Leonardo SPEA

Leonardo Journal of Sciences
ISSN 1583-0233
Issue 14, January-June 2009
p. 204-220

http://ljs.academicdirect.org
204

Economic Dispatch for Power System included Wind and Solar Thermal
energy

Saoussen BRINI, Hsan Hadj ABDALLAH, and Abderrazak OUALI

ENIS, Dp. Gnie Electrique, 3038 Sfax, Tel.:74 274 088
E-mails: ingenieurbrini@yahoo.fr, hsan.haj@enis.rnu.tn, abderrazak.ouali@enis.rnu.tn

Abstract
With the fast development of technologies of alternative energy, the electric
power network can be composed of several renewable energy resources. The
energy resources have various characteristics in terms of operational costs and
reliability. In this study, the problem is the Economic Environmental
Dispatching (EED) of hybrid power system including wind and solar thermal
energies. Renewable energy resources depend on the data of the climate such
as the wind speed for wind energy, solar radiation and the temperature for
solar thermal energy. In this article it proposes a methodology to solve this
problem. The resolution takes account of the fuel costs and reducing of the
emissions of the polluting gases. The resolution is done by the Strength Pareto
Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) method and the simulations have been made
on an IEEE network test (30 nodes, 8 machines and 41 lines).
Keywords
economic dispatch, total cost, active losses, multi objectives optimization,
evolutionary algorithms, SPEA, renewable energy

Introduction

The economic and environmental problems in the power generation have received
considerable attention. The apparition of the energy crisis and the excessive increase of the
Economic Dispatch for Power System included Wind and Solar Thermal energy

205
consumption have obliged production companies to implant renewable sources. However, this
production poses many technical problems for their integration in the electric system.
The economic dispatch [8, 16] is a significant function in the modern energy system. It
consists in programming correctly the electric production in order to reduce the operational
cost [4, 7, 10, 15]. Recently, the wind power and solar thermal power attracted much attention
like promising renewable energy resources [1, 6, 11, 18, 19, 22].
The problem is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem [3, 5, 9, 24, 25].
It consists in distributing the active and renewable productions between the power stations of
the most economic way, to reduce the emissions of the polluting gases and to maintain the
stability of the network after penetration of renewable energy. The number of decision
variables of the problem is related to all the nodes of the network.

Renewable energy
In this study, it is interested in two types of energies; wind power and thermal solar
energy.

Wind energy
The mechanical power recovered by a wind turbine can be written in the form [6, 17,
23]:

3
w
V .
2
p
R . . .
p
C
2
1
w
P = (1)
where C
P
, is the aerodynamic coefficient of turbine power (it characterizes the aptitude of the
aerogenerator to collect wind power), is the air density, R
p
the turbine ray and V
W
wind
speed. The power coefficient value C
P
, depends on the rotation speed of turbine and wind
speed.

Mechanical adjustment of the wind power
Wind turbine is dimensioned to develop a nominal power P
n
from a nominal wind
speed V
n
. For wind speeds higher than V
n
, the wind mill must modify these aerodynamic
parameters in order to avoid the mechanical overloads, so that the power recovered by the
turbine does not exceed the nominal power for which the wind mill was designed.

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206
n
P
n
V
D
V M
V
1 2 3 4
w
P
w
V

Figure 1. Diagram of the useful power according to the wind speed.

According to the figure1, the characteristic of power according to the wind speed
comprises four zones. Zone 1, where P
w
= 0, zone 2, in which useful power depends on wind
speed. V
w
, zone 3, generally where provided power P
w
remains appreciably equal to P
n
and
finally zone 4,P
w
= 0

Solar energy
Solar energy is energy produced by the solar radiation, directly or in a diffuse way
through the atmosphere. Thanks to various processes, it can be transformed into another form
of useful energy for the human activity, in particular in electricity or heat [14, 17, 23].
The maximum power provided by a solar panel is given by the following characteristic
[14, 17]:
)] T T .( P 1 .[ E . P P
jref j 2 c 1 S
+ =
(2)
E
c
is solar radiation, T
jref
is the reference temperature of the panels of 25C, T
j
is the cells
junction temperature (C), P
1
represent the characteristic dispersion of the panels and the
value for one panel is included enters 0.095 to 0.105 and the parameter P
2
=-0.47%/C; is the
drift in panels temperature [14].
The addition of one parameter P
3
to the characteristic, gives more satisfactory results:
) E P )].( T T .( P 1 .[ P P
c 3 jref j 2 1 S
+ + =
(3)
This simplified model makes it possible to determine the maximum power provided by
a group of panels for solar radiation and panel temperature given, with only three constant
parameters P
1
, P
2
and P
3
and simple equation to apply.
A thermal solar power station consists of a production of solar system of heat which feeds
from the turbines in a thermal cycle of electricity production.


