Machine Representation of

Numbers and Characters

What is Data Representation in Computer?
• A computer uses a fixed number of bits to represent a piece
of data which could be a number, a character, image, sound,
video, etc.

• Data representation is the method used internally to

represent data in a computer.

• Computers manipulate representations of things!

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Number Systems
• Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the
computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or
getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system

• A number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and

measure.

• A number system is a systematic way to represent numbers.

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Computer architecture supports the following
number systems:

1) Binary Number System

2) Octal Number System

3) Decimal Number System

4) Hexadecimal Number System

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Binary Number System
• A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1.
Every number (value) represents 0 and 1 in this number
system. The base of the binary number system is 2 because it
has only two digits.
• A binary digit is called a bit.

BASE 2

• 1011010 = 1x 2 6 + 0x25 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x2 + 0x1 = 64 +

16 + 8 + 2 = 90

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Binary Number Table
DECIMAL BINARY DECIMAL BINARY
1 001 11 1011
2 010 12 1100
3 011 13 1101
4 100 14 1110
5 101 15 1111
6 110 16 10000
7 111 17 10001
8 1000 18 10010
9 1001 19 10011
10 1010 20 10100

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Binary Addition
• The binary addition operation works similarly to the base 10
decimal system, except that it is a base 2 system.

• The four rules of binary addition are:

0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10

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Example
1. 101
(+) 101

1 1
101 101 101
(+) 101 (+) 101 (+) 101
0 10 1010

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Example
2. 1 0 0 0 1 10001
(+) 1 1 1 0 1 (+) 1 1 1 0 1
101110

3. 1 0 1 0 1 10101
(+) 1 1 0 1 1 (+) 1 1 0 1 1
110000

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Binary Subtraction
• Subtraction of binary numbers is an arithmetic operation similar to
the subtraction of decimal numbers or base 10 numbers.

• The four rules of binary Subtraction are:

0 - 0 = 0
0 - 1 = 1 (Borrow 1 from the next high order digit)
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 10

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Example
1. 11010
(+) 10110

1
11010 11010 11010
(+) 10110 (+) 10110 (+) 10110
0 00 00100

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Example
2. 1 0 1 0 1010
(-) 1 0 1 (-) 1 0 1
0101

3. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0011010
(-) 0 0 1 1 0 0 (-) 0 0 1 1 0 0
0001110

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Binary to Decimal

• Converting a number in a binary number system (base-2) to a

number in a decimal number system is known as binary to
decimal conversion (base-10)

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Example
1. (10011)2

(10011)2 = (1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (0 × 22) + (1 × 21) + (1 × 20)

= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = (19)
(10011)2 = 1910

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Example
2. (1101)2

(1101)2 = (1 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20)

= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = (13)
(1101)2 = 1310

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Activity: Binary Number system
1. Convert 111102 into a decimal number system
2. Convert the binary number 11101102 into a decimal number system
3. Convert the binary number 01010012 into a decimal system.
4. Subtract the given binary number 0011010 – 001100.
5. Subtract the given binary number 0100010 – 0001010.
6. Subtract the given binary number 10110 - 1101.
7. Add the given binary number 1101 + 1001.
8. Add the given binary number 110011 + 101100.
9. Add the given binary number 110 + 1010 + 1001.

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Decimal Number
• Decimal number system has ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9, called digits. Every number (value) represents with
0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of
decimal number system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.

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Example
1. Convert 17410 to binary

174 ÷ 2 87 0 (LSB)
87 ÷ 2 43 1

Bottom to Top
43 ÷ 2 21 1
Answer:
21 ÷ 2 10 1
10 ÷ 2 5 0 101011102
5÷ 2 2 1
2÷ 2 1 0
1÷ 2 0 1 (MSB)

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Example
2. Convert 156 to binary

156 ÷ 2 78 0 (LSB)
78 ÷ 2 39 0

Bottom to Top
39 ÷ 2 19 1
Answer:
19 ÷ 2 9 1
9 ÷ 2 4 1 100111002
4 ÷ 2 2 0
2 ÷ 2 1 0
1 ÷ 2 0 1 (MSB)

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Activity: Decimal Number system
1. Convert 5710 to binary
2. In a decimal to binary conversion, the base of the number
changes from 2 to 10. True or False?
3. Convert 29410 to binary
4. Subtract the given binary number 0100010 – 0001010.
5. Subtract the given binary number 10110 - 1101.
6. Add the given binary number 1101 + 1001.
7. Add the given binary number 110011 + 101100.
8. Add the given binary number 110 + 1010 + 1001.

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Hexadecimal Number System
• A hexadecimal number system is one of the types of number
systems along with binary, octal, and decimal.

• The base number of a hexadecimal number system is 16 where

it includes both numbers from 0 -9 and digits from A - F.
Hexadecimal is considered as one of the most convenient ways
to showcase a binary number in computers and is done by
using a conversion table.
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Hexadecimal Number System
• The word hexadecimal can be divided into 'Hexa' and 'deci', where
'Hexa' means 6 and 'deci' means 10.
• A hexadecimal number system is also known as a positional number
system as each digit has a weight of power 16. Each digit is 16
times more significant than the previous digit.
• In hex, four digits of a binary number can be represented by a
single hex digit. The binary digits are expressed in 4.

