EXPERIMENT NO- 5

TITLE:
Identify various components of different switchgears.
OBJECTIVE:
To Identify various components of different switchgear (through visit or video or model) viz

A. circuit breaker [ i. LT air circuit breaker, ii. Minimum oil circuit breaker, iii. Air blast
circuit breaker, iv. SF6 circuit breaker, v. Vacuum circuit breaker]
B. Isolator [vertical breaker, horizontal breaker]
C. CTs and PTs
D. Power and distribution transformers.
BRIEF THEORY:

A. CIRCUT BREAKER :

 Air Circuit Breaker:

An Air Circuit Breaker (also known as an Air Blast Circuit Breaker or ACB) is an
automatically operated electrical switch that uses air to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Its primary function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. When this happens, an arc will appear between
the contacts that have broken the circuit. Air circuit breakers use compressed air to blow out
the arc, or alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the
escaping of the displaced air, thus blowing out the arc.
This type of circuit breaker operates in air at atmospheric pressure. After the development of
the oil circuit breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker has been largely replaced by oil
circuit breakers worldwide.
Although in countries like France and Italy, ACBs are still preferable choice up to voltage 15 kV. ACBs
are also good choice to avoid the risk of oil fire, in case of oil circuit breaker. In America, ACBs were
exclusively used for the system up to 15 kV until the development of new vacuum circuit breakers and
SF6 circuit breakers.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. You can also have remote controlled circuit
breaker which can be operated from a distance, whereas this is not the case with a fuse.

Construction :

Air Circuit breakers generally have two pairs of contacts. The main pair of contacts (1) carries
the current at normal load and these contacts are made of copper metal. The second pair is the arcing
contact (2) and is made of carbon. When the circuit breaker is being opened, the main contacts open
first.

Working principle:
 The working principle of this breaker is rather different from those in any other types
of circuit breakers. The main aim of all kind of circuit breaker is to prevent the
reestablishment of arcing after current zero by creating a situation where in the contact gap
will withstand the system recovery voltage.
The air circuit breaker does the same but in different manner. For interrupting arc it creates
an arc voltage in excess of the supply voltage. Arc voltage is defined as the minimum voltage
required maintaining the arc. This circuit breaker increases the arc voltage by mainly three
different ways,
1. It may increase the arc voltage by cooling the arc plasma. As the temperature of arc
plasma is decreased, the mobility of the particle in arc plasma is reduced; hence more
voltage gradient is required to maintain the arc.
2. It may increase the arc voltage by lengthening the arc path. As the length of arc path
is increased, the resistance of the path is increased, and hence to maintain the same
arc current more voltage is required to be applied across the arc path. That means arc
voltage is increased.
3. Splitting up the arc into a number of series arcs also increases the arc voltage.

Operating range :

An air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical device used to provide Overcurrent and
short-circuit protection for electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K Amps. These are usually
used in low voltage applications below 450V.

 Minimum oil circuit breaker :

The minimum oil circuit breaker is also called a small or poor oil circuit breaker. It
required a small percentage of oil (about 10% of oil) used in the case of the bulk oil circuit
breaker. The oil is mainly used for the arc extinction process only. But in the case of bulk oil
circuit breakers, the oil serves two purposes i.e., as a quenching medium and also used as an
insulating medium between the parts.

Construction :
 the cross section of a single-phase minimum oil circuit breaker. The construction is
divided into two compartments. Both the compartments are separated from each other but
both are filled with oil.
The upper compartment is mainly a circuit-breaking compartment while the lower one is the
supporting compartment.
The arrangement is made in such that two compartments are separated by a partition and oil
from one chamber is prevented from mixing with the other chamber.
This arrangement permits two advantages.
            - Firstly, the circuit breaking chambers requires a small volume of oil which is just
enough for arc extinction.
            - Secondly the amount of oil to be replaced is reduced, as the oil in the supporting
chamber does not get contaminated by the arc.

