GAS DISCHARGE TUBE

120
 Gas Discharge Tubes

These components are made of two or three electrodes in an enclo-

sure filled with a (non-radioactive) rare gas at a controlled pressure.
The enclosure is a ceramic tube with its ends closed off by metal caps Breakdown
voltage
that also serve as electrodes.
Their main use is to protect telecommunications lines, but other uses
are possible.
Glow voltage

Line
electrode «Fail Safe» Arc voltage
device

Aluminia
insulation
Current
Operating regimes

Thermo-fusible
Rare gas insulating disk
Electrical characteristics
non-radioactive
emissive product Ground The main electrical characteristics defining a gas discharge tube are:
electrode

DC sparkover voltage (Volts)

Impulse sparkover voltage (Volts)
Discharge current capacity (kA)
Insulation resistance (Gohms)
Operation Capacitance (pF).
The gas discharge tube may be regarded as a sort of very fast switch
having conductance properties that change very rapidly, when break- DC sparkover voltage
down occurs, from open-circuit to quasi-short circuit (arc voltage This is the main characteristic defining the gas discharge tube.
about 20V). There are accordingly four operating domains in the be- It is the voltage at which breakdown will occur between the electrodes
havior of a gas discharge tube: when a slowly increasing voltage (dV/dt = 100 V/s) is applied to the
component; it depends on the electrode spacing, the pressure, and
the properties of the gas mixture and of the emissive substance.

Non-operating domain, characterized by practically infinite insula- Range of DC sparkover voltages available:
tion resistance; minimum 75V
average 230V
Glow domain : At breakdown, the conductance increases suddenly; high voltage 500V
if the current drained off by the gas tube is less than about 0.5A very high voltage 1000 to 3000V
(this is a rough value that differs according to the type of compo- The tolerance on the breakdown voltage is generally ± 20%. .
nent), the glow voltage across the terminals will be in the 80-100V
range;

Arc regime : as the current increases, the gas discharge tube

shifts from the glow voltage to the arc voltage (20V). It is in this DC sparkover Impulse sparkover
domain that the gas discharge tube is most effective, because the voltage = 250 V voltage = 600 V

current discharged can reach several thousand amperes without

the arc voltage across its terminals increasing. 1200 Dynamic area
Static
area
Extinction : At a bias voltage roughly equal to the glow voltage, the 800
gas tube recovers its initial insulating properties.
400

100 V/s 0.1 V/μs 1 kV/μs

DC and Impulse sparkover voltages

121
Gas Discharge Tubes

Discharge current Standards

This depends on the properties of the gas, the volume, and the mate-
rial and treatment of the electrodes. It is the major characteristic of CITEL gas discharge tubes comply with the specifications of main
the GDT and the one that distinguishes it from other protection de- telecom operators (France Telecom, British Telecom, etc.) and with
vices (Varistor, Zener diode, etc.): 5 to 20kA with an 8/20µs impulse for the ITU-T K12 international recommendation and standards IEC
the standard components. This is the value the device can withstand 61643-31x.
repeatedly (say for ten impulses) without destruction or alteration of
its basic specifications.
The CITEL line
Impulse sparkover voltage CITEL proposes a full line of gas discharge tubes to meet most con-
Sparkover voltage in the presence of a steep rise front (dV/dt = 1kV/ figuration needs and specifications found on the market :
µs): the impulse sparkover voltage increases with increasing dV/dt.
2- and 3-electrode gas discharge tubes
Insulation resistance and capacitance Sparkover voltages from 75 to 3500 V
These characteristics make the gas discharge tube practically «invis- Discharge capacities from 5 to 150 kA (8/20µs)
ible» in a line in a steady-state context: insulation resistance very high Optional external short-circuit device
(>10 Gohm), capacitance very low (<1 pF). Installation on support, on printed circuit, or surface-mounted
devices.

