PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Mini Project for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

Submitted by

A.VAMSHI 20645A0102

A.NIKHIL 20645A0104

A.RAJKUMAR 20645A0106

MD.WASIF UDDIN 20645A0163

Under the Guidance of

MIRZA MUBASHIR AHMED

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
(UGC Autonomous)
(Accredited by NAAC “A” Grade)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to
JNTUH)
BOLLIKUNTA WARANGAL – 506005
JANUARY – 2023
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “ PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF RC

BUILDING ” is a Bonafide record of work done by

A.VAMSHI 20645A0102
A.NIKHIL 20645A0104
A.RAJKUMAR 20645A0106
MD.WASIF UDDIN 20645A0163

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MINI PROJECT for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of
Vaagdevi College of Engineering Bollikunta , Warangal – 506 005.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
MIRZA MUBASHIR AHMED Dr. G. DINESH KUMAR
SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the Project Viva-Voce Examination on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen
who helped me to transform an idea into a real application. We would like
to express our heart-felt gratitude to our parents without whom we would
not have been privileged to achieve and fulfill our dreams. We are grateful
to our Principal, Dr. K. Prakash who mostly ably run the institution and
has had the major hand in enabling me to do our project. We profoundly
thank Dr . G. Dinesh kumar, Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also a Great source of
inspiration to our work. We would like to thank our supervisor, Mirza
Mubashir Ahmed, Department of Civil Engineering, Vaagdevi College
of Engineering, for his technical guidance, constant encouragement and
support in carrying out our project at college. This satisfaction and
euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be
great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the
efforts with success. In this context, I would like to thank all the other staff
members, both teaching and nonteaching, who have extended their timely
help and eased my task.

A.VAMSHI 20645A0102
A.NIKHIL 20645A0104
A.RAJKUMAR 20645A0106
MD.WASIF UDDIN 20645A0163
 ABSTRACT

In this study the seismic response of a ten storied reinforced concrete building is
analysed by displacement controlled pushover analysis. It is assumed to be located
in seismic zone 3. The building frame is simulated and analysed using the
structural analysis and design software SAP2000. In non-linear analysis, moment-
curvature relationship is used to model plastic hinge behaviour. Thus it was
developed for modelling the user defined hinges for beam and column sections.
Moment (M) and interactive P-M hinges were assigned to the both ends of beam
and column sections respectively.
The lateral forces were obtained as per IS 1893 (Part1):2002 and applied to the
building. Top node displacement is incremented step by step up to the limiting
displacement to obtain the pushover curve and the sequence of formation of plastic
hinges and failure of beams and columns were recorded. The analysis results
including the pushover curve and hinge formation are discussed. The maximum
base shear capacity was found to be higher than the design base shear and hinges
were formed in beams prior to columns.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………….6
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MIDAS GEN
1.2 ADVANTAGES OF MIDAS SOFTWARE
CHAPTER 2…………………………………..………….…………………………….11
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
CHAPTER 3…………………………………………..………………………………..12

3.1 PROCEDURE.
3.2 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

3.2 SECTIONS INPUT

3.4 LOADS
CHAPTER 4……………………………………………………………………………15
4.1 OPENING MODEL FILE AND PERFORMING ANALYSIS

4.2F LOOR LOAD

4.2 WIND LOADS

4.3 CHECK CONCRETE DESIGN
4.4 PUSHOVER GLOBAL CONTROL
CHAPTER 5……………………………………………………………………………..21

5.1 PUSHOVER HINGE PROPERTIS

5.2 PERFORMING PUSH OVER ANALYSIS
5.2 PUSHOVER CURVE
CHAPTER6…………………………………………………………………………..30
RESULTS
REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

General
All the data are entered with the Dialog Box, Table Window, MGT Command Shell and Model
Window in Midas Gen. Using the Dialog Box, the data can be entered by both mouse and
keyboard. The keyboard is mainly used for the Table Window and MGT Command Shell, and
the mouse is mainly used for the Model Window.Midas Civil is a Finite Element Analysis software
developed by MIDAS Soft, used for bridge analysis and design. Midas Civil combines the powerful pre-
and post-processing features with an extremely fast solver, which makes bridge modeling and analysis
simple, quick, and effective.