Working principle:
 Under normal operating conditions the moving contact remains in physical (or
electrical) contact with the upper fixed contact. Under abnormal conditions i.e., when there is
a fault, the moving contact is pulled down by the operating rod which is controlled by the
operating mechanism. When the moving contact starts separating an arc is drawn between the
two contacts.
As the contacts are immersed in the oil, the arc energy increases the temperature of the
oil. The oil surrounding the arc attains high temperatures and gets vaporized. Thus gases are
produced and will expand inside the chamber so that pressure inside the chamber increases.
The produced gases move upward by decreasing the arc energy (splitting the arc) and cooling
the contacts.

When the gases move upwards, the oil surrounding the arc is filled with fresh oil. Again due
to arc energy this oil will decomposes by realizing gases. This again increases the pressure
inside the chamber and the gases move upward, by replacing it with fresh oil again.
This process of replacing the fresh oil between the contacts will continue until the arc is
extinguished completely which occurs at current zero instant. But in order to avoid restriking
of the arc after current zero, the dielectric strength of the medium (oil) should be maintained
high. This can be achieved by following methods,
 The oil pressure inside the chamber should be maintained high such that the fresh
oil gets pushed between the contacts and gases move upwards.
 Forcing fresh oil onto the arc with the help of piston action produced by the
operating rod fixed to the moving contact.

Operating range :

Less suitable for frequent operation. It is easy to remove the gases from the contact
space in time. Difficult to remove the gases from the contact space in time. This type of
circuit breaker is used up to 33kV.

 Air blast circuit breaker :

The air blast circuit breaker is the type of circuit breaker where high pressure (at a
pressure of 30 kg/cm2) air-blast is used for arc extinction. So they seek applications in the
high voltage (132 kV and above) transmission system and interconnected networks with
breaking capacity up to 7500 MVA.

Construction :

A typical air blast circuit breaker is shown in the below figure. The major components
of the air blast circuit breaker are,

 Air reservoir
 Hallow insulator assembly
 Arc extinction chamber
  Valves
 Current carrying conductors.

Working principle:

The air blast is an external extinguishing energy type in which the high-pressure air is
employed for arc extinction in the circuit breaker. The air blast circuit breaker consists of a
fixed contact and a moving contact, enclosed in an arc extinction chamber.

Under normal operating conditions, both the contacts are closed. Whenever a fault occurs,
high currents are induced which raises the temperature. When the air is submitted into the arc
extinction chamber the air pushes away the moving contact establishing an arc. The air inside
the arc extinction chamber will have high pressure than the atmospheric pressure.

The air blast cools the arc and sweeps away all the ionized gases along with it. Because of
this, the dielectric builds up rapidly, between the contacts, which prevents the reestablishment
of the arc. Thus, the flow of current is interrupted.

Operating range :

The air blast circuit breakers are preferred for arc furnace duty and traction systems
because they are suitable for repeated duty. These type of circuit breakers are finding their
best application in systems operating in the range of 132 kV to 400 kV with breaking
capacities up to 7000 MVA.

 Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker :

Sulphur Hexafluoride or SF6 circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker that uses

pressurized SF6 gas to extinguish the arc. It is a dielectric gas having superior insulating and arc
quenching properties far better than air or oil. It is used for arc quenching in high voltage circuit
breakers up to 800 kV in power stations, electrical grids etc.

Circuit breakers are used for protection against fault current in electrical systems. They abruptly break
the circuit and safely quench the arc. The circuit-breaking part is easy as it is just the separation of
contact but the arc that generates afterward which prevents the circuit from breaking and causes
damage needs to be quenched as fast as possible. The arc strength depends on many variables such
as voltage, the gap between the contacts, temperature, pressure, etc. The arc can be quenched using
various techniques and mediums. The SF6 circuit breaker is one of the many types of circuit
breakers that uses the SF6 gas as the arc quenching medium to safely break the high voltage circuit.
Construction :

