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Harvard Referencing 2021

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The University of South Wales Guide to

Harvard Referencing

Revised Edition May 2021


This document is available in Welsh. Mae’r ddogfen hon ar gael yn Gymraeg.
Guide to Harvard referencing 1

Contents
Referencing 2

Short quotation 3

Long quotation 4

Secondary referencing 4

Referencing author with more than one


publication in the same year 4

Books 5

Journals 7

Newspapers 8

The Internet 9

Conferences/theses/public lectures 11

Other sources 12

Visual sources 16

Audio-visual material 17

Live performances 20

Computer games 21

Computer programmes 21

Personal communication 22

Next u
2 referencing

Referencing
What is referencing? that you might encounter during the course of your
Referencing is indicating in assignments when you have studies. Please seek advice from your lecturer, the Study
used material that has not originated with you. This Skills Service, or your Faculty Advice Centre if you need
might include factual information, data, images, opinion, guidance that does not feature here.
direct quotation, or when you summarise or paraphrase
the work of other people. There are several ways of including sources in your work.
You can summarise, paraphrase or directly quote the
Why reference? information. You may also wish to secondary reference
The majority of academic assignments measure your and/or refer to an author with more than one publication
ability to understand, analyse and evaluate the work of in a single year. Whichever you use, you let your reader
others. Consequently, referencing is a crucial part of this know by setting out the referencing details in a subtly
as it informs the reader of the texts you have consulted different way as below.
during research; you will also be assessed on the quality
and relevancy of these sources. It is important to Please note that the guide presents information in
remember that referencing carries a percentage of the columns. References in text or in a list should be written
overall marks if undertaken appropriately. across the full page when writing your assignment.

Plagiarism – academic integrity Summarising


Please see this page for more information about If you are summarising the overall argument or position
plagiarism and good academic practice: of a book or article then you only need to insert the
https://registry.southwales.ac.uk/student-regulations/ author’s name and year of publication, you do not need
academic-misconduct/ to put page numbers in the text or in the reference list.

How to reference Paraphrasing


There are a number of different referencing styles, all of If you are paraphrasing a specific point from your source
which are equally valid. Always check with your lecturer if you should include page numbers in the text, as well as
the author’s name and year. This makes it easier for your
you are unsure which style you should be using.
reader to find the information being referred to.
The example on page 3 shows how to reference (cite)
using the Harvard style of referencing. This is one of the
most widely used systems based on the British Standard
BS5605 (1990). The basic requirements for incorporating
references into your work are to supply the family name
of the author (or authoring body) and the year of
publication in sentences and paragraphs.

Where in your text you do this is the first component of


the referencing system (in-text referencing). The second
component is the full details of all references you have
used given in a list at the end of your assignment. Both
components have to be included in any submitted piece
of work.

How to use this guide


This guide highlights some of the sources that can be
referred to when writing an assignment. The various
referencing requirements for each source are presented
and include an in-text and reference list example.
However, the guide does not include all possible sources

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referencing/quoting 3

An example of a referenced paragraph and referencing list

Student Development and Study Skills 2015. Adapted from:


Leeds Metropolitan University (2009) Quote, unquote: A guide to Harvard referencing, p. 6.
Available at: http:// http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2010).

Short quotation

In-text example: Note


Chartrand, Millar and Wiltshire (1997, p.1) argue that Short quotations, up to two or three lines should be put
“…they [laws] can be said to be just when they create in double quotation marks and included in the body of
the conditions leading to peace, happiness and prosperity the text.
for all persons”. This view is…

Reference example:
Chartrand, M., Millar, C. and Wiltshire, E. (1997) English
for contract and company law. London: Sweet and
Maxwell.

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4 quoting

Long quotation

In-text example: Note


Most people are biased in one way or another. Person Longer quotations should be indented from the main text
bias, sometimes called the fundamental attribution error, as a separate paragraph. Quotation marks are not
is claimed to be the most common. required.

So we see a nurse, or a teacher or a policeman or


policewoman going about their business and tend to
judge them as being particular types of people rather
than as people being constrained by the roles that they
are playing in their work (Strongman, 2006, p. 94).

Reference example:
Strongman, K. T. (2006) Applying psychology to
everyday life: a beginner’s guide. Chichester: John Wiley
and Sons Ltd.