207
Formulation of problem
The control system problem can be treated as follows:
Of absence of the auxiliary elements, the problem consists in extracting the maximum
of power from the renewable sources. Then, we slice this power of the total demand P
D
. the
remaining total demand ( )
w S D
'
D
P P P P + = , will distributed between the thermal power
stations. The problem is reduced for a speed wind V
w
and solar radiation E
c
given to minimize
the thermal cost functions and the emissions of polluting gases.
To approach to the reality, it is obvious that to must take account of the variation of
the wind and solar radiation that can be done by using the techniques of the neurons networks
which consists in forming a data base for various wind speed V
w
, solar radiation E
c
and total
power demand P
D
. The neurons network is composed of three layers, the entries layer is
formed by V
w
, E
c
et P
D
; the hidden internal layer which the number of neurons is variable and
the exit layer which consists of 10 neurons which represent the minimal cost F
1
, the emissions
of polluting gases F
2
, the generating nodes powers . The structure of this network is given by
the figure (2).
D
P
w
V
w
P
v
P
1 g
P
6 g
P
1
F
2
F
c
E
layer
entries
layer
internal hidden
layer
exit

Figure 2. Structure du rseau de neurones utilis

Objective functions
Fuel cost function

The fuel cost function ) P ( F
g TH
in $/h is represented by a quadratic function as follow
[2, 5, 19]:

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208
( )

=
+ + =
g N
1 i
2
gi i gi i i g TH
P c P b a P F (4)
The coefficients
i
a ,
i
b and
i
c are appropriate to every production unit,
gi
P is the real
power output of i-th generator and
g
N is the number of thermal generators.

Emission fonction
The atmospheric emission can be represented by a function that links emissions with
the power generated by every unit. The emission of SO
2
depends on fuel consumption and has
the same form as the fuel cost [8, 13].
The emission of NOx is difficult to predict and his production is associated to many
factors as the temperature of the boiler and content of the air [12].
The emission function in ton/h which represents SO2 and NOx emission is a function
of generator output and is expressed as follow [20]:

( ) ( )
g
N
2
g 2 i i gi i gi i i gi
i=1
F P = + P + P + exp P (5)
Where
i
,
i
and
i
are the coefficients of emission function corresponding to the i-th
generator. These three parameters are determined by adjustment techniques of curves based
on reel tests [13].

Problem constraints
The problem constraints are five types:
Production capacity constraints
The generated real power of each generator at the bus i is restricted by lower limit
max
gi
P and
upper limit
min
gi
P :

g
max
gi gi
min
gi
N 1,..., i , P P P = (6)

Power balance constraint
The total power generation and the wind power must cover the total demand
'
D
P and the
power loss p in transmission lines, so we have:


209
0 P p P
Ng
1 i
gi
'
D
= +
=
(7)
Active power loss constraint
Active power loss of the transmission and transport lines, are positives:
0 p > (8)
Renewable power constraint:
The renewable power used for dispatch should not exceed the 30% of total power demand:

D S W
P 3 . 0 P P +
(9)
Thus, the problem to be solved is formulated as follow:
Minimize:( ( ) ( )
g 2
g
TH
P F , P F )
Under:
g
max
gi gi
min
gi
N 1,..., i , P P P =
0 P p P
Ng
1 i
gi
'
D
= +
=

0 > p
D
P 3 . 0 P P
S W
+

Multi objectives Optimization

Principle
The multi-objective optimization problem is formulated in general as follow:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
=
= =
|
\
|
=
K 1,..., k , 0 x h
M 1,..., j , 0 x g
: Under
x f , ... , x f , x f x f Minimize
k
j
obj
N 2 1
(10)
with:
obj
N : number of objectives functions
K M, : number of equality and inequality respectively constraints
x : decision vector.
Two solutions x
1
and x
2
of such optimization problem, we could have one which
dominates the other or none dominates the other.