It consists of a gas chamber and interrupter unit. The SF 6 gas is compressed and
stored inside a gas chamber. The gas chamber is connected to the interrupter unit through a
valve. The valve is linked with the movement of the contacts. as soon as the contacts
separate, the valve is opened to release a blast of SF6.
The arc quenching occurs inside the interrupter unit or arc chamber. It has two types of
contacts i.e. moving contact and fixed contact. The contacts are hollow cylinders. The fixed
contacts include arc horns that are used for protection against arcs. The tip of the arc horns is
covered with copper-tungsten to have extra resistance. The moving contact includes a vent.
The vent is used as an outlet for the SF6 gas from the arc chamber.
The moving contact moves back and forth to make or break the circuit.  It is attached with an
actuator through an insulating rod that actuates the whole moving contact assembly by
moving back and forth. The actuator is synchronized with the gas chamber’s valve which
releases the gas at the same movement the contact separates.

Working principle:

The SF6 gas is compressed and stored inside a tank. During the fault conditions, the
contacts are separated and an arc is struck between them. The highly pressurized SF 6 gas is
also released at the same moment.
The arc which is the movement of charges contains free electrons. The SF 6 being highly
electronegative, absorbs the free electrons forming negative ions. These ions are heavier and
have low mobility as compared to free electrons.
SF6 + e– = SF6–
SF6 + e– = SF5– + F
Due to the heavy mass of the formed negative ions, the movement of the charges reduces
between the contacts. This increases the dielectric strength of the medium that quenches the
arc at zero current. The blast of SF 6 gas also reduces the temperature of the arc which also
reduces its strength. The pressure of the gas is also directly proportional to the dielectric
strength of the SF6 gas. 

Operating range :

They are generally used at the outlet of high-power generators (30 MVA to 1800
MVA) in order to protect them in a reliable, fast and economic manner. Such circuit breakers
have high carrying current rating (4 kA to 40 kA), and have a high breaking capacity (50 kA
to 275 kA).

 Vacuum circuit breaker :

A vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes
place in a vacuum medium. The operation of switching on and closing of current carrying
contacts and interrelated arc interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker
which is called a vacuum interrupter.

A vacuum that is used as the arc quenching medium in a circuit breaker is known as a
vacuum circuit breaker because vacuum gives high insulating strength due to superior arc
quenching properties. This is suitable for most standard voltage applications because, for
higher voltage, vacuum technology was developed however not commercially feasible.

The operation of current-carrying contacts & related arc interruption take place within a
vacuum chamber of the breaker, which is known as a vacuum interrupter. This interrupter
includes a steel arc chamber within the center of symmetrically placed ceramic insulators.
The maintenance of vacuum pressure within a vacuum interrupter can be done at 10– 6 bar.
The vacuum circuit breaker performance mainly depends on the material used for current-
carrying contacts like Cu/Cr.

Construction :

The vacuum circuit breaker comprises a steel arc chamber in the center-symmetrically
arranged ceramic insulators. The pressure inside the vacuum interrupter is maintained below
10^-4 torr.

The material used for current-carrying contacts plays an important role in the performance of
the vacuum circuit breaker. Alloys like, Copper-bismuth or copper-chrome is the ideal
material to make VCB contacts.

From the figure shown above, the Vacuum circuit breaker consists of fixed contact, a moving
contact, and a vacuum interrupter. The moving contact is connected to the control mechanism
by stainless steel bellow. The arc shields are supported o the insulating housing such that they
cover these shields and is prevented from condensing on the insulating enclosure. The
possibility of a leak is eliminated due to the permanent sealing of the vacuum chamber for
that a glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the outer insulating body.

Working principle:

The sectional view of a vacuum circuit breaker is shown in the figure below when the
contacts are separated due to some abnormal conditions, an arc is struck between the
contacts, the arc is produced due to ionization of metal ions and depends very much on the
material of contacts.

The arc interruption in vacuum interrupters is different from other types of circuit breakers.
The separation of contacts causes the release of vapor which is filled in the contact space. It
consists of positive ions liberated from the contact material. The vapor density depends on
the current in the arc. When the current decreases, the rate of vapor release decreases, and
after current zero, the medium regains its dielectric strength if the vapor density is reduced.
When the current to be interrupted is very small in a vacuum, the arc has several parallel
paths. The total current is divided into many parallel arcs that repel each other and spread
over the contact surface. This is called a diffused arc which can be interrupted easily.