3-electrode configuration GSG series

Protecting a two-wire line (for example a telephone pair) with two Thanks to our inherent knowledge and experience in the field of gas
2-electrode gas discharge tubes (connected between the wires and discharge tubes, CITEL has developed a specific technology: GSG
ground) may cause the following problem: (Gas-filled Spark Gap).
The line is subjected to an overvoltage in common mode; because These components are designed to be used on an AC network: they
of the dispersion of the sparkover voltages (± 20%), one of the gas have an increased extinction capability and a higher current discharge
discharge tubes sparks over a very short time before the other (a few capability with either a 8/20us or 10/350us waveform.
microseconds); the wire that has sparked over is therefore grounded The GSG components are the heart of the VG technology which in-
(neglecting the arc voltages), turning the common-mode overvoltage sures matching performance with allair gap technologies without any
into a differential-mode overvoltage, very dangerous for the terminal of downside.
equipment. This risk disappears when the second gas discharge tube
arcs over (a few microseconds later).
3-electrode geometry eliminates this drawback: the sparkover of
one pole causes a «general» breakdown of the device almost instan-
taneously (a few nanoseconds) because there is only one gas-filled
enclosure.

End of life
Gas discharge tubes are designed to withstand several impulses
without destruction or loss of the initial characteristics (typical im-
pulse tests: 10 times 5 kA impulses of each polarity).
On the other hand, a sustained strong current (e.g. 10 A rms for 15
seconds, simulating the fall of a AC power line onto a telecommunica-
tion line) will put the device out of service definitively.
If a fail-safe end of life is desired (i.e. a short-circuit that will report
the fault to the user when the line fault is detected), gas discharge
tubes with the fail-safe feature (external short-circuit) should be cho-
sen.

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 Selection guide

2-ELECTRODE

R = 150 ohms; 100nF in parrallel)

Nominal discharge current

Impulse sparkover voltage

Max. discharge current

DC sparkover voltage

AC discharge current
Insulation resistance

(R = 300 ohms in serie

CITEL part number

(8/20µs ; 10 times)
Range Mechanical

Holdover voltage

(8/20µs ; 1 time)
Capacitance
(1kV/µs)

(100Vdc)
(100V/s)

(50Hz)
BA90 72-108 V <640 V >10G <0.3 pF >60 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA
BA
BA / BASQ BA4 / BASQ4 BAS
BA150 120-180V <700 V >10G <0.3 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA
5 ± 0.2 5 61 ± 1

BA230 184-276 V <700 V >10G <0.3 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA Ø5 Ø 4.4 Ø 0.8

BA300 240-360 V <900 V >10G <0.3 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

Options : Lead termination : BAS
BA350 280-420 V <900 V >10G <0.3 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA External fail-safe : BAC
SMD version : BA CMS in 90V/20, 230V/20, 350V/20
BA550 440-660 V <1200 V >10G <0.3 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA Tape : Taped and reeled

BB75 60-90 V <640 V >10G <0.8 pF >60 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

BB
BB90 72-18 V <640 V >10G <0.8 pF >60 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA BB BBS
6 ± 0.3 61 ± 0.1
BB150 120-180 V <640 V >10G <0.8 pF >75 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA
Ø 8 ± 0.3 Ø 0.8
BB230 184-276 V <700 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

BB350 280-420 V <850 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA Options : Lead termination : BBS
External fail-safe : BBC
BB500 400-600 V <1200 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

BH75 60-90 V <640 V >10G <0.8 pF >60 V 15 A 30 kA 15 kA

BH
BH90 72-108 V <640 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA

BH230 184-276 V <700 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA BH BHS

6 + 0.3 (75-500V)
BH350 280-420 V <850 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA 6.8 + 0.3 (800-1500V)
8 + 0.3 (2000-3500V) 61 + 0.1
BH470 376-564 V <1100 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA
Ø 8 + 0.3 Ø1
BH500 400-600 V <1200 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA

BH600 480-720 V <1200 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 20 A 40 kA 20 kA

BH800 640-690 V <1400 V >10G <0.8 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA Options : Lead termination (Ø 1 or 0.8 mm) : BHS
External short-circuit : BHC (from 90 to 600 V)
BH1400 1120-1680 V <2000 V >10G <0.8 pF >120 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

BH2500 2000-3000 V <3800 V >10G <0.8 pF >120 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

BH3500 2800-4200 V <4600 V >10G <0.8 pF >120 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA

123
 Selection guide

3-ELECTRODE

R = 150 ohms; 100nF in parrallel)