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210
In a minimization problem, a solution x
1
dominates other solution x
2
if the following two
conditions are satisfied:

{ } ( ) ( )
{ } ( ) ( )

2 j 1 j obj
2 i 1 i obj
x f x f , N 1,2,..., j
x f x f , N 1,2,..., i

(11)
Define by
f
X the satisfiesability set, that is to say: { }` 0 ) x ( h et 0 ) x ( g / X x X
f
= =
where
T
M 2 1
)) x ( g ),..., x ( g ), x ( g ( ) x ( g = and
T
K 2 1
)) x ( h ),..., x ( h ), x ( h ( ) x ( h =
A decision vector
f
X x is none dominated compared to a set
f
X A , if:
x a / A a < / (12)
The optimize solutions set that are non-dominated within the entire search space are denoted
as Pareto-optimal and the set of objectives vectors corresponding constitute the Pareto-
optimal set or Pareto-optimal front.

SPEA approach (Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm)
In [18], Zitzler and Thiele propose an elitist evolutionary approach to solve a multi
objective problem which is called Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA). The
Elitism is introduced by an external Pareto set. This set stores the non-dominated solutions
funded during the resolution of the problem. In order to reduce the size of the external set, an
average linkage based on hierarchical clustering algorithm is used without destroying the
characteristics of the trade-off front.
Noting by:
P : the current population.
t
P : the external population.
pop
N : the size of current population.
i
F the fitness of an individual i.
i
S the strength of an individual i.
The assignment procedure to calculate the fitness values is the following:
Step 1: For each individual
t
P i is assigned a reel value [ ) 1 , 0 S
i
called strength.
i
S is
proportional to the number of individuals in the current population dominated by the
individual i in the external Pareto set. It can be calculated as follows:

211
For an individual
t
P j

{ }
1 N
i by dominated is j individual and P j / j
S
pop
t
i
+
=
(13)
The strength of a Pareto solution is also its fitness: . S F
i i
=
Step 2: The fitness of an individual
t
P j is the sum of the strengths of all external Pareto
individuals
t
P i dominated by
t
P j . We add one in odder to guarantee that Pareto
solutions are most likely to be produced.
+ =
j dominate i , t P i
i j
S 1 F
(14)
where [ )
pop j
N , 1 F
The clustering algorithm is described by the following steps:
Step 1: To initialise clustering set C; each individual
t
P i constitutes a distinct cluster:
. i C
t
P i
)
`
= (15)
Step 2: if the number of cluster is lower or equal to maximum size of external set (
pop
N ),
go to step 5. Else, go to step 3.
Step 3: Calculate the distance between each pair of clusters. The distance d
c
between two
clusters
1
c and C c
2
is defined as the average distance between two pairs of individuals
from each cluster:

=
2
c
2
i ,
1
c
1
i
2
i
1
i
2 1
c
d
n n
1
d
(16)
1
n and
2
n are respectively the numbers of individuals in clusters
1
c and
2
c .
Step 4: Find the pair of clusters corresponding to the minimal distance
c
d between them.
Combine into a large one { }. c c C
2 1
= and return to step 2.
Step 5: Find the centroid of each cluster. Select the nearest individual in this cluster to the
centroid as a representative individual and remove all other individuals from the cluster.
Step 6: Thus, the reduced Pareto set
1 t
P
+
is computed by uniting these representatives:
. c P
C c
1 t
+
=

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212
Numeric Simulations and Comments

Presentation of the test network
The structure of the test system is shown in fig.1.Appendix A1. It was derived from
the standard IEEE 30-bus 6-generator test system while adding to him two renewable
generators. The characteristics of the wind mill are presented in table 1. The values of the fuel
and emission coefficients are given in table2. The lines data and bus data are given
respectively in tables 1 and 2 in Appendix A1.

Table 1. Wind mill Data
Characteristics of the wind mill
propeller
Diameter

blades
number
Surface
swept
chechmate
Height
Nominal wind speed V
n

34 m 3 1480 m
2
45 m 15 m/s
Nominal characteristics of the asynchronous generator
Interlinked voltage

Current Frequency power P
n
Cos
660 V 760 A 50 Hz 790 Kw 0.91
R
s
R
r
L
X
m
R
m

0.00374 0.00324 0.23 mH 5.8 mH 83.85

Table 2: Generator cost and emission coefficients

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
a 10 10 20 10 20 10
b 200 150 180 100 180 150

Cost
c 100 120 40 60 40 100
4.091 2.543 4.258 5.326 4.258 6.131
-5.554 -6.047 -5.094 -3.550 -5.094 -5.555

6.490 5.638 4.586 3.380 4.586 5.151
2.0 10
-4
5.0 10
-4
1.0 10
-6
2.0 10
-3
1.0 10
-6
1.0 10
-5

