KV LDR Physics Project

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,
NO.2 UPPAL
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT, _,

STUDENT OF CLASS XII HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED THIS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
UNDER MY GUIDANCE DURING THE ACADEMIC
YEAR 2022-2023 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
PHYSICS PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
CONDUCTED BY AISSCE-2023
A .A ISRAEL N.V.N GOPALA KRISHNA

RAO [PRINCIPAL] [PGT PHYSICS]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my Physics teacher

Mr.N.V.N.Gopala Krishna Rao PGT (PHYSICS) for
his constant guidance, motivation, moral
encouragement and sympathetic attitude towards
the success of this project. I am also thankful to our
Principal, Sri A.A. ISRAEL sir for his constant
support and encouragement by providing the
necessary materials to complete this project. I would
also like to extend my gratitude towards my parents,
friends and everyone who helped me in completing
the project successfully.
Student name:
Content:
Introduction
Objective
Theory
Materials Required
Circuit diagram
Procedure
Observations
Applications
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction:
LDR - light dependent resistor - is another name for the
general purpose photoconductive cell. It is a semiconductor,
and its conductivity changes proportionally to the intensity of
light. The photoconductive cells are typically made from one
of two materials. Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium
Selenide are the two (CdSe). External devices contain
impurities with a ground state energy closer to the
conduction band; because the electrons don't have to jump
as far, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and
lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Its
early applications included smoke and fire detection systems
and camera light metres.
The structure is protected from moisture and dust by a glass
sheet that allows only light to fall on it.
Objective:
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit
containing an LDR, because of a variation:
 In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’

the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).
 In the distance of an incandescent lamp, (of fixed power),

used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
Theory:
LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a
photon is absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from
valence band into conduction band. Due to such new
electrons coming up in conduction band area, the electrical
resistance of the device decreases. Thus, the LDR or photo-
conductive transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.
λ0 = threshold wavelength, in meters e = charge on one electron, in
Coulombs Ew = work function of the metal used, in Ev
Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater than the
value obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any change
in the resistance of this device. The band gap energy of Cadmium
Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium Selenide it is1.74eV. Due to
such large energy gaps, both the materials have extremely high
resistivity at room temperature.
Characteristics of photoconductive cells:
Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as

dark resistance. This resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms.
When light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms
or even hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling
on it. The spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells
were compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost
no response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than
300nm. It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide
cell has a peak response nearer or within the green color of the
spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used nearer to the
infra-red region up to 750nm. It was found that the maximum
response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range
at 615nm and also it can be used in the infra-red region up to about
970nm.
Sensitivity:
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship

between the light falling on the device and the
resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell, one
is dealing with the relationship between the incident
light and the corresponding resistance of the cell.
Spectral Response:
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a

photoconductive cell is dependent on the wavelength
(color) of the incident light. Each photoconductor
material type has its own unique spectral response
curve or plot of the relative response of the photocell
versus wavelength of light.
Materials Required:
• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• Connecting Wires
• Source of different power rating (bulbs)
• Bulb Holder
• Meter scale
• Multi Meter
• Battery
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
 Choose a specific position for the source and
mount it using a holder, make sure it is stable.
 Select the bulb with the lowest power rating

and connect it to the holder as shown in the
figure.
 Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the

multimeter in series.
 Set the multimeter to ohm section and select

suitable range and measure the resistance with
a bulb on.
 Similarly switch to current section and move to

micro ampere in the multimeter. This gives the
value of the current.
 Repeat these steps with different power sources

at different distances and note down
observations
Observations:
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources
with different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V
Applications:
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used for
the mid infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are among
the best for infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.
Analog Applications:
 Camera Exposure Control
 Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
 Photocopy Machines - density of toner
 Colorimetric Test Equipment
 Densitometer
 Electronic Scales - dual cell
 Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source

 Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications:
 Automatic Headlight Dimmer
 Night Light Control
 Oil Burner Flame Out
 Street Light Control
 Position Sensor
Conclusion:
 The LDR resistance decreases with increase in
intensity of light and hence there is an increase in
the flow of current.
 There is an increase in the current as the distance

from the source decreases.
 The intensity decreases as the distance from the

source increases
 The error lies within the experimental limit.

Bibliography:
 https://www.wikipedia.org
 https://google.com
 https://Quora.com
 https://studyrankers.com
 https://learncbse.in
 https://science.nasa.gov

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT, _,

A .A ISRAEL N.V.N GOPALA KRISHNA

I would like to thank my Physics teacher

 In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’

 In the distance of an incandescent lamp, (of fixed power),

Characteristics of photoconductive cells:

Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as

The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship

Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a

• Source of different power rating (bulbs)

 Select the bulb with the lowest power rating

 Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the

 Set the multimeter to ohm section and select

 Similarly switch to current section and move to

 Repeat these steps with different power sources

 Auto Slide Focus - dual cell

 Photocopy Machines - density of toner

 Colorimetric Test Equipment

 Electronic Scales - dual cell

 Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source

 Night Light Control

 Oil Burner Flame Out

 Street Light Control

 There is an increase in the current as the distance

 The intensity decreases as the distance from the

 The error lies within the experimental limit.

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