Secondary referencing
In-text example: Note
McMahon’s (1994) experience as cited in Parahoo (2006, Sometimes authors refer to the work/ideas of others.
p. 246) draws attention to the dilemma surrounding the These are known as secondary references. For instance,
issue of persuasion when attempting to recruit Parahoo in 2006 makes reference to McMahon’s
participants. experience in 1994. The details of Parahoo’s work should
be included in the reference list since this is the work you
Reference example: have read. (It is not advisable to use too many of these).
Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing research: principles, process
and issues. 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Author with more than one publication in the same year

In-text example: Note


Most false-belief tests use children with a mental age of If you need to cite two (or more) publications by an
3-4 years but all those children with autism tested had a author published in the same year, you will need to
mental age higher than this (Baron-Cohen, 1989a). In a distinguish between them in the text and in the
further experiment (Baron-Cohen, 1989b) children with reference list. You do this by allocating lower case
autism were asked what they thought the brain was for. letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.

Reference example:
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989a) ‘The autistic child’s theory of
mind: A case of specific developmental delay’, Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, pp. 285-298.

Baron-Cohen, S. (1989b) ‘Are autistic children


behaviourists? An examination of their mental-physical
and appearance-reality distinctions’, Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders, 19, pp. 579-600.

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books 5

How to reference books


Book with single author

In-text example: Reference order:


Thompson (2003) suggests that language helps to form 1. Author /editor (surname or family name before initials)
identity, but can create stereotypes and prejudices. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
Thompson, N. (2003) Communication and language: A the first edition)
handbook of theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave 5. Place of publication: Publisher
Macmillan. 6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with two or three authors

In-text example: Reference order:


According to Dexter and Wash (1995, pp. 32-33) “silence 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
may be as effective as verbal communication” if used before initials)
appropriately. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
Dexter, G. and Wash, M. (1995) Psychiatric nursing skills: the first edition) (2nd edn.)
A patient centred approach. 2nd edn. London: Chapman 5. Place of publication: Publisher
and Hall. 6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with more than three authors


In-text example: Reference order:
This was indicated in the study by Huxley et al. (2007). 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
before initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Huxley, P., Evans, S., Muroe, M. and Cestari, L. (2007) Fair 3. Title (in italics)
access to care services in integrated mental health and 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
social care teams. London: Department of Health. the first edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Chapter/section in an edited book

In-text example: Reference order:


Cohen (2009, p.194) describes the subculture of the 1. Author(s) of the chapter/section (surname or family
delinquent gang as short-run hedonism. name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of chapter/section (in single quotation
Cohen, A.K. (2009) ‘Delinquent boys: The culture of marks)
the gang’, in Newburn, T. (ed.) Key readings in 4. ‘in’ plus author(s)/editor(s) of book
criminology. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 5. Title of book (in italics)
194-198. 6. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
7. Place of publication: Publisher
8. Page reference of chapter or section

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6
6 books

Book with editor(s)


In-text example: Reference order:
Many aspects of school management are discussed in 1. Editor(s) followed by (ed.) or (eds.) (surname or family
Spencer (2007). name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Spencer, J. (ed.) (2007) School management and finance 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
opportunities and problems. London: Ford Publishers. the first edition)
Financial Education Series, 23. 5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Lines within a play

In-text example: Reference order:


“I prithee do not mock me fellow student” (Shakespeare, 1. Author of play (surname or family name before initials)
1980, 1.2:177). 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, T.J.B. the first edition)
London: Penguin. 1.2:177. 5. Edition information if relevant eg Edited by (surname
followed by initials)
6. Place of publication: Publisher
7. Act. Scene: line

E-book
In-text example: Reference order:
Increasingly complex and refined electrical systems have 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
had a significant impact on the changing form of before initials)
telecommunications (Anttalainen, 2003). 2. Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition number
Anttalainen, T. (2003) Introduction to telecommunication if it is not the first edition)
network engineering. NetLibrary. Available at: http:// 5. Name of e-book collection (in italics)
www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 20 June 2011). 6. Available at: URL/OR doi
E-book
7. (Accessed: date) numbe s often lack pa
rs, ge
DOI –(Digital Object Identifier) is a numbered tag used to identify online sources including conference papers and section so use the ch
or locat apter,
journal articles. The DOI (written as doi in your reference list) is often used in place of the URL. identify t ion num
he ber
point y quote or the s to
ou are p pecific
Place p arap
E-Book via an e-book reader eg Kindle age num hrasing.
availab bers, if
le, aft
the in-t er the date in
In-text example: ext refe
Reference order: rence.
According to Forsyth (2011, Location 532 of 5144) “Our 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or
word sky comes from the Viking word for cloud, but in family name before initials)
England there’s simply no difference between the two 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
concepts, and so the word changed its meaning because (use the publication date of the version being used)
of the awful weather.” 3. Title of book (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number
Reference example: if it is not the first edition)
Forsyth, M. (2011) The etymologicon: A circular stroll 5. E book format (Kindle format, ePub format, Adobe
through the hidden connections of the English language. ebook format etc)
Kindle format [e-book reader]. Available at: 6. [e-book reader]
http://www.amazon.co.uk (Accessed: 20 January 2012). 7. Available at: URL/OR doi
8. (Accessed: date)