At high values of current, the arc gets concentrated in a small region. It causes rapid
vaporization of the contact surface. The interruption of the arc is possible if the arc remains in
a diffused state. If it is quickly removed from the contact surface, the arc will be re-strike.

Arc extinction in vacuum breakers is greatly influenced by the material and shape of the
contacts and the technique of considering metal vapor. The path of the arc is kept moving so
that temperature at any one point will not be high.

After the final arc interruption, there is a rapidly building up of dielectric strength which is
peculiar of the vacuum breaker. They are suitable for capacitor switching as it will give a re-
strick-free performance. The small current is interrupted before natural current zero, which
may cause chopping whose level depends on the material of contact.

Operating Range :

The vacuum circuit breaker is used to disconnect power in the medium voltage range
from 11 kV to 33 kV.

B. ISOLATOR :

 Vertical Break Isolator :

The vertical-break disconnector consists of one arm which, by moving on the plane of the
insulators supporting it, closes the circuit on a fixed contact located on the side insulator. Since
the movement of the arm takes place on the same plane as that of the insulators, the phase-to-phase
spacing is minimized.

Construction :

The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other carries female
contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the contact arms are
fitted. Rotation of both post insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the isolator by
closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post insulators stacks open the contact arm and
isolator becomes in off condition. This motorized form of this type of isolators is generally used, but
an emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.

Working principle:

The vertical-break disconnector consists of one arm which, by moving on the plane of the
insulators supporting it, closes the circuit on a fixed contact located on the side insulator. Since
the movement of the arm takes place on the same plane as that of the insulators, the phase-to-phase
spacing is minimized.
Operating Range :

The DDV vertical break disconnector requires the optimized spaces in both horizontal and
vertical directions, making it suitable for substations with small installation area. The DDV
disconnector range includes products for rated parameters 145 / 170 / 245 kV, 3150 A and 63 kA.

 Horizontal Break Isolator :

Main function of this product is to isolate the Transformer, Overhead lines, System or
Cables from distribution network. Construction. The rotating isolator has triple pole construction
and shall be suitable for Horizontal upright mounting.

Construction :

Let’s discuss constructional features of Double Break Isolators. These have three stacks of
post insulators as shown in the figure. The central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male contact
which can be rotated horizontally with a rotation of central post insulator. This rod type contact is also
called moving contact.

The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both sides of
the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring-loaded figure
contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into female contacts and
isolators becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in the opposite direction make to it out from
female contacts and isolators becomes open.

Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base of the post
insulator, and it is connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in case of
motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.

Working principle:

This type of isolator consists of three loads of post insulators. The middle insulator holds a
flat male or tubular contact that can be turned straightly by a spin of the middle post insulator. The
rotation of the middle post insulator can be done by a lever method at the bottom of the post insulator,
as well as it is related to manual operation (operating handle) or motorized operation motor (using
motor) of the isolator via a mechanical knot rod.

Operating Range :

1 Rated voltage kV 12 36 72.5 123 145 245 420

up to
2 Rated Current Amps 1250 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
 P.T.O.
C. CTs & PTs :

 Current transformer (CT) :

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply

an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current
in its primary.
Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers.
Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that
are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers
isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current
transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its
primary. The current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit. [1]
Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at generating
stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power distribution.

Construction :

Bar-type current transformers have terminals for source and load connections of the primary
circuit, and the body of the current transformer provides insulation between the primary circuit and
ground. By use of oil insulation and porcelain bushings, such transformers can be applied at the
highest transmission voltages.

Zero-phase-sequence current transformer

Ring-type current transformers are installed over a bus bar or an insulated cable and have only a low
level of insulation on the secondary coil. To obtain non-standard ratios or for other special purposes,
more than one turn of the primary cable may be passed through the ring. Where a metal shield is
present in the cable jacket, it must be terminated so no net sheath current passes through the ring, to
ensure accuracy. Current transformers used to sense ground fault (zero sequence) currents, such as in
a three-phase installation, may have three primary conductors passed through the ring. Only the net
unbalanced current produces a secondary current - this can be used to detect a fault from an energized
conductor to ground. Ring-type transformers usually use dry insulation systems, with a hard rubber or
plastic case over the secondary windings.
For temporary connections, a split ring-type current transformer can be slipped over a cable without
disconnecting it. This type has a laminated iron core, with a hinged section that allows it to be
installed over the cable; the core links the magnetic flux produced by the single turn primary winding
to a wound secondary with many turns. Because the gaps in the hinged segment introduce inaccuracy,
such devices are not normally used for revenue metering.
Current transformers, especially those intended for high voltage substation service, may have multiple
taps on their secondary windings, providing several ratios in the same device. This can be done to
allow for reduced inventory of spare units, or to allow for load growth in an installation. A high-
voltage current transformer may have several secondary windings with the same primary, to allow for
separate metering and protection circuits, or for connection to different types of protective devices.
For example, one secondary may be used for branch over current protection, while a second winding
may be used in a bus differential protective scheme, and a third winding used for power and current
measurement.

Working principle:

A current transformer has a primary winding, a core and a secondary winding, although some
transformers, including current transformers, use an air core. While the physical principles are the
same, the details of a "current" transformer compared with a "voltage" transformer will differ owing
to different requirements of the application. A current transformer is designed to maintain an accurate
ratio between the currents in its primary and secondary circuits over a defined range.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which then
induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the
insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling between the primary and
secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to the primary current over a wide
current range. The current in the secondary is the current in the primary (assuming a single turn
primary) divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In the illustration on the right, 'I' is the
current in the primary, 'B' is the magnetic field, 'N' is the number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is
an AC ammeter.
Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of copper
wire as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary current is passed
through the ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. The primary 'winding' may be
a permanent part of the current transformer, i.e. a heavy copper bar to carry current through the core.
Window-type current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the
middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. To assist accuracy, the
primary conductor should be centered in the aperture.
CTs are specified by their current ratio from primary to secondary. The rated secondary current is
normally standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT secondary winding will supply an
output current of 5 amperes when the primary winding current is 4000 amperes. This ratio can also be
used to find the impedance or voltage on one side of the transformer, given the appropriate value at
the other side. For the 4000:5 CT, the secondary impedance can be found as ZS = NZP = 800ZP, and
the secondary voltage can be found as VS = NVP = 800VP. In some cases, the secondary impedance
is referred to the primary side, and is found as ZS′ = N2ZP. Referring the impedance is done simply by
multiplying initial secondary impedance value by the current ratio. The secondary winding of a CT
can have taps to provide a range of ratios, five taps being common. [1]
Current transformer shapes and sizes vary depending on the end user or switch gear manufacturer.
Low-voltage single ratio metering current transformers are either a ring type or plastic molded case.
Split-core current transformers either have a two-part core or a core with a removable section. This
allows the transformer to be placed around a conductor without having to disconnect it first. Split-core
current transformers are typically used in low current measuring instruments, often portable, battery-
operated, and hand-held (see illustration lower right).

Operating Range :
These are available for measuring currents from 100 up to 5000 amps, with square window
sizes from 1″ to over 12″ (25-to-300mm). Then to summarise, the Current Transformer, (CT) is a type
of instrument transformer used to convert a primary current into a secondary current through a
magnetic medium.
 P.T.O
 Power Transformer (PT):
A power transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing the frequency. As there is no rotating or moving parts, a transformer is
classified as a static device. Transformer operates on an AC supply. Transformers operate based on
the principle of mutual induction.

Construction :

Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core. The
coils are insulated from each other as well as from the steel core. A transformer may also consist of a
container for winding and core assembly (called as tank), suitable bushings to take our the terminals,
oil conservator to provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc. The figure at left
illustrates the basic construction of a transformer.

 In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel,
with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path). The steel used is having
high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are cut in the shape as E,I
and L. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides of joint.
That is, if joints of first sheet assembly are at front face, the joints of following assemble are kept at
back face.

Working principle:

  The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual

induction between two windings linked by common magnetic flux. The figure at right shows the
simplest form of a transformer. Basically a transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary
winding and secondary winding. The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each
other. When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating magnetic
flux is produced around the winding. The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with
the secondary winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as
'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary winding is called as
'leakage flux'.  As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is continuously changing), EMF
gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This
emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced emf is same as that of
supplied emf. If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows through
it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one circuit (primary) to another circuit
(secondary).

Operating Range :
 Power transformers available in the market have various ratings ranging from 400kV, 200kV,
66kV, and 33kV. Whereas distribution transformers ratings range from 11kV, 6.6kV, 3.3kV, 440v,
and 230 volts. Primarily, power transformers operate on full load rating with minimal load
fluctuations

P.T.O
D. POWER & DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER :

Power transformers  are used for transmission as a step up devices so that the I2r loss can
be minimized for a given power flow. These transformers are designed to utilize the core to
maximum and will operate very much near to the knee point of B-H curve (slightly above the knee
point value).This brings down the mass of the core enormously. Naturally these transformers have
the matched iron losses and copper losses at peak load (i.e. the maximum efficiency point where
both the losses match).

Distribution transformers obviously cannot be designed like this. Hence the all-day-

efficiency comes into picture while designing it. It depends on the typical load cycle for which it
has to supply. Definitely Core design will be done to take care of peak load and as well as all-day-
efficiency. It is a bargain between these two points.
Power transformer generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper losses are
minimal. However, a distribution transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full
load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such that core losses are minimal.

Construction :
Basically a Power transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel
core. The coils are insulated from each other as well as from the steel core. A transformer may also
consist of a container for winding and core assembly (called as tank), suitable bushings to take our the
terminals, oil conservator to provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc. The figure at
left illustrates the basic construction of a transformer.

 In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel,
with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path). The steel used is having
high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are cut in the shape as E,I
and L. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides of joint.
That is, if joints of first sheet assembly are at front face, the joints of following assemble are kept at
back face.

The designing of a distribution transformer can be done similarly to small size transformers.
The main parts of this transformer mainly include Oil Tank, Conservator, Buchholz Relay, Breather
Unit, Oil Indicator, Temperature Detector, Pressure Relief Device, Thermal Relay, Radiator, and
Bushing.
 The oil tank is used to soak the windings by placing it in.
 A conservator is arranged above the oil tank at the outside of the transformer frame. It is
connected to the main tank with the help of a metallic tube. The oil within the tank can be easily
 contacted & enlarge throughout loading so that the temperature of the oil can be increased &
decrease.
 Buchholz relay is used when a conservator tank is used. Because it indicates errors like loss of oil
once it goes low, improper flow of oil between the tank & transformer.
 Breather Unit includes silica gel that absorbs moisture in the oil. It changes its color from blue
color to pink color it is not capable to absorb moisture in the oil.
 The oil indicator indicates the level of the oil within the conservatory unit.
 The temperature detector monitors the temperature of the oil. If the temperature of the oil
increases to a certain level then the transformer will be disconnected from the service.
 Pressure relief device decreases the pressure within the transformer to avoid an explosion of the
transformer.
 Thermal relay is used as an indicator for the temperature of the winding
 The radiator is used to increase the transformer’s cooling efficiency.
 The bushing is used to connect the internal windings of the transformer with the help of an
exterior electrical network.

Operating Range :

Power transformers  are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and
step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above
200MVA.

Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to

end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200
MVA.

CONCLUSION:
 P.T.O
EXPERIMENT: 5 RELATED QUESTIONS :
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

VERTICAL BREAK ISOLATOR

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL BREAK ISOLATOR

HORIZONTAL BREAK ISOLATOR

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF HORIZONTAL BREAK ISOLATOR

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)\

POWER TRANSFORMER (PT)

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF POWER TRANSFORMER (PT)

POWER & DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF POWER & DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER