(a) Write the structural formula of the monomer of Perspex. (1mk)
(b) State the type of polymerization involved in the formation of Perspex (1mk)
(c) Give one use of Perspex. (1mk)
17. (a)The ability of hard water to conduct electricity reduces when water is boiled but is not much affected when the
water hardness is removed by addition of washing soda (Sodium carbonate). Explain.
(11/2mks)
(b)Explain how dilute hydrochloric acid can be used to differentiate between permanent and temporary hardness of water
(11/2mks)
18. Determine the oxidation state of manganese in the following; (3mks)
(i) MnO2
(ii) KMnO4
(iii)Mn2O3
19. Electrolysis is performed for copper (II) sulphate solution using copper electrodes.
(a) State the observation made on the electrolyte. (1mk)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write the equations at the anode and cathode. (2 mks)
Anode:…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Cathode:…………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. Briefly explain how concentration would affect the rate of reaction. (2mks)
21. (a) In an experiment to electroplate an iron watch with silver, a current of 0.5A was passed
for 48minutes. Calculate the amount of silver deposited on the watch. (1F=96500C, Ag=108 )
(2mks)
b) State two reasons why electroplating is important. (1mk)

….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….
22. Show using dot (.) and cross (x) diagram to represent bonding in (2mks)
i) Lithium fluoride (Li=3, F=9)
ii) Carbon (iv) chloride (C=6,Cl=17)

23.The set-up below was used to prepare Nitric(V)acid.
Glass stopper
Glass retort
Tap water
Sodium nitrate Liquid R Nitric acid

(i) Give Heat the name of liquid R.
( 1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the retort flask (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) State the role of tap water. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
24. Chlorine dissolves in water to form two products.
(i). Name the two products. (1 mk)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii).State and explain the observations made when the mixture of the products is exposed to sunlight.
(2 mks)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
25. (a) State the observations made when concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid is added to the following substances.
(2 mks)
(i) Sugar crystals
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Copper (II) sulphate crystals
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain why the volume of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid tend to increase when it is left in an open place for
sometimes. (1 mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
26.Study the table below showing the solubility of a salt at various temperatures.
Temperature(degrees celcius) Solubility(g/100g of H2O)
0 30
30 24
70 19
100 14
325g of a saturated solution at 0 C was heated to a temperature of 1000C Calculate the mass of the salt that crystallized
0
out. (3 mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
27. Explain the difference in melting point of magnesium oxide (3080°C) and phosphorus (V)
Chloride (563°C). (3mks)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
28. Classify the following salts according to their types: (3mks)
a) Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O………………………………………………………………….
b) CuSO4……………………………………………………………………………………
c) NaHCO3………………………………………………………………………………….
(a) Give the observation made in the beaker. (1/2mk)

….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the beaker. (1mk)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give one reason why the gas is directed into the beaker using the inverted funnel
as above? (1/2mk)
PAPER 2
1. a) The grid below represents part of a periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represent the actual symbols of elements.
i) Identify the most reactive non-metal (1mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) Which of the metal is the most reactive? Explain. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) What name is given to the family of elements to which X and T belong? (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iv) Give reasons for the following
Ionic radius of Q is smaller than that of M 1mark
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Atomic radius of Q is greater than that of S (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
v) Give an element that does not form compounds under ideal conditions.
Explain. (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
vi) Give formula of compound formed between E and Z (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Substance A B C D E F
Melting point (°C) 801 113 -39 5 -101 1356
119
Boiling point(°C) 1410 445 457 54 -36 2860

Electrical Conductivity Poor Poor Good Poor Poor poor
(Solid)
Electrical Conductivity Good Poor Good Poor Poor Poor