Nominal discharge current

Impulse sparkover voltage

Max. discharge current

DC sparkover voltage

AC discharge current
Insulation resistance

(R = 300 ohms in serie

CITEL part number

(8/20µs ; 10 times)
Range Mechanical

Holdover voltage

(8/20µs ; 1 time)
Capacitance
(1kV/µs)

(100Vdc)
(100V/s)

(50Hz)
BT90 72-108 V <640 V >10G <0.9 pF >70 V 20 A 25 kA 20 kA 9.1 ±0.3
BT BTRC 12.2 max 8.7 max BTR
11.1
max 17.7
BT150 120-180 V <640 V >10G <0.9 pF >80 V 20 A 25 kA 20 kA max Ø 8.1 ±0.15
5 ±0.5
Ø1
4.4 4.4
BT230 184-276 V <750 V >10G <0.9 pF >80 V 20 A 25 kA 20 kA 4.4 4.4
±0.3 ±0.3 ±0.3 ±0.3

BT BTS 47 ± 5
BT350 280-420 V <900 V >10G <0.9 pF >80 V 20 A 25 kA 20 kA 9.1 ± 0.3 9.1 ±0.3
E1 E2
Ø 9.1 ± 0.15 Ø 0.8
BT500 400-600 V <1100 V >10G <0.9 pF >80 V 20 A 25 kA 20 kA 18 ±0.5
M

BM90 72-108 V <640 V >10G <0.5 pF >60 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA BM / BMSQ BMC

BM 7,5±0,5 7,5±0,5 7.8 max

BM150 120-180 V <700 V >10G <0.5 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA ø 5±0,15 7.8 max

BM230 184-276 V <800 V >10G <0.5 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA BMS 47±5 BM4 / BMSQ4
7,5±0,5
7,5±0,5
BM350 280-420 V <1000 V >10G <0.5 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA E1 E2
ø1
ø 5±0,15

BM500 400-600 V <1200 V >10G <0.5 pF >80 V 10 A 25 kA 10 kA 18±5

M

GSG (IEC 61643-11)

Follow current interrupting capability

(10/350µs ; following IEC 61643-11)

Nominal discharge current (In)
8/20µs, following IEC 61643-11)

(8/20µs ; following IEC 61643-11°)

Max. discharge current (Imax)

Max. impulse current (Iimp)

Impulse sparkover voltage
DC sparkover voltage

Insulation resistance

(Ifi) (under voltage AC)

CITEL part number

Range Mechanical
(1.2/50µS / 6kV)

(100Vdc)
(100V/s)

BG600 450V <1500 V >10G > 100 A 60 kA 100 kA 15 kA

BG 7.8 ± 0.3
BG800 650 V <1500 V >10G > 100 A 60 kA 100 kA 15 kA

BG1000 850 V <1800 V >10G > 100 A 60 kA 100 kA 15 kA ø11.8 ± 0.3

BG1300 1100 V <2000V >10G > 100 A 60 kA 100 kA 15 kA

BF800 650-1000 V <1500 V >10G > 100 a 80 kA 140 kA 40 kA 7.8 ± 0.3

BF
ø15.8 ± 0.3

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 Selection guide

GSG (IEC 61643-11)

Nominal discharge current (In)

Max. discharge current (Imax)

(10/350µs ; suivant IEC 61643-11)

8/20µs, suivant IEC 61643-11)

Max. impulse current (Iimp)

(8/20µs ; suivant IEC 61643-11°)
Impulse sparkover voltage
DC sparkover voltage

Insulation resistance
CITEL part number

Range Mechanical
(1.2/50µS / 6kV)

(100Vdc)
(100V/s)

BFP100-230 184-276 V <900 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA

BF P100 BF P100
BFP100-250 200-300 V <900 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA

BFP100-350 280-420 V <1000 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA 49.2 ± 0.5

BFP100-500 400-600 V <1200 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA BF P100S

500 ± 30

BFP100-600 480-720 V <1300 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA

175 ± 10 175 ± 10

BFP100-750 600-900 V <1500 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA

150 ± 10
BFP100-800 640-940 V <1500 V >10G 100 kA 150 kA 40 kA

125