In the Dialog Box, the following buttons are used to reflect or cancel the data entry in the model.

Reflect the data entry in the model and, at the same time, close thecorresponding
operation and the dialog box.

Reflect the current data entry in the model and continuously accept any
additional data entry and modification maintaining the dialog box active.

Cancel the current data entry and close the dialog box.

Close the dialog box.

When shifting the focus from one data entry to another in a Dialog Box, use the Tab key on the
keyboard to move successively from one data field to the next, or directly specify data by placing
the mouse cursor over the desired data field.

If the Shift+Tab key is used, the input sequence will be reversed.

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Dialog box in the form of Dialog Bar Dialog Box

The Table Window is a Spread Sheet type window where all the data entry and design
results can be viewed at a glance. It allows the user to make any additional data entry
(or) modification.

MGT Command Shell is a unique modeling feature, which allows the user toenter data
by text type commands.

For more details concerning the applications, refer to the On-line Manual.

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 Elements table window

DATAINPUTCOMMANDS
For convenience , Midas Gen provides the following data entry options:

 Where several numerical data are entered consecutively in a data field, these data
can be distinguished by a“,” (Comma) or a “ ”(Blank).
<Example>‘333,102,101’or‘333102101’
 Position data, element sections and properties and other relevant data can be
entered by simple assignments in the Model Window.
 Length or directional increments can be specified using the mouse by choosing
the relevant origin and ending points in the Model Window rather than typing
these data directly on the keyboard.
 Where the same length is repeated, the entry can be simplified by
“Number of repetitions @length” instead of repeating the same number.
 <Example>20,25,22.3,22.3,22.3,22.3,22.3,8820,25,5@22.3,88

 The keyboard may be used to enter selected data directly. The related node
numbering or element numbering may be an arithmetic progression in series or
the progression may be incremental. Then, the data entry can be simplified by
“start number to (t) final number ”or “ start number to(t)final number by
increment”.
<Example>21,22, …,54,55, 56“21 to56”, “21 t56”
<Example> 35,40,45,50,55,60“35 to 60 by5”, “35 t60 by5”

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 Numbers and mathematical expressions can be used in combination. The
majority of the operators and parentheses applied in engineering computation
can be used.
 <Example> 202PHI*20^2
 <Example> 202PHI*20^2

Notation Content Remarks

Open parenthesis –

) Close parenthesis –
Power of n
^ Ex.:23 =2 ^ 3
(^2square,^3cube)
+ Addition –
– Subtraction –
* Multiplication –
/ Division –
PI  3.141592653589793
SQRT Ex.: 2= SQRT (2)
SIN Sine Unit : Degree
COS Cosine Unit :Degree
TAN Tangent Unit : Degree
ASIN Arc Sine Ex.:sin-1(0.3) =ASIN (0.3)
ACOS Arc Cosine Ex.:cos-1(0.3) =ACOS (0.3)
ATAN Arc Tangent Ex.:tan-1(0.3) =ATAN(0.3)
EXP Exponential function Ex.:e0.3 =EXP (0.3)
SINH Hyperbolic Sine Ex.: sinh(1) =SINH(1)
COSH Hyperbolic Cosine Ex.: cosh(1) =COSH(1)
COTAN Cosine/Sine Ex.: cotan(1) =COTAN(1)
LN Natural Logarithm –
LOG Common Logarithm –

COTAN Cosine/Sine Ex.: cotan(1) =COTAN(1)

LN Natural Logarithm –
LOG Common Logarithm –
BUILT-INOPERATORSIN MIDASGEN

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ADVANTAGES AND FEATURES OF MIDAS :

Midas Gen has been developed in Visual C++, an object-oriented programming language, in the
Windows environment. The program is remarkably fast and can be easily mastered for practical
applications. By using the elaborately designed GUI (Graphic User Interface) and the up-to-date
Graphic Display functions, a structural model can be verified at each step of formation and the
results can be directly set into document formats.