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 HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL BINARY
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100

Hexadecimal 5 5 0101

Number System
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
A 10 1010
B 11 1011
C 12 1100
D 13 1101
E 14 1110
F 15 1111
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Hexadecimal Number System
Method 1: Convert Hexadecimal to Binary with Conversion Table
Example: Convert hexadecimal (67F)16 to binary.

6 = (6)10 , 7 = (7)10 , F = (15) 10

Once the decimal of each digit is obtained, looking at the
conversion table convert each decimal number to binary.
(6) 10 = (0110)2
TOP TO BOTTOM

Answer:
(7) 10 = (0111)2
(F) 10 = (1111)2 (67F)16 = 0110011111112

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Hexadecimal Number System
Method 2: Convert Hexadecimal to Binary without Conversion
Table.
This method requires both multiplication and division of
numbers using the respective base numbers.

Example: Convert hexadecimal (76)16 to binary.

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Hexadecimal Number System
Method 2 : MULTIPLICATION (RULE FROM PAGE 38!)
Example: Convert hexadecimal (76)16 to binary.
(76) 16 = 7 × 161 + 6 × 160
(76) 16 = 7 × 16 + 6 × 1
(76) 16 = 112 + 6
(76) 16 = 118

Therefore, (76)16 = (118)10

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Hexadecimal Number System
Method 2 : DIVISION (RULE FROM PAGE 38!)
Example: Convert hexadecimal (76)16 to binary.
118 ÷ 2 = 59 0

BOTTOM TO TOP
59 ÷ 2 = 29 1

29 ÷ 2 = 14 1
Answer:
14 ÷ 2 = 7 0

7 ÷ 2 = 3 1 (76F)16 = 11101102
3 ÷ 2 = 1 1

1 ÷ 2 = 1

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 Hexadecimal Number System
Example: Converting binary 110011110112 to hexadecimal.

We add zero because hex is 4 bit

Answer:
0110 0111 1011
110011110112 = 67B16
6 7 B

LEFT TO RIGTH

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Activity: Hexadecimal Number system
1. Convert 11011000112 to hexadecimal
2. What is decimal equivalent is (78DE)2 ?
3. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of (50)8
4. Convert hexadecimal 51216 to binary using method 1 and 2

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Octal
• Octal Number System is a type of number system that has a
base of eight and uses digits from 0 to 7.

• The word octal is used to represent the numbers that have

eight as the base.

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Octal Number System
Example: Convert octal number (121)8 to its decimal form.

(121)8 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 1 x 80
= 1 x 64 + 2 x 8 + 1 x 1
= 64 + 16 + 1
Answer:
(121)8 = 8110

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 Octal Number System
Example: Convert decimal number (100)10 to its octal number.
remainder
100 ÷ 8 = 12 4

12.5
To get exact remainder, we need to multiply 0.5x 8

12 ÷ 8 = 1 1

1.5
To get exact remainder, we need to multiply 0.5x 8

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 Octal Number System
Example: Convert decimal number (100)10 to its octal number.
remainder
1 ÷ 8 = 0 1

0.1
To get exact remainder, we need to multiply 0.1x 8

100 ÷ 8 = 12 4 BOTTOM TO TOP Answer:

59 ÷ 8 = 1 4

29 ÷ 8 = 0 1 (100)10 = 1448
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Octal Number System
Example: Convert decimal number (321)10 to its octal number.

BOTTOM TO TOP
321 ÷ 8 = 40 1
Answer:
40 ÷ 8 = 5 0

5 ÷ 8 = 0 5 (100)10 = 5018

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Octal Number System
Example: Convert binary number (101101)2 to its octal number.
Binary to Octal Conversion Table
Binary Octal Divide the binary digits into groups of three
000 0 3-bits (starting from right) for integer part.

001 1 101 101

010 2 5 5
011 3
100 4
Answer:
101 5
110 6 (101101)10 = 558
111 7

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Octal Number System
Example: Convert octal number (2322)8 to its decimal form.

(2322)8 = 2 x 83 + 3 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 2 x 80
= 2 x 512 + 3 x 64 + 2 x 8 + 2 x 1
= 1024 + 192 + 16 + 2
Answer:
(2322)8 = 123410

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Octal Number System
Example: Convert binary number (1010111100)2 to octal.

= 10101111002
= 001 010 111 1002
= 1 2 7 4

Answer:
(1010111100)2 = 12748

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Octal Number System
Example: Convert decimal number (92)10 to its octal number.

92 ÷ 8 = 11 4
Answer:
11 ÷ 8 = 1 3

1 ÷ 8 = 0 1 (192)10 = 1348

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Activity: Octal Number system
1. Convert octal number (2322)8 to its decimal form.
2. Convert binary number (1010111100)2 to octal.
3. Convert decimal number 9210 to Octal form

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