(Liquid)
i) Identify a substance with:

a) Giant metallic structure (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Has a molecular structure and exists in gaseous state at room temperature?
and pressure (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) Suggest a reason why substance B has two melting points. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) Substances A and C conduct electric current in the liquid state. State how the two substances differ
as conductors of electric current. (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name ore N (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Explain why the ore is first dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide solution. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Name the major compound present in the residue. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Give the formula of the aluminium compound present in solution (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) i) Explain how to obtain aluminium hydroxide from solution X (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Write equation for reaction that takes place in (e) above (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) What is the role of cryolite in the extraction of aluminium. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. State two uses of aluminium based

on this property. (2marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
g) If sodium carbonate is added to aluminium nitrate solution, effervescence occurs. Explain.
(2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that
follow.
a) Give the names of the following
i) Compound K (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Substance Y (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Product obtained in step 4 (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Identify the type of reaction that takes place in step 1 and give one other condition necessary for the
reaction other than the temperature indicated.
Type of reaction……………………………………………………………………. (1mark)
Condition………………………………………………………………………………. (1mark)
c)Draw the structural formula of the following
i) Polymer M (1mark)
ii) Acid Q (1mark)
d) Give the industrial application for the reaction in step 3 (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Write chemical equations for the reactions in step 6 and step 7 . (2marks)
Step 6 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Step 7
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) The following are structures of two cleansing agents.
O
R C O Na +
R SO−𝟑 Na+
In the table below, give one advantage and one disadvantage of each of them. (2marks)
Cleansing Agent Advantage Disadvantage

R-COO-Na+
R-OSO3-Na+
4. The standard reduction potentials for five half cells are shown in the table below. Study it and answer the
questions that follow. (The letters do not represent the actual symbol of elements).
Elements E (Volts)
− −
(i) A 2(aq ) + 2e → 2 A(aq ) + 1.09
(ii) Q(2aq+ ) + 2e − → Q (S ) − 0.13
2+ −
(iii) R (aq ) + 2e → R (S ) − 2.37
2+ −
(iv) Y (aq ) + 2e → Y (S ) + 0.34
+ −
(v) 2S (aq ) + 2e → S 2(S ) 0.00
I (a) With a reason, identify the strongest reducing agent. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Which half-cell is likely to be hydrogen? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c)Write an equation for the reaction between two half cells in (ii) and (IV). (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell in (c) above. (2mark)
II The diagram below represents a mercury cell that can be used in the industrial manufacture of sodium
hydroxide. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-
(a)
Name:
(i)Raw material introduced at 2. (½ mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii)Another substance that can be used in the cell instead of graphite. (½ mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)Identify the by-product that comes out at I. (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)Write an equation for the reaction: -
(i)That occurred at the anode. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii)In which sodium hydroxide was produced. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d)Give two reasons why mercury is recycled. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
( e) State one use of sodium hydroxide ( 1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The flow chart below illustrates two industrial processes. Harber process and the contact process.
Haber B D
Air Nitrogen
process
Hydrogen water
Oxygen
H2S04 (I)
A Sulphur Contact Sulphur (VI)

C
(IV) oxide process acid
(a). Name the process of obtaining nitrogen from atmospheric air. (1mark)
..........................................................................................................................................................
(b). List TWO sources of obtaining large volumes of hydrogen for industrial use.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)
(ii)…………………………………………………………………………………. (1mark)
(c) Write equation for Haber process. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Name the catalysts for: (1mark)
(i) Haber process
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Contact process
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Identify substances: (1mark )

(i) D……………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) C …………………………………………………………………………………….
(f) Give ONE major use of compound D (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(g) Write an equation for dilution of C with water. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) A farmer has three plots each measuring 0.25 acres. He applied nitrogenous fertilizers as follows.
-plot A 250 kg of ammonium phosphate
-plot B 250 kg of urea CO(NH2)2
- Plot C 250kg of ammonium nitrate
Which plot received the highest nitrogen content? (3marks)
H = 1, N = 14, 0 = 16. P = 31, C = 12.
6. Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follow.
Lead II Oxide
Ice cold water