Emission
2.857 3.333 8 2 8 6.667

Lower limit and upper limit of the generated real power of each generator at the bus it
is shown by (17):

g gi
N 1,..., i , 5 . 1 P 05 . 0 =
(17)


213
Results and Comments

Implementation and test of the neurons network
The neurons network is used to calculate in real time the active production in the
thermal generating nodes and of the renewable origins. The structure of this network is given
by the figure (2).
To ensure a good training of the neurons network, the base data is formed by 600
random solutions calculated by method SPEA and corresponding at a wind speed included
enters 8 and 12 ms
-1
, solar radiation vary between 0w/m
2
and 1000w/m
2
and the total power
demand vary between 0.8 and 4 pu.
Training curves of wind speed, solar radiation and the total power demand are given
by figures (3, 4 and 5).

Figure 3. Training curve of wind speed Figure 4. Training curve of solar radiation

Figure 5. Training curve of total power demand

During this phase, some of new examples are presented to the neurons network. The same
examples were already simulated by SPEA method and we studied the quality of these answers given
to table 3.

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214
Table 3. Results of test neurons network
Test exemple
P
w

(pu)
P
s
(pu)
P
g1
(pu)
P
g2
(pu)
P
g3
(pu)
P
g4
(pu)
P
g5
(pu)
P
g6
(pu)
Emiss
(ton/h)
Cot
($/h)
P
D1
2.35 0.6156 0.0475 0.3242 0.4352 0.4363 0.2052 0.3871 0.3795 0.1934 499.5495
P
D2
3.43 0.7059 0.0175 0.4095 0.5220 0.5516 0.3635 0.5071 0.4846 0.1866 643.0993
P
D3
3.35 0.8423 0.0385 0.3708 0.4870 0.5054 0.3575 0.4714 0.4605 0.1874 598.0519
P
D4
1.16 0.3039 0.0252 0.3051 0.4284 0.4116 0.0939 0.3786 0.3598 0.1973 468.1725
P
D5
0.93 0.2315 0.0412 0.3204 0.4743 0.4537 0.1231 0.3774 0.3504 0.1950 500.7442
P
D6
1.25 0.3392 0.0301 0.3107 0.4249 0.4091 0.1017 0.3630 0.3410 0.1977 461.6945
P
D7
2.65 0.4445 0.0266 0.3786 0.4834 0.5146 0.2245 0.4519 0.4197 0.1901 569.3929
P
D8
3.10 0.5576 0.0388 0.4071 0.5251 0.5541 0.3173 0.5067 0.4879 0.1871 638.1037
Response of neurons network
P
w

(pu)
P
s
(pu)
P
g1
(pu)
P
g2
(pu)
P
g3
(pu)
P
g4
(pu)
P
g5
(pu)
P
g6
(pu)
Emiss
(ton/h)
Cot
($/h)
P
D1
2.35 0.6156 0.0475 0.3202 0.4351 0.4317 0.2163 0.3874 0.3767 0.1932 499.6342
P
D2
3.43 0.7059 0.0175 0.4105 0.5289 0.5448 0.3633 0.5111 0.4931 0.1864 643.0030
P
D3
3.35 0.8423 0.0385 0.3711 0.4872 0.5114 0.3614 0.4711 0.4611 0.1872 598.8744
P
D4
1.16 0.3039 0.0252 0.3054 0.4126 0.4144 0.1013 0.3814 0.3437 0.1995 466.2881
P
D5
0.93 0.2315 0.0412 0.3199 0.4759 0.4538 0.1001 0.3633 0.3543 0.1951 501.1572
P
D6
1.25 0.3392 0.0301 0.3106 0.4276 0.4097 0.1081 0.3665 0.3403 0.1972 463.4970
P
D7
2.65 0.4445 0.0266 0.3652 0.4882 0.5168 0.2244 0.4543 0.4282 0.1901 569.3759
P
D8
3.10 0.5576 0.0388 0.4019 0.5132 0.5537 0.3083 0.4982 0.4800 0.1875 637.9193

Figures (6, 7 and 8) present respectively the forecasts of wind speed, solar radiation and total
power demand.

Figure 6. Forecast of wind speed Figure 7. Forecast of total power demand

Figure 8.Forecast of solar radiation

215
After the training phase of the neurons network, the simulation results are presented in
the figures 9, 10, 11 and 12.