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How to reference newspapers
journals 7

How to reference journals


Journal article (printed)

In-text example: Reference order:


According to Fritsch and Schroeter (2011, p. 383) “recent 1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
empirical research strongly indicates that the effect of 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
new business formation on economic development is of a 3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
long-term nature”. 4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title except for linking words such as
Reference example: and, of, the, for)
Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011) ‘Why does the effect 5. Issue information i.e. volume (unbracketed)
of new business formation differ across regions?’, Small and where applicable, part number, month or season
Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, 36(4), (all in round brackets)
pp. 383-400. 6. Page numbers

Journals found online or in databases

In-text example: Reference order:


Langhammer and Stanghelle (2009, p. 46) found that 1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
“Stroke care has changed over the last 20 years”. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter
Langhammer, B. and Stanghelle, J.K. (2009) ‘Exercise on a of each word in title except for linking words such as
treadmill or walking outdoors’, Clinical Rehabilitation, and, of, the, for)
24(1), pp. 46-54. Available at: http://cre.sagepub.com 5. Volume (unbracketed) issue (in round brackets) page
(Accessed: 15 July 2010). numbers if known
6. Available at: URL of collection (OR doi)
7. (Accessed: date)
Example with doi:

Reference example:
Oberg, C. (2019) ‘The role of business networks for
innovation’, Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 4(2),
pp.124-128. Available at: doi:10.11016/j.jik.2017 .10.001
(Accessed: 19 June 2019).

Note: Elements such as database or collection title (eg, Cochrane Library or Sage Publications) or [Online] do
not need to be included as long as your reference allows the reader to locate the article.

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8 journals/newspapers

How to reference newspapers

Newspaper article (printed)

In-text example: Reference order:


Goldman accepted the largest fine in the commission’s Where the author of a newspaper article is identified,
history (Treanor, 2010). use the following citation order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Treanor, J. (2010) ‘Goldman Sachs handed record $550m 3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
fine over Abacus transaction’, The Guardian, 16 July, 4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter
p. 25. of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
5. Edition if required (in round brackets)
6. Day and month
7. Page reference

Newspaper article from Internet version of a newspaper

In-text example: Reference order:


Kingsley (2010) suggests that the slow-reading movement
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
is made up of a disparate bunch of academics and
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
intellectuals who want us to take our time while reading
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
and re-reading.
4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title, except for linking words such as
Reference example:
and, of, the, for)
Kingsley, P. (2010) ‘The art of slow reading’, G2 section of
5. Day and month
The Guardian, 15 July. Available at:
6. Available at: URL
http://guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/15/slow-reading
7. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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newspapers/internet 9

Newspaper interview

In-text example: Reference order:


Pullman (2011, p. 30) suggests he was cast in the role “to 1. Name of person interviewed
destabilise viewers”. 2. Year of interview (in round brackets)
3. Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Interview with/Interviewed by
Pullman, B. (2011) ‘Bill Pullman: Torchwood's surprising 5. Interviewer’s name
new villain’. Interview with Bill Pullman and John 6. Title of Newspaper/broadcast (in italics)
Barrowman. Interviewed by Catherine Gee for The Daily 7. Day and month of interview
Telegraph, 14 July, p. 30. 8. Page reference
If published on the Internet add:
9. Available at: URL/OR doi if available
10. (Accessed: date)

How to reference the Internet

Web pages with individual authors

In-text example: Reference order:


Semiotics involves studying representations and the 1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
processes involved in representational practices (Chandler, 2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
2001). round brackets)
3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
Chandler, D. (2001) Semiotics for beginners. Available at: 5. (Accessed: date)
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.html
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

Web pages with organisations as authors

In-text example: Reference order:


Fair pay in the NHS is firmly on the agenda for trade 1. Organisation as author
unions, such as Unison (2014). 2. Year that the site was published/last updated
(in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Unison (2014) NHS workers deserve fair pay. Available at: 4. Available at: URL
http://www.unison.org.uk/at-work/health-care/key- 5. (Accessed: date)
issues/nhs-pay/home/ (Accessed: 17 December 2014).

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10 internet

Web pages with no authors

Use title of the site. Reference order:


In-text example: 1. Title of Internet site (in italics)
The story of the Aberbeeg ghost and the death of P.C. 2. Year that the site was published/last updated
Pope is an intriguing one (Online Abertillery, 2010). (in round brackets)
3. Available at: URL
Reference example: 4. (Accessed: date)
Online Abertillery (2010) Available at:
http://www.abertillery.net/tales_ghost.html
(Accessed: 19 July 2010).

Web pages with no date

In-text example:
In order to respond to emergent oppositions in the
The quali
future, researchers can access neutron scattering ty of a we
page wit b
competences (Neutron Sciences, no date). h no auth
date nee or or
ds to be
question
Reference example: ed, ie, is it
suitable fo
ry
Neutron Sciences (no date) Proton power upgrade academic our
work?
project. Available at: https://neutrons.ornl.gov/ppu
(Accessed: 19 June 2019).

Blogs

In-text example: Reference order:


Vikas Shah (2011) explored the concept of justice and the 1. Author of message (surname or family name
implications for society. before initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
Reference example: (in round brackets)
Shah, V. (2011) ‘Thought economics’, Thought 3. Title of message (in single quotation marks
Economics,6 July. Available at: 4. Title of internet site (in italics)
http://thoughteconomics.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 13 5. Day/month of posted message
July 2011). 6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Social Networking Sites

In-text example: Reference order:


One organisation (Fair Trade Wales, 2011) regularly uses 1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
their Facebook site to provide information about their 2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
most current marketing activities. round brackets)
3. Title of page (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of internet site (in italics and square brackets)
Fair Trade Wales (2011) ‘Fair Trade Wales – Cymru 5. Day/month of posted message
Masnach Deg’, [Facebook], 13 July. Available at: 6. Available at: URL
http://www.facebook.com/fairtradewales#!/groups/fairtra 7. (Accessed: date)
dewales (Accessed: 13 July 2011).

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internet/conferences 11

Wikis

In-text example: Reference order:


A community of fans provide support for fellow owners 1. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
of the T-Mobile Sidekick phone (‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | 2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
Info, Tips, Support’, 2010). round brackets)
3. Title of internet site [in italics and square brackets]
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | Info, Tips, Support’ (2010) 5. (Accessed: date)
[Sidekick Wiki]. Available at: http://wiki.sidekick.com/
(Accessed: 13 July 2011).

How to reference conferences/theses/public lectures

Full conference proceedings (printed)

In-text example: Reference order:


The conference (International Conference on Asian Digital 1. Author/editor
Libraries, 2002) … 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Location and date of conference
International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 5. Place of publication: Publisher
(2002) Digital libraries: people, knowledge, and
technology : 5th International Conference on Asian
Digital Libraries. Singapore, 11-14 December. Singapore:
ICADL.

Conference paper published on the Internet

In-text example: Reference order:


Persensky, Lewis and O’Hara (2005) emphasise the 1. Author(s) (surname or family name before
personnel’s vital contribution in this particular area. initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Persensky, J., Lewis, P. and O’Hara, J. (2005) ‘Insights into 4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
the role of the operator in advanced reactors’, American 5. Location and date of conference
Nuclear Society, Winter Meeting, Washington D.C, 13-17 6. Publisher
November. New York: Brookhaven National Laboratory. 7. Available at: URL
Available at: 8. (Accessed: date)
http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/30546.pdf
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

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12 theses/public lecture/other sources

Theses

In-text example: Reference order:


Research by Prescott (2006)... 1. Author (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of submission (in round brackets)
Prescott, G. (2006) The noble game is not totally 3. Title of thesis (in italics)
unknown here: Rugby football in nineteenth-century 4. Degree statement — M Phil or PhD
Cardiff. Unpublished M Phil thesis. University of South 5. Degree-awarding body
Wales, formerly the University of Glamorgan. If published on the internet add:
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Public Lecture

In-text example: Reference order:


Rees (2010) believes that man has the future in his own 1. Author/speaker (surname or
hands. family name before initials)
2. Year (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of lecture (in italics) Public
Rees, M. (2010) Lecture 2: Surviving the century, [Reith 4. [Medium] lecture
visiting s or
Lectures 2010: Scientific horizons]. 8 June. 5. Day/month should speake
rs
b
genera e referenced
lly not re . It is
to direc com
tly refere mended
lecture nce from
sli
your co des that are p
urse. If art of
refer to you do
someth want to
ensure ing, h
you refe owever,
rence
How to reference other sources approp
riately. it

UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) pre 1963


In-text example: Reference order:
The Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2, 1. Short title of Act and Year (in italics)
c.26) interprets ‘animal’ to mean any mammal. 2. Regnal year
3. Name of sovereign
Reference example: 4. Chapter number
Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2, c.26). If found online add:
5. Available at:
6. (Accessed: date).

UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) post 1963

In-text example: Reference order:


Legislation is in place to protect those who lack 1. Name of Act (use short title)
mental capacity (Mental Capacity Act 2005). 2. Date (no brackets)