Liquid M L
Flame
(i) State two observations made when hydrogen gas pass over hot Lead (II) oxide. (2marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction which occurs in the combustion tube. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(iii) What property of hydrogen is shown in the experiment above. (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(iv) Identify liquid M and describe the test for its purity (2marks)
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(v) What would be observed if MgO was used instead of Lead II Oxide: Explain (2marks)
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(vi) What is the colour of the flame (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(vii) Write a chemical equation of the reaction producing the flame. (1mark)
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(vii) Apart from hydrogen peroxide, state two other reagents that can be used to prepare oxygen gas.
(1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….
(viii) Write an equation to show how hydrogen gas is formed from the reagents chosen in (vii) above.
(1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
7.I. Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction below
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H20 (l) (3marks)
Bond Energy (KJ)
C–H 314
O=O 296
C=O 149
H–O 283
II. Given the following Standard Molar enthalpies of combustion. Calculate the standard heat of formation of
butane (C4H8). (3marks)
𝜃
ΔH𝑐 Carbon (Graphite) = -393.5KJ/mol
ΔH𝜃𝑐 Hydrogen = 285.8KJ/mol
ΔH𝜃𝑐 butene = -2877KJ/mol
III. Use the following information to answer the questions that follow
H lattice Mgcl2 = -2489 kJ/ mol-1
H hydration Mg2+ = - 1891 kJ/ mol
H hydrationCl - = -384 kJ/ mol
b) Using energy level diagram calculate the molar heat of solution of magnesium chloride. (4marks)
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with;
o 3.6 g of solid P in a boiling tube. Solid P is a hydrated dibasic acid with the formula
H2C2O4.nH2O
o Solution L which is a 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution.You are
required to determine;
(i) Solubility of solid P
(ii) The value of n in the formula H2C2O4.nH2O
Procedure I
I. Using a burette, add 4cm3 of distilled water to solid P in the boiling tube. Heat the mixture while stirring
with the thermometer to about 70 ⁰C. When all of solid has dissolved, allowthe solution to cool while
stirring with the thermometer. Note the temperature at which crystals of solid P first appear. Record the
temperature in table 1 below.
II. Using the burette, add 2 cm3 of distilled water to the contents of the boiling tube. Warm the mixture
while stirring with the thermometer until all the solid dissolves again. Allow the mixture to cool while
stirring. Note the temperature at which crystals of solid P appears.
III. Repeat procedure (II) three more times and record the temperatures in table 1. RETAIN the contents
of the boiling tube for use in PROCEDURE II
TABLE 1
Volume of water in the Crystallization Solubility of solid P in g/100 g of
boiling tube (cm3) temperature (⁰C) water
10
12
(4marks)
(a) Complete table 1 above by working out the solubility. (1 mark)
(b) On the graph provided, plot a graph of solubility of solid P against crystallization temperature.
(3marks)
(c) From the graph, determine;

(i) The solubility of solid P at 50 ˚C (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The temperature at which 65 g of solid P would dissolve in 100 g of water
(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………Procedure II
(i) Transfer the contents of the boiling tube from PROCEDURE I into a clean 250 mlvolumetric
flask.
(ii) Add distilled water up to the mark
(iii) Label the resulting solution as solution P
(iv) Fill the burette with solution P
(v) Pipette 25cm3 of solution L into a conical flask. Add three drops of
phenolphthalein indicator
(vi) Titrate solution P against solution L to an accurate end point. Record your
results in table 2 below.
TABLE 2 1 2 3
Final burette reading
Initial burette reading
Volume of solution P used (cm3)
(4 marks)
a) Calculate Average volume of solution P used. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) (i) Moles of solution L used. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Moles of solution P used. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(iii) Moles of solution P in 250 cm3 of solution P (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)The relative formula mass of P. (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Determine the value of n in the formula; H2C2O4.nH2O (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
(2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. You are provided with solid E. Carry out the experiments below. Write your observations and inferences in
the spaces provided.
Place all solid E into a boiling tube. Add about 20cm3 of distilled water and shake. Retain the contents of the
boiling tube.
Observations inferences
1 mark 1 mark
Use 2cm3 of solution E, in a test tube in each experiment i, ii,iii,iv and v
i. To experiment i, Add two drops of aqueous Sulphuric vi acid

