Notes For Practical Examination

Stress
Stages of stress coping mechanism of body:
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)- Hans Selye
1. Alarm reaction stage : Alertness for stressful event, burst of energy, flight or fight
response.-sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance stage: Bodily reactions, physiological changes to cope/adapt with the
stressor – parasympathetic nervous system.
3. Exhaustion stage: If stressor persists, body gets exhaust.
Anxiety
A mental state of irrational and excessive fear, worry and apprehension,

comprised with marked disturbances in familial, occupational and social life.
Common symptoms or changes-
a. Physiological-
 Increased heart rate & high blood pressure

 Muscle tension
 Sleep disturbances- decreased sleeping duration and loss of appetite
 Headache
 Frequent Urination
 Fatigue
b. Psychological –
 Excessive worry and fear
 Thoughts of getting harm and loss
 Anger
 Increased drive level
 Increased activity
 In the initial stages on anxiety, there will a stimulus or reason or
situation to provoke it. But when it turns pathological responses are
generalized to all the stimulus/situations/events.
Causes:
1. Genetic
2. Physiological- Adrenaline & noradrenalin hormones, GABA neurotransmitter,
activation of limbic system in brain.
3. Environmental- Long term challenges in the environment, parenting.
4. Life events- Childhood trauma, threatening events in previous life
5. Social- threatening social conditions
Theories:
1. Psychodynamics: Three types of anxiety according to Freud.
2. Cognitive theory: distortions/ errors in thinking pattern as-

a. Maximization: feeling a small stressor as a bigger threat, maximizing its impacts
b. Minimization: feeling lack of skills, power and control over the situation.
3. Social learning theory: ‘Bandura’

Learning anxious responses by observation and imitating others.
4. Learning theory: conditioning of fear or harm with any object or situation and
avoidance learning (operant conditioning)
Types of anxiety disorders
According to DSM-5 there are various types and sub-types of anxiety disorder. But seven
are the major disorders-
1. Specific phobia: Irrational and excessive fear to any object or situation. But
generalized to non-threatening situations also.
2. Social phobia: fear of social situations and interactions.
3. Panic attacks with or without agoraphobia:

Panic attacks in fearful situations or crowded place, feeling of insecurity and not
getting help.
4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

Obsession: unwanted and intrusive repetition of thoughts
Compulsion: unwanted and intrusive repetition of behavior
5. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): irrational fear and worry for anything and
everything.
6. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Condition after any traumatic event.
7. Acute stress disorder:

Excessive stress due to any sudden situation/cause.
Depression
A negative emotional state with feelings of helplessness, hopelessness and
worthlessness; comprised with marked disturbances in familial, occupational
and social life.
Symptoms
DSM-5 has characterized many types of depression. But the common features are-
Psychological Symptoms-
1. Feeling sad all the time and aggression/ irritability in children.
2. Can’t enjoy anything, loss of interest and pleasure
3. Significant weight loss or gain.

4. Significant lack of sleep or excessive sleep.
5. Feeling loss of energy day by day.
6. Diminished ability to think, concentrate and indecisiveness.
7. Recurrent thoughts of dying without any plan or with plan.
8. Pessimistic, feeling responsible for every bad thing, guilty.
Types
1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
Five or more of above symptoms from last two weeks with significant disturbances
in occupational functioning and without any clinical condition/substance abuse.
Episodes may occur.
2. Dysthemia:
Above symptoms continued for two years
.
3. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder:
In children and adolescents with temper tantrums, irritability, anger and physical
aggression.
4. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

5. Substance/medication induced depressive disorder
6. Due to other medical conditions
Causes:
1. Genetic
2. Neurological: Serotonin
3. Environmental
4. Lack of social support
5. Trauma of any life event
6. Childhood history or parenting
Theories :
1. Cognitive theory: Aaron Beck, 1967-
Three factors for development of depression:

a. Cognitive triad(negative automated thinking)
b. Negative self schema:

Negative self-image and beliefs acquired in childhood or after any traumatic
event.
c. Logical errors: faulty pattern of thinking like-

1.. Drawing a negative conclusion in the absence of supporting data.
2. Focusing on the worst aspects of any situation.
3. If they have a problem they make it appear bigger than it is. If they have a solution
they make it smaller.
4. . Negative events are interpreted as their fault.
5. . Everything is seen as black and white. There is no in between.
Social learning theory:
Learning depressive responses by observation and imitating others.

Learning theory:
a. Lack of positive reinforcement and more of punishment.
b. Learned helplessness: ‘Seligman’- learned to not to make efforts due to

previous failures.
Psychodynamics: conflict between id, ego and super ego
Inventory- A type of questionnaire or list of items used for measuring personality

traits, symptoms and attitudes. No option is right or wrong we fill as per
appropriateness like for depression symptoms in Beck inventory. While in other
forms of questionnaires like aptitude test, there are mathematical items which could
be right or wrong.
Scale- to rate or measure any construct or attitude but options differ from
inventory.
Questionnaire is a wide term used for a list of items with open ended or closed ended
questions as scale, inventory etc. it can be used for taking normal demographic
information to assessing a personality test.
Test – may be a questionnaire or other activity like puzzle solving, Rorshach etc
used specially for skills and competence.

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Stress

Stages of stress coping mechanism of body:

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)- Hans Selye

A mental state of irrational and excessive fear, worry and apprehension,

Common symptoms or changes-

 Increased heart rate & high blood pressure

4. Life events- Childhood trauma, threatening events in previous life

5. Social- threatening social conditions

1. Psychodynamics: Three types of anxiety according to Freud.

2. Cognitive theory: distortions/ errors in thinking pattern as-

3. Social learning theory: ‘Bandura’

2. Social phobia: fear of social situations and interactions.

3. Panic attacks with or without agoraphobia:

4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

Compulsion: unwanted and intrusive repetition of behavior

7. Acute stress disorder:

1. Feeling sad all the time and aggression/ irritability in children.

2. Can’t enjoy anything, loss of interest and pleasure

3. Significant weight loss or gain.

7. Recurrent thoughts of dying without any plan or with plan.

8. Pessimistic, feeling responsible for every bad thing, guilty.

4. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

1. Cognitive theory: Aaron Beck, 1967-

Three factors for development of depression:

b. Negative self schema:

c. Logical errors: faulty pattern of thinking like-

2. Focusing on the worst aspects of any situation.

4. . Negative events are interpreted as their fault.

5. . Everything is seen as black and white. There is no in between.

Social learning theory:

Learning depressive responses by observation and imitating others.

b. Learned helplessness: ‘Seligman’- learned to not to make efforts due to

Psychodynamics: conflict between id, ego and super ego

Inventory- A type of questionnaire or list of items used for measuring personality

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