During the development process, midas Gen has been verified through numerous examples. Each
of the functions has been verified by comparing the results with theoretical values and output
from other similar programs. The program has been applied to over 5,000 projects and the
reliability and effectiveness have been established. Representative examples are in the
Verification Manual.

The latest theories form the bases for the finite element algorithm that determines the accuracy of
analysis results. Excellent results are achieved compared to other similar programs.

※ Highlights of usage -
1. Operators accept the mixed-use of capital and lower-case letters.
2. As the operators are similar to that of an engineering calculator, the hierarchy of
operations follows the rules of common mathematical operations.

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 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING

CHAPTER 2 :

INTRODUCTION
EARTHQUAKE can cause greatest damages to humanity among all the natural hazards.
Since earthquake forces are unpredictable and random in nature, proper analysis of the
structures must be ensured to withstand such loads. The recent developments in the
performance based engineering design have brought the non-linear static (NSP) or
pushover analysis to the forefront. It has replaced the conventional analysis procedures
due to its simplicity and proved to be a useful and effective tool for assessing the real
strength of structures. Pushover analysis can be either force controlled or displacement
controlled. The pushover analysis can provide significant perception and understanding
about the weak links in the structure.

SAP2000 can perform static or dynamic, linear or nonlinear analysis of structural

systems. To perform pushover analyses in SAP2000, users can create and apply hinge
properties. SAP2000 is fully equipped with US, Canadian and International Design
standards and codes like ACI concrete code, AISC building codes and AASHTO
specifications [1]. These integrated design code features can easily generate wind, wave
and seismic loads with comprehensive automatic steel and concrete design checks.

Pushover analysis is a static non-linear technique in which the magnitude of the

structural loading is incremented in the lateral direction of the structure according to a
certain predefined pattern. Generally, it is assumed that the behaviour of the structure is
controlled by its fundamental mode and the predefined pattern is expressed in terms of
either story shear or fundamental mode shape. FEMA-273 and its successor FEMA-356
describe about the non-linear static procedure (NSP) or pushover analysis and its uses in
the structural engineering field. It is recommended as a standard tool for estimating
seismic demands for buildings

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Overview :
Pushover analysis is one of the performance-based design methods, recently attracting
practicing structural engineers engaged in the field of seismic design. The objective of a
performance-based design is achieved after the user and the designer collectively select a target
performance for the structure in question. The engineer carries out the conventional design and
subsequently performs a pushover (elasto-plastic) analysis to evaluate if the selected
performance objective has been met.

CHAPTER 3 :
Procedure :
Modeling & Design -
- Details of Building
- Perform analysis
- Check assigned rebar date

Pushover Analysis -
- Pushover Global Control
- Pushover Load Cases
- Define Hinge Properties
- Assign Hinge Properties
- Perform Pushover Analysis
- Pushover Curve
- Pushover Hinge Status Results
- Safety Verification Table Details of the example structure

Figure 1. Two-dimensional building mod

G1 LB1 G1
C1 C1

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 Figure 2. Cross section

Column Section :

Designation Story Section Number Column Dimension

12~15F 104 600 x 600

8~11F 103 700 x 700
C1 4~7F 102 800 x 800
1~3F 101 900 x 900

Beam Section :

Designation Section Number Section Dimension

G1 21 350 x 650

LBl 31 200 x 400

Applied Design Code :

Eurocode

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Materials (Eurocode4:2004) :
Column: C30/37
Beam: C25/30
Wall: C30/37

Applied Loads:
Gravity loads
unit: kN/m2
Use : Residential

Static Wind Loads

Applied code: Eurocode1:2005
Terrain Category : II
Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (Vb,o) : 26m/s
Static Seismic Loads
Applied code: Eurocode8:2004
Ground Type: B
Design Ground Acceleration: 0.08g
Behavior Factor (q): 1.5
Lower Bound Factor (b): 0.2
Importance Factor (I) : 1

Unit Load Cases

Load Name
Wind LoadDetails
4 XY (Y-direction in the global coordinates)

1 DL Dead Load

Static 2 LL Live Load

Load
Cases Wind Load
3 WX (X-direction in the global coordinates)
Wind Load
4 XY (Y-direction in the global coordinates) 15
CHAPTER 4

Step 1. Open the model file and perform analysis

Open “Pushover_2D RC structure.mgb”

Clickicon to perform analysis.

Pushover analysis is carried out in the post-processing mode

after completing elastic analysis.

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 Step 2: Check assigned rebar data 1 4
5
2
1. Design > Design > RC Design > Modify Beam
Section Data
2. Check on the section ID 21.
3. Check rebar data for Beam.
4. Design > Design > RC Design > Modify
Column Section Data
5. Check on the section ID 101.
6. Check rebar data for column.

Step 3: Check Concrete Design Code

Design > Design > RC Design > Design Code

Specify the code as ‘Eurocode2:04’.
Check [Apply EC8:04 Capacity Design].
Check [OK] button.

Design Code specified in the Concrete Design Code dialog is applied to calculate the capacity of

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 Step 4: Pushover Global Control

Pushover > Control > Global Control

Select DL in the combo box and click [Add] button.
Select LL in the combo box and enter the Scale Factor as 0.4.
Click [Add] button.
Click [OK] button.

3
2
4
2

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Step 5: Pushover Global Control

Tools -> Setting -> Preferences… -> Select Design in the General

Step 6: Pushover Global Control

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Secondary Seismic Elements

In order to calculate the total chord rotation capacity at ultimate, θu, the factor ‘γel’ is used. Since γel
is differently applied for primary and secondary seismic element (γel = 1.5 for primary seismic
elements, γel = 1.0 for secondary seismic elements As per EN1998-3:2004 A.3.1.1), the user can
define Secondary Seismic Elements group. If Secondary Seismic Elements are not defined, all

Step 7: Pushover Load Case 2

1. Pushover > Load Case > Pushover Load Cases

2. Click [Add] button.
3. Enter the pushover load case name as ‘PL’.
4. Enter the Increment Steps as ‘20’.
5. Check on ‘Consider P-Delta Effect’ option.
6. Check on ‘Use Initial Load’ option.
7. Select ‘Displacement Control’ in the Increment
Method.
8. Select ‘Mater Node’ option. 3
9. Click the entry field and click the node 4
no. 93 with the mouse in the model view. 5
10. Enter the Max. Displacement as 0.12m.
11. Uncheck the Limit Inter-Story Deformation Angle in
6
the
Analysis Stopping Condition
7
12. Specify the Load Case as ‘EX’ in the combo box and

9
20
 8
10
11

12
13

CHAPTER 5
Step 8: Define Pushover Hinge Properties – Moment Hinge

Pushover > Assign > Assign Hinge Properties > Define Pushover
Hinge Properties
Click [Add] button.
Enter the pushover hinge properties name as ‘Beam’.
Check on ‘Fz’ & ‘My’ component.
Click [Apply] button.

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 In order to check or modify the hinge properties, click
[Properties…]button of the desired component. 3

Step 9: Define Pushover Hinge Properties – PMM (Axial-Moment

interaction) Hinge for Column

Coupled axial force-biaxial moment behavior is reflected by calculating the fle

Enter the pushover hinge properties name as ‘Column’.
Select ‘P-M-M in Status Determination’ option for Interaction Type.
Check on ‘Fz’ & ‘My’ component.
Click [Apply] button.

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 2

Step 10: Define Pushover Hinge Properties – PMM (Axial-Moment

interaction) Hinge for Wall

Enter the pushover hinge properties name as ‘Wall’.

Select the Element Type as ‘Wall(CRB)’.
Select the Interaction Type as ‘P-M-M in Status Determination’.
Check on ‘Fz’ & ‘My’ component.
Click [Apply] button.
Click [Close] button.

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 2

6
3

Pushover Hinge Properties

 Yield strength of RC structures

M={As2*fsc*(d-d2)}+M’
Flexura Where,
l As2= area of compression steel M’=K’bd2fck
Hinge fsc=700(xu-d2)/xu ≤ fyd
d2=effective depth to compression steel xu=(δ-0.4)d
fyd=design yield strength of reinforcement

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 Shear strength of reinforcement, VRd,S is the smaller value of:

Eurocode2:2004, Equation(6.8) and (6.9)

Shear strength of concrete, VRd,C is given by:

Shear
Hinge
Eurocode2:2004, Equation(6.2a) and (6.2b)

Therefore, Shear strength, VRd is

FY = max (VRd,s ; VRd,c)

Where, αcw=1.0 fcd=αcc fck/γC

αcc =1.0 γC=1.0

 RC structures (Eurocode8-3:2004, Annex A.3.1)

DY
Flexu Eurocode8-3:2004, Equation(A.10b)
ral
Hing DU
e Eurocode8-3:2004,
Equation(A.1)

Step 11: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for Beams

1. Select Girder members (Section ID 21:G1) from the Tree
Menu.
2. Pushover > Assign > Assign Hinge Properties >
Assign Pushover Hinge Properties
3. Select Hinge Properties Type as ‘Beam’ in the combo
box.
4. Click [Apply] button.
1 Right-click

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 2
3 4

Step 12: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for Columns

Select column members from the Tree Menu. Pushover hinge properties can be simply assigned to the
selected
Drag and drop the ‘Column’ hinge property from the Tree Menu to elements
the Model by Drag
Window . & Drop.

1 Right-click

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 Step 13: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for Walls

Select column members from the Tree Menu.

Pushover
Drag and drop the ‘Wall’ hinge property from the Tree Menu to the Model Windowhinge
. properties can be simply assigned to the
selected elements by Drag & Drop.

1 Right-click

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 Step 14: Perform 2pushover analysis

Click ‘Task Pane’.

Click ‘▼’ icon and select ‘Analysis’. Task Pane displays work procedure for advanced analys
Click ‘Perform Pushover Analysis’. midas program provides 4 types of advanced analysis featu
In addition, Task Pane data can be saved in html format in t

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Step 12: Pushover Curve

Click ‘Pushover Curve’ in the Task Pane.

Select ‘For Target Displacement (EC8/OPCM)’.
Enter the Ref. Peak Ground Acc. (Ag) as ‘0.08’.
Click [Draw] button.

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 CHAPTER 6

Step 15: Hinge Status Results

Click ‘Hinge Status Results’ in the Task Pane.

Select ‘Status of Yielding (EC8:2004)’.
Select the Components as ‘Ry’.
Check on ‘Legend’ and ‘Deform’.
Specify the desire step in the combo box.

The user can also check hinge status results for each step by clicking on the step box and scroll or clicking on the pushov

Clicking and scrolling

5
1

Clicking on the graph

For the detailed formula of the Target Displacement, refer to ‘ANNEX B DETERMINATION OF THE
TARGET DISPLACEMENT FOR NONLINEAR STATIC (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS, EN 1998-1:2004’. The
target displacement, which is obtained from the above, corresponds to the seismic demand of the Limit State of Significan

4 30
Step 16: Safety Verification Table
Click ‘Safety Verification Table’ in the Task Pane.
Select ‘Show All Elements’.
Click [OK] button.
Select ‘Significant Damage (SD)’.
Check on ‘My’ and ‘Fz’.
Click [OK] button.

1
2

Safety Verification Table displays the comparison results between the demand and
capacities of the elements as per EN1998-3:2004 Table 4.3. Safety verification shall be
conducted of both ductile and brittle elements respectively. For ductile elements,
verification will be conducted in terms of deformation using mean values of properties
4 divided by CF. For brittle elements, verification shall be conducted in terms of strength
using mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor.

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Capacity of RC structures for assessment in the Safety Verification Table
(Eurocode8-3:2004, Annex A.3.1)

32
 For ductile elements, mean values of properties divided by CF are used.
For brittle members, mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor.

REFERENCE

1 SAP 2000 manual (Version 14), “CSI getting started with SAP2000”,
Computers and Structures, Inc. Berkeley, USA.
2 ATC-40, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings”,
Applied Technology Council, California, Volume 1, 1996
3 ASCE 41-06(2007), “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings”,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, USA
4 FEMA 356, “Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
the Buildings”, Federal Emergency Management Agency & American
Society of Civil Engineers, November 2000.
5 Rohit,B., “Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame”, M.tech thesis,
Thapar University, 2011

THE END

* * * * * * * * * * *

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