1mark 1mark
ii. To experiment ii, add NaOH solution drop wise till in excess.
1mark 1mark
iii. To experiment iii, dip a stirring rod into the solution, place the rod in a non-luminous flame..
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1mark 1mark
iv. To experiment iv, add two drops of lead (ii) nitrate solution.
1mark 1mark
v. To experiment v, add a piece of aluminium foil followed by sodium hydroxide solution and warm . Test the
gas given out with litmus papers.
2marks 1mark
3). You are provided with liquid Q. carry out the tests below. Write your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
i). To 2 cm3 of liquid Q in a test tube, add universal indicator
1 mark 1 mark
ii). Place 3 drops of liquid Q on a watch glass and ignite.
1mark 1mar
iii). To 2 cm3 of liquid Q in a test tube , add two or three drops of acidified potassium dichromate VI and warm
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FRIENDS SCHOOL KAMUSINGA
PAPER 1
1. State two reasons why we use the non-luminous flame for leading in a laboratory instead of using the
luminous flame. (1mk)
2. Chlorine has two isotopes with atomic mass 35 and x occurring in the ratio 3:1 respectively. The relative
atomic (R.M.A) OF CHROLINE IS 35.5. Determine the value of x. (3mks)
3. The use of cfc5 has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer.
a) What does CFC stand for? (1mk)
b) Explain the problem associated with the depletion or the ozone layer. (1mk)
c) State another environmental problem caused by CFC5.
4. In an experiment to prepare Nitrogen C1) oxide, ammonium nitrate was gently heated in a flask.
a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in the flask. (1mk)
b) State and explain how the gas was collected. (1mk)
c) A sample of the gas was tested with damp blue and red litmus paper what observations were
made. (1mk)
5. During an experiment sulphure (IV) oxide gas was formed to diffuse through a certain pore at a rate of
25cm3 per minute. When the experiment was repeated under the same conditions with another gas G,
gas G was found to diffuse through the same pore at a rate of 26.26cm 3 per minute. Work out the
molecular mass of Gas G. (0=16, 5=32) (3mks)
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C
6. Element Y whose atomic number11 react with chlorine gas to form a compound.
a) Name the group and period to which Y belongs. (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the reaction. (1mk)
7. Draw all structural formulas for all the isomers with molecular formula C 2H3CL3. (2MKS)
8. Calculate the volume of 0.6M sulphuric (VI) acid solution needed to neutralize 30cm 3 of 0.2M
potassium hydroxide. (2mks)
9. Use dot (.) and crosses (x) to show the bonding of the following compounds.
a) NH3 (1MK)
b) NH4+ (1MK)
10. Analysis of a compound showed that it had the following composition: 69.42%carbon, 4.13% hydrogen
and the rest oxygen. If the molecular formula of the compound (C=12, O=16, H=1) (3MKS)
224
C
11. A reference book states that the solubility of CuSO4 in water at 15oc is 19g/100g of water. What is
meant is meant by this statement. (1mk)
12. State two uses of hydrogen gas. (2mks)
13. Explain how a solid mixture of sulphure and potassium Chloride can be separated into solid sulphur and
potassium chloride. (3mks)
14. Aqueous ammonia was added to a solution copper (ii) sulphate dropwise until in excess. State the
observations made when
a) A few drop of aqueous ammonia were added.(1mk)
b) Excess aqueous ammonia was added. (1mk)
15. By use of chemical equations distinguish the reaction of magnesium with water and magnesium with
steam. (2mks)
16. The table below gives the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in substances X, Y, and Z.
Substance Electrons Protons Neutrons

X 10 10 10
Y 10 8 10
Z 8 8 8
a) Which letter represents an ion? (1mk)
b) Which of the substances are isotopes? Give a reason. (2mks)
225
C
17. a) What is meant by the terms.
1) Element (1mk)
2) Atomic number (1mk)
(b) The formula for a chloride of titanium is Ticl 3. What is the formula of its sulphate? (1mk)
18. The chart below shows a scheme or reactions involving a sample of solution N. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
1) Identify the cation and the anion in solution N, (2mks)
2) Write an ionic equation to show how Q is formed. (1mk)
19. Name the process

Solid carbon (IV) oxide (dry ice) changes directly into gas. (1mk)
20. When carbon (IV) oxide gas was passed through aqueous calcium hydrogen a white precipate was
formed.
a) Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1mk)
b) State and explain the changes that would occur when excess carbon (iv) oxide gas is bubbled
through the white precipitate. (2mks)
21. Give the names of the following compounds

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22. Explain why burning magnesium continue to burn in a gas jar full of sulphure (iv) oxide while humming
splint would be extinguished. (3mks)
23. When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into aqueous solution of iron (iii) chloride a yellow
precipitate was formed.
a. State another observation that was made. (1mk)
b. Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1mk)
c. What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen sulphade gas in this reaction? (1mk)
24. A. What is allotropy (1mk)
.
B. Name two allotropes of carbon. (2mk)
25. Ammonium sulphate is a fertilizer produced by passing ammonia gas into concentrated sulphure (VI)
acid. Calculate the mass in kg of sulphure (VI) acid required to produce 25kg or the fertilizer. (s=32,
0=16, N=14,H=1) (3mks) 227
C
26. The reaction between hot concentrated Sodium hydrogen and chlorine gas produces sodium chloride (v),
sodium chloride and water.
a. Write the equation for the reaction. (1mk)
b. Give one use of sodium chlorate (v). (1mk)
27. Explain why a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene does not conduct electricity but
solution of a gas in water conduct electricity. (2mks)
28. Below is a sketch of a reaction profile. Study it and then answer the question that follows.
State and explain the type of reaction represented by the profile. (2mks)
Reactants
Reaction path
29. I) what are amphoteric oxides? (1mk)
ii) Give a chemical formula example of an amphoric oxide. (1mk)
30. Calcium oxide can be used to dry ammonium gas.

i. Explain why Calcium oxide is not used to dry hydrogen Chloride gas. (2mks)
ii. Name one drying agent of hydrogen chloride.

228 (1mk)
C
31. When an organic compound Y is reacted aqueous Sodium carbonate it produces carbon (iv) Oxide. Y
reacts within propanal to form a pleasant smelling compound whose formula is.
CH3 CH2 C O CH2 CH2 CH3
i. Name and draw the structure formula of compound Y. (2mks)
ii. What is the name given to the group of compound to which Z

belongs? (1mk)
32. Element X and Y have atomic numbers 20 and 8 respectively.

i. Write the electron arrangement of their ions. (2mks)
ii. Write the formula of the compound formed between X and Y. (1mk)
PAPER 2
1. Study the information given below and answer the questions that follow.
Element Atomic radius(nm) Ionic radius nm Formula of oxide Melting point(0c)
A 0.364 0.421 A2 O -119
D 0.830 0.711 D O2 837
E 0.592 0.485 E2 O3 1466
G 0.381 0.446 G 2O3 242
J 0.762 0.676 J O 1054
a. Which elements are non-metals .Give a reason?(2mks)
b. I)Write a formula of a compound formed when J combines with A(1mk)

229
C
ii)What type of bond exist between J and D.(1mk)
c. Explain why the melting point of the oxide of E is higher than that of the oxide of G.(2mks)
d. i)Which two elements would react with each other most vigorously.Give a reason.(2mks)
ii)Which element would be suitable for making utensils for boiling water.State two properties
that make the elements suitable for the use.(2mks)
e. Elements Qand R haveelectronic configuration 2.8.2 and 2.8.6. respectfully.

i)Explain why the ionic radius of R is expected to be greater than its atomic radius.(1mk)
ii)Write the equation for the reaction between Q and R.(1mk)
2. The chromatogram below is of and acid enzyme x and y and three simple sugar P,Q and R.
a. I)Name two simples sugars present in both x and y.(2mks)

ii)Name lines L and M. (2mks)
L-
M-
iii)What property is exhibitaed by simple sugar x.(1mk)
b.Two pieces of paper were lowered into different Bunsen burner flames and removed quickly.The
results were as shown below.
230
C
i.)Which paper was lowered into a Bunsen burner whose air hole were closed.Explain(2mks)
c.Oxygen can be obtained industrially by fractorise distribution of liquid air

i. Why is the gas mixture passed through sodium hydroxide solution.(1mk)
ii) In the final stage,which gas is distil out fuse.explain.(1mk)
iii)Name two commercial uses of oxygen gas.(1mk)
3. Study the flow diagram and answer the questions below.
Colourless solution White ppt, U

Few drops Filter and
I I residue
ofNaoH heat
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Colourless solution
II
Pb(NO3)
Excess
Colourless solution III
NaoH White ppt
(II)
a. Identify
i. White ppt I 231 (1mk)
C
ii. Solution II (1mk)
iii. Residue II (1mk)
b. Write ionic equation for the reactions colourless solution (II) with Pb(NO 3) 1mk
c. Write observations that would be made when ammonia solution is added drop wise till in excess to the
colourless solution(II) 2mks
d. Below are PH values of some solutions
Solution Z Y X W
PH 6.5 3.5 2.2 7.2
i. Which solution is likely to be

a. Acidic rain (1mk)
b. Potassium hydroxide (1mk)
ii. A basic substance V reacted with both solutions Y and X.What is the nature of V.(2mks)
iii. Name two substances that shows this characteristics in question (ii) above.(2mks)
4. A sample of crude oil was heated and its vapour passed over red-hot pumicestore. A mixture of gases
was evolved which decolourised bromine in tetra chloromethane and burnt in air with a yellow flame.
a. What process id taking place when the vapour from the crude oil passes over heated pumice.(1mk)
b. Name the most likely type of compound causing decolourisation of the bromine solution.(1mk)
232
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c. Name two compounds formed when the gas mixture above burns in air.(1mk)
ii.Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Ethanol
Conc H2 SO4
D A C
high
pressure
H2
O2(Excess)
Line water
E Gas White ppt
F
Na
Gas G
a. Identify substances (4mks)

A-
B-
F-
G-
b. Write down the equation for the formation of

i. Substance C
ii. E and F
iii. Gas G
c. Substance D was formed to have molecular mass of 42,000 .Determine the number of molecules present
in the substances(H+1 ,C=12) 2mks
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d. State
i. The condition necessary for the conversion of ethanol to substance A.(1mk)
ii. The catalyst required in the conversion of A and B.(1mk)
5. The table below gives the solubility of hydrated copper(ii) sulphate in mol dm-3 at different
temperatures.
Temperature(0) Solubility mol dm-3
20 8 x 10-2
40 12 x 10-2
60 16 x 10-2
80 22 x 10-2
100 30 x 10-2
i. On the drid provided plot a graph of solubility of copper(II) sulphate (vertical axis) against
temperature.(3mks
ii. From the graph ,determinee the mass of copper(II) sulphate deposited when the solution is
cooled from 700c to 400.(Molar mass of hydrated copper(ii) sulphate = 250g)
b.In an experiment to determine the solubility of sodium chloride ,5.0 cm 3 of a saturated solution of sodium
chloride weighing 5.35g were placed in a volumetric flask and diluted to a total volume of 250cm 3.
25.0 cm3 of the dilute solution of sodium chloride completely reacted with 24.1 cm3 of 0.1 M silver nitrate
solution.
Ag No3(aq) + NaCl(aq) Ag Cl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Calculate;
i. Moles of silver nitrate in 24.1cm3 of solution.(1mk)
ii. Moles of sodium chloride in 25.0cm3 of solution.(1mk)
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iii. Moles of sodium chloride in 250cm3 of solution(1mk)
iv. Mass of sodium chloride in 5.0cm3 of saturated chloride solution (Na=23.0 Cu=35.5) (1mk)
v. Mass of water in 5.o cm3 of saturated solution of sodium chloride(1mk)
vi. The solubility of sodium chloride in g/100 g of water.(2mks)
6. The flow chart below shows some of the processes involved in large scale production of sulphur((vi)
acid .
Use it to answer the questions that follow.
Sulphur(iV)oxide
Reaction chamber Absorption tower

oxygen sulphur (vi) oxide Oleum
Water
a. Name the process
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b. I)Name substance A.(1mk)
ii)Write an equation for the process that takes place in the absorption tower.(1mk)
c. Vanadium (v) oxide is commonly used catalyst in the process.