Figure 9. Power of the thermal generated nodes and P
D

According to figure 9, we notice that the bus thermal generators powers remain
variable within their limits.
Bus generator 2 has a remarkable participate by its active power P
g2
when total power
demands P
D
is significant because it is the machine which has the more high cost.

Figure 10.Total power demand and renewable power

Figure 10; show the variation of solar thermal power, wind power and their resultant
which remains lower than 30%of the total power demand P
D
.

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216

Figure 11. Total cost function Figure 12. Emissions function

Figures 11 and 12 who represent respectively the variations of the total cost
function and emissions of polluting gases function show that if the emissions of polluting
gases decrease in the course of time then the total cost increases and conversely.

Conclusion

In this study we presented a method allowing the resolution of the problem of the
Environmental Economic Dispatching of an electrical network including renewable energy
sources. We made an optimization without auxiliary elements and the problem consists to
extract the maximum of power from the renewable sources and to distribute the remainder of
the power on the power stations. To have the solutions of the problem in real time we
established them on a neurons network.

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Appendix

w ST

Figure 1. Single-line diagram of IEEE 30-bus test system with two renewable power stations

Table 1. Line data
Line N Connection Impedance (p.u.) Line N Connection Impedance (p.u.)
1 30-29 0.0192 + j0.0575 22 13-12 0.0192 + j0.0575
2 30-24 0.0452 + j0.1852 23 12-11 0.0452 + j0.1852
3 29-23 0.0570 + j0.1737 24 19-11 0.0570 + j0.1737
4 24-23 0.0132 + j0.0379 25 19-14 0.0132 + j0.0379
5 29-28 0.0472 + j0.1983 26 19-10 0.0348 + j0.0749

ISSN 1583-0233
p. 204-220

220
6 29-22 0.0581 + j0.1763 27 19-9 0.0727 + j0.1499
7 23-22 0.0119 + j0.0414 28 10-9 0.0116 + j0.0236
8 28-21 0.0460 + j0.1160 29 16-8 0.1000 + j0.2020
9 22-21 0.0267 + j0.0820 30 9-7 0.1150 + j0.1790
10 22-27 0.0120 + j0.0420 31 8-7 0.1320 + j0.2700
11 22-20 j0.2080 32 7-6 0.1885 + j0.3292
12 22-19 j0.5560 33 6-5 0.2544 + j0.3800
13 20-26 j0.2080 34 6-4 0.1093 + j0.2087
14 23-18 j0.2560 35 3-4 j0.3960
15 18-25 j0.1400 36 4-2 0.2198 + j0.4153
16 18-17 0.1231 + j0.2559 37 4-1 0.3202 + j0.6027
17 18-16 0.0662 + j0.1304 38 2-1 0.2339 + j0.4533
18 18-15 0.0945 + j0.1987 39 27-3 0.0636 + j0.2000
19 17-16 0.2210 + j0.1997 40 22-3 0.0169 + j0.0599
20 15-14 0.0824 + j0.1923 41 20-19 j0.1100
21 16-13 0.1070 + j0.2185

Table 2. Bus data
Line
N
Type Active
power
(p.u)
Reactive
power
(p.u)
Bus
voltage
(p.u)
Line
N
Type Active
power
(p.u)
Reactive
power
(p.u)
Bus
voltage
(p.u)
1 P-Q 0.106 0.019 16 P-Q 0.082 0.025
2 P-Q 0.024 0.009 17 P-Q 0.062 0.016
3 P-Q 0.000 0.000 18 P-Q 0.112 0.075
4 P-Q 0.000 0.023 19 P-Q 0.058 0.020
5 P-Q 0.035 0.000 20 P-Q 0.000 0.000
6 P-Q 0.000 0.000 21 P-Q 0.228 0.109
7 P-Q 0.087 0.067 22 P-Q 0.000 0.000
8 P-Q 0.032 0.016 23 P-Q 0.076 0.000 1.010
9 P-Q 0.000 0.000 24 P-Q 0.024 0.000 1.010
10 P-Q 0.175 0.112 25 P-V 0.000 0.000 1.071
11 P-Q 0.022 0.007 26 P-V 0.000 0.000 1.082
12 P-Q 0.095 0.034 27 P-V 0.300 1.010
13 P-Q 0.032 0.009 28 P-V 0.942 1.010
14 P-Q 0.090 0.058 29 P-V 0.217 1.045
15 P-Q 0.035 0.018 30 Bilan 0.000 0.000 1.060

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