Strength Design

3C-Engineering & Research
Center of Education and Consciousness

Address: House 18, Road 8, PC Culture Society, Sekhertek, Mohammadpur,
Contact: 01824810796 Email: 3ctrainingbd@gmail.com,
facebook.com/EngineeringTraining3C
Two design philosophies have long been prevalent:

• Allowable Stress Design
• Strength Design
General Note
• Members shall be designed for adequate strength in accordance with the provisions, using load factors
and strength reduction factors φ.
• Design of reinforced concrete members using Working Stress Design method (Appendix J) is also
permitted.
• Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strength at all sections at least equal
to the required strength (U) calculated for the factored loads and forces in such combinations as are
stipulated in Chapter 2, Loads. The nominal strength provided for the section multiplied by the strength
reduction factor φ shall be equal to or greater than the calculated required strength U.
Required Strength (U) ≤ Design Strength

Required Strength = Combination of Service Load Effects × Respective Load Factors
Service Load = The load specified by the building code, which a structure is expected to support under normal
usage
Service Load Effects = Internal forces (axial force, shear force, bending moment, etc.) generated in a member by
the code-specified service loads, and determined using structural analysis
Load Factor = Factors to account for probable variations in service load (≥1.0)
Strength-Level Load = The maximum load that any structure is designed to support
Load factors scale the effects of the service loads on a structural member up to the effects of strength-level loads.
Design Strength = φ × Nominal Strength
φ = Strength reduction factor (≤1.0)
Nominal Strength = Strength of a member or a cross- section calculated using the assumptions and strength design
provisions of ACI 318M (BNBC 2020).
Both nominal strengths and φ-factors for reinforced concrete members are to be determined in accordance with
ACI 318M-08 (BNBC 2020)
Required Strength:
Pu = Factored axial force at section Vu = Factored shear force at sectionMu = Factored bending moment at section
Tu = Factored torsional moment at section
Nominal Strength:
Pn = Nominal axial strength at sectionVn = Nominal shear strength at sectionMn = Nominal flexural strength at
sectionTn = Nominal torsional moment strength at section
Design Strength:
φPn = Design axial strength at sectionφVn = Design shear strength at sectionφMn = Design flexural strength at
sectionφTn = Design torsional moment strength at section
Load Factors Account for:

1. Probable variation in specified service loads because of
• Variation in member sizes
• Variation in material densities
• Structural and nonstructural alterations
• Degree of accuracy in load determination
2. Uncertainties in calculation of load effects on a member because of
• Assumptions of stiffness, span length, etc.
• Other assumptions and simplifications in the structural model used for analysis
3C-Engineering & Research
Center of Education and Consciousness
Address: House 18, Road 8, PC Culture Society, Sekhertek, Mohammadpur,
Contact: 01824810796 Email: 3ctrainingbd@gmail.com,
facebook.com/EngineeringTraining3C
Strength Reduction Factor Account for:

1. Probable variation in material strength because of
• Quality control
• Effect of testing speed
• Difference between in-situ strength and specimen strength
• Stresses due to creep and shrinkage
2. Probable variation in member sizes because of
• Tolerances in formwork
• Rolling and fabrication tolerances allowed for reinforcing bars
• Tolerances in reinforcement placement
3. Various design assumptions and simplifications that cause the design behavior of structural members to
deviate from their actual behavior.
4. Consequences of failure.
• Members shall also meet all the other requirements to ensure adequate performance at service loads.
• Design strength of reinforcement represented by the values of f y & fyt used in design calculations shall not
exceed 550 MPa (79770), and for transverse reinforcement f y & fyt may exceed 420 MPa (60000 psi), only
if the ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield strength is not less than 1.20, and the
elongation percentage is not less than 16.
• Minimum concrete strength for structural use of reinforcement concrete shall be 20 N/mm 2 (2900 psi).
However, for buildings up to 4 storey, the minimum concrete strength may be relaxed to 17 N/mm 2 (2500
psi)
Unified Design Provisions:
Strength Reduction Factor, φ,

Under Flexure and/or Axial Load
Depends on Net Tensile Strain, εt
Net tensile strain — The tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due to effective prestress, creep,
shrinkage, and temperature effects.
Extreme tension steel — The reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme
compression fiber.
Extreme tension steel — The reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme
compression fiber.
Unified Provisions Applicability
• Flexural & compression members

• R/C, P/S, and combinations
• Steel at various depths
• Sections of any shape
• Composite sections
• Tension-controlled columns

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3C-Engineering & Research

Center of Education and Consciousness

Two design philosophies have long been prevalent:

Required Strength (U) ≤ Design Strength

Load Factors Account for:

Strength Reduction Factor Account for:

Unified Design Provisions:

Strength Reduction Factor, φ,

Unified Provisions Applicability

• Flexural & compression members

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