i. Name another catalyst which can be used for this process.(1mk)
ii. Give two why reasons vanadium (v) oxide is commonly used catalyst.(2mks)
d. Sate and explain the observations made when concentrated sulphuric (vi) acid is added to crystals
copper(ii) sulphate in a beaker(2mks)
e. The reaction of concentrated sulphuric (vi) acid with sodium chloride produces hydrogen chloride
gas.State the property of concentrated sulphuric (vi) acid illustrated in the reaction.(1mk)
f. Name two uses of sulphuric (vii) acid.2mks
7. The above diagram shows a set up that can be used for industrial manufacture of hydrochloric
acid.Study it and answer the questions that follow.
236
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a. Name
i. Produce F
ii. Substance E
b. Explain are application of hydrochloric acid in textile industry.(1mk)
c. Hydrochloricb acid was added to iron powder in a test tube and shaken thoroughly to mix to 1cm 3 of the
resulting solution ,six drops of acqueous solution of ammonia were added .
i. State the observation made on adding ammonia solution.(
ii. Explain the observation sated above and white an ionic equation for the reaction.(2mks)
iii. Concentrated hydrochloric is 35% pure with density 1.18g/cm 3.Calculate it’s concentration in
moles per litre..(3mks)
PAPER 3
You are provided with
- Anhydrous sodium carbonate solid x.
- Distilled water.
- 0.2m Hydrochloric acid solution A.
You are required to determine molar heat of solution of solid x
PROCEDURE I
i. Place 50.0ml of water in 250ml plastic beaker.
ii. Note the temperature of the water and record it in the table I below.
iii. Add all the solid X provided to the water in the beaker, stir gently with the thermometer and record the final
temperature of the solution in the table I below. Keep the resulting solution for procedure 2.
TABLE I
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Final temperature (0C)
Initial temperature (0C)
Change in temperature (0C)
(2 mks)
(a) What is the enthalpy change for the reaction? (Assume the density of solution is 1g/cm 3, and specific heat
capacity is 4.2 Jg-1 K-1). (2 mks)
PROCEDURE II
Transfer the contents of the beaker into 250ml volumetric flask. Rinse both the beaker and the thermometer with
distilled water and ass this water into the solution in the volumetric flask. Add more water to make up to the mark.
Label this solution as solution X. fill the burette with solution A. Using a pipette place 25.0ml of solution X into
a conical flask. Add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with solution A. record your readings in table
II below. Repeat the titration two more times and complete the table.
TABLE II
Experiment
(3 mks)
(b) Calculate average volume of solution A used. (1 mk)

(c) the number of moles of solution A used. (1 mk)
(d) The number of moles of solution X that reacted with the number of moles of solution A in (c) above.
(1 mk)
(e) The number of moles of solid X used in procedure I. (1 mk)

(f) Molar heat of solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate. (2 mks)
238
C
- A solution of sodium hydroxide labeled B.
- A solution of sulphuric(vi)acid labeled C.
You are required to determine the concentration of the alkali using the following procedure.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Place 40cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a 250 ml plastic beaker.
(ii) Measure 60cm3 of sulphuric (vi) acid solution.
(iii) Determine the temperature of sodium hydroxide solution at half a minute intervals for two minutes and record
it in the table below.
(iv) At 2 ½ minutes, place the 60cm 3 of solution C into the plastic beaker while stirring and resume taking the
temperature in the 3rd minute.
(v) Complete the table below.
Time in minutes 0 ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4
Temperature in 0C
Time in minutes 4½ 5 5½ 6 6½ 7
Temperature in 0C
239
C
(3 mks)
(a) Plot a graph of temperature against time. (3 mks)
(b) From the graph, determine the highest temperature change. (1 mk)
(c) Determine the heat evolved in this experiment (Density of solution = 1 g/cm 3 specific heat capacity of solution
= 4.2 Jg-1 K-1) (2 mks)
(d) Given that the molar heat of neutralization is 56KJ/mole, determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide
used in the neutralization reaction above. (2 mks)
(e) Determine the molarity of sodium hydroxide. (2 mks)

3. You are provided with solid K. carry out the following tests and write your observations and inferences in the
spaces provided.
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(a) Place a spatula full of sample K in a

clean dry test tube. Heat gently and then
strongly.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
(b) Put the remaining solid K in a boiling

tube. Add about 8cm3 of distilled water.
Shake well and divide the solution into
3 portions.
(i) To the first portion add 3 drops of

sodium hydroxide solution and then
excess.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
(ii) To the second portion add 3 drops of

ammonia solution and then excess.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
(iii) To the third portion add 3 drops of

Barium nitrate followed by 3 drops of
nitric acid.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
240
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(c) You are provided with solid P. carry out the tests below and record your observations and
inferences.
(i) Place half spatula of solid P in a non-

luminous flame of a Bunsen burner.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
(ii) Dissolve the remaining solid in water

and divide into two portions
(a) Add 3 drops of universal indicator to the

1st portion and determine the PH of the
solution.
(1 mk) (1 mk)
(b) To the 2nd portion add a little sodium

hydrogen carbonate
(1 mk) (1 mk)

ALL OTHER SUBJECTS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE
241
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FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

GOLDEN ELITE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS 0724351706

TOP NATIONAL SCHOOLS

Conc ammonia solution

State and explain the observations made (3mks)

Air Concentrated KOH Excess heated copper Excess heated

a) What is the purpose of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution? (1mk)

2 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

i) Explain the observation made (2mks)

3 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

i) On the diagram label the salt bridge (1mk)

4 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

a) State what is observed in each experiment (1mk)

6 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

b) Name an oxide that would be placed in the shaded area (1mk)

Cotton wool soaked Cotton wool soaked

b) N2CO3.IOH2O(s) II Na2CO3(s) + IOH2O(l)

c) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) III CuSO4.5H2O(s)

a) Which element forms an ion of charge - 2? Explain your answer 2marks

9 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

10 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

Step II Conc. H2SO4

11 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706 CH3CH2CH2CL

(b) Draw the structural formulae and name product Z. 1mark

Water Wind Shield

12 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

Use this information to find the heat of formation of propane. (3marks)

13 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

(i) State two observations in the boiling tube. (2marks)

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Phenolphthalein __________ Pink

Methyl Orange Pink __________

Cotton Wool Plug

15 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

d.Calculate the mass of water in 0.715g of hydrated sodium carbonate (1mk)

1. You are provided with:

dissolved in a 1 litre solution.

- Solution B, 0.2M hydrochloric acid.

- Phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators.

- Solution C, barium chloride solution.

Pipette 25.0cm3 of solution A into a conical flask.

Add two drops of methyl orange indicator.

Record your results in the table below.

Repeat the procedure to obtain two more readings.

(a) Calculate the average volume (V1) of solution B used. (1 mark )

solution (solution C) with clean measuring cylinder.

Repeat the procedure to obtain two more readings.

(c ) Calculate the average volume (V2) of solution B used. (1 mark )

(d) The equation for the formation of white precipitate

Na2CO3 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

(f) Calculate the concentration of solution A in terms of sodium hydroxide in

moles per litre. ( 1 ½ marks )

18 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706

(ii) Calculate concentration of solution A in terms of sodium carbonate in

moles per litre. (1 ½ marks )

Divide the resulting solution into four portions.

(c ) To 1st portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII)

19 FOR MARKING SCHEMES INBOX 0724351706