Dual Nature Radiation and Matter

INTRODUCTION
Name – kavya sharma

Class- 12th (B)
Roll no. – (39)
Topic- Dual nature of radiation and
matter
Subject teacher name- Miss Mamta
Shardul
Class teacher name- Mrs. Vasudha
Trehan
Session-2022-23
School name- Ajmani international
school
DELL
certificate
This is to certify that kavya sharma of class
XII has successfully completed her physics
project on the topic ‘Dual nature of radiation
and matter ’ under the guidance of Miss.
Mamta Shardul (subject teacher )for the
session 2022-23 in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE).
ROLL NO.________
DATE: ___________
Teacher’s signature Principal signature

_______________ _____________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However,it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and
organisations . I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to my physics teacher ‘ MISS.
MAMTA SHARDUL’ for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project.
I would like to express my special gratitude
towards my school ‘AJMANI INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL .’
I would like to express my special gratitude and
thanks to school authorities for giving me such
attention and time. My thanks and appreciations
also got to my colleague in developing the project.
Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature
_______________ ____________
Index
 Origin of Theory
 Introduction
 Electron emission
 Method of electron emission
 Photoelectric effect
 Experimental study of photoelectric
effect
 Law of photoelectric effect
 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation
 De Broglie wave
Dual nature radiation and
matter
Origin of theory
The idea of duality originated in a
debate over the nature of light and
matter that dates back to the 17

century ,when competing theories of
light were proposed by chrisitian
Huygens and Issac newton: light was
thought either to consist of waves or
paticles . Though the work of Max
Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de
Broglie , Arthur Compton, Neils Bohr
and many others , current scientific
theory that all partices also have wave
nature (and vice versa).

INTRODUCTION
 The phenomenon such as

interference, diffraction,
polarization etc. in which radiation
interacts with radiation itself can be
explained on the basis of
electromagnetic (wave) nature of
radiation only.
 The phenomenon such as

photoelectric effect, Compton
effect, pair production etc. in which
radiation interacts with matter can
be explained on the basis of
quantum nature of radiation only.
 The phenomenon such as refle
ction, refraction,dispersion etc. in
which interacts neither with

radiation itself nor matter can be
explained on the basis either of two
natures of radiation.
ELECTRON EMISSION
 The ejection of electrons from the
surface of a metal is known as
electron emission.
We know that every metal has free
electrons. These electrons are free
to the extent that they may transfer
from one atom to another within the
metal but they cannot leave the
metal surface to provide electron
emission because of electrostatic
attraction of positive nuclei inside
the atom. However, if sufficient
energy is given to the free
electrons, their kinetic energy
increases and thus the electrons

will cross over the surface barrier to
leave the metal.
 Work function :- The minimum
energy required by an electron to
just escape (I.e . with zero velocity )
from metal’s surface is work
function of metal. The work function
of pure metals varies from 2ev to
6ev.
1ev =1.602x 10-19

METHODS OF
ELECTRON EMISSION
 Thermionic emission: In this
method, the metal is heated to a
sufficient temperature to enable the
free electrons to leave the metal
surface.
 Field emission: In this method, a
strong electric field is applied at the

metal surface which pulls the free
electrons out of the metal because
of attraction of positive field.
 Photoelectric emission: In this
method, the energy of light falling
upon the metal surface is
transferred to the free electrons
within the metal to enable them to
leave the surface.
 Secondary emission: In this
method, a high velocity beam of

primary electrons strikes the metal
surface.
Photoelectric Effect
 The phenomena of emission of
electrons from a metal surface,
when radiations of suitable
frequency is incident on it, called
photoelectric effect.
 The electrons emitted by this effect
are called photoelectrons and the
current constituted by
photoelectrons is known as
photoelectric current or
photocurrent.
It was discovered by HEINRICH
HERTZ IN 1887 during his EM
waves experiments.
Threshold frequency: The minimum
frequency of light which can eject
photo electron from a metal surface
is called threshold frequency of that
metal.
 Threshold wavelength: The
maximum wavelength rJ light which
can eject photoelectron from a
metal surface called threshold
wavelength of that metal.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
Philipp Lenard studied the
photoelectric effect practically.
When light of suitable frequency falls
on the metallic cathode, photoelectron
are emitted. These photoelectrons are
attracted towards the +ve anode and
hence photoelectric current is
constituted.
LAWS OF
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 For a given metal and frequency of
incident light, the photo electric
current is directly proportional to the
intensity of incident light.
 There a certain minimum frequency
Called threshold frequency below
which there is no emission of
photoelectrons takes place.
 Above threshold frequency the
maximum kinetic energy electrons
depend upon the frequency of
incident light .
 The photoelectric emission is an
instantaneous process i.e as soon
as the photon suitable frequwncy
falls on the substances , it emits
photoelectrons.
EINSTEIN’S
PHOTOELECTRIC
EQUATION
 According to PLANK’S QUANTUM
THEORY, light is emitted from a
source in the forms of bundles of
energy called photons.
 Energy of each photon is E=hv .
Einstein made use of this theory to
explain how photo electric emission
takes place.
 A part of this energy is used to
overcome the surface barrier and
come out of metal surface. This part

of the energy is called “work
function”
 The remaining part of the energy is
used in giving a velocity “v” to the
emitted photoelectron. This equal to
the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons.
DE BROGLIE WAVE
 According to de Broglie a moving
particle can be associated with a

wave i.e wave can guide the motion
of the particle . the waves
associated with the moving material
particles are known as de Broglie
waves or matter waves.
 EXPRESSION FOR DE BROGLIE
WAVE:(λ)
 According to quantum theory , the
theory of photon is E=hv=hc/λ
 According to einstein theory , the
energy of photon is E=mc2
λ=h/mc or λ=h/p
 If instead of a photon, we have a
material particle of mass m moving
with velocity v, then the equation
becomes,
λ=h/mv
which is the expression for de
Broglie wavelength .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I Kavya sharma of class XII .I
have done this project with the help
of my subject teacher and friends. I
also take the help of internet and my
text book.
I used:
 www.quora.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.net
 https://lkphx.net/ttbv
 Sl arora
 Class 12 NCERT textbook
For finalizing this project

Thank you

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INTRODUCTION

Name – kavya sharma

Teacher’s signature Principal signature

The idea of duality originated in a

debate over the nature of light and

matter that dates back to the 17

light were proposed by chrisitian

Huygens and Issac newton: light was

thought either to consist of waves or

paticles . Though the work of Max

Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de

Broglie , Arthur Compton, Neils Bohr

and many others , current scientific

theory that all partices also have wave

nature (and vice versa).

 The phenomenon such as

 The phenomenon such as

effect, pair production etc. in which

radiation interacts with matter can

be explained on the basis of

quantum nature of radiation only.

 The phenomenon such as refle

ction, refraction,dispersion etc. in

which interacts neither with

explained on the basis either of two

 The ejection of electrons from the

surface of a metal is known as

electrons. These electrons are free

to the extent that they may transfer

from one atom to another within the

metal but they cannot leave the

metal surface to provide electron

emission because of electrostatic

attraction of positive nuclei inside

the atom. However, if sufficient

energy is given to the free

electrons, their kinetic energy

increases and thus the electrons

leave the metal.

 Work function :- The minimum

energy required by an electron to

just escape (I.e . with zero velocity )

from metal’s surface is work

function of metal. The work function

of pure metals varies from 2ev to

1ev =1.602x 10-19

 Thermionic emission: In this

method, the metal is heated to a

sufficient temperature to enable the

free electrons to leave the metal

 Field emission: In this method, a

strong electric field is applied at the

electrons out of the metal because

of attraction of positive field.

 Photoelectric emission: In this

method, the energy of light falling

upon the metal surface is

transferred to the free electrons

within the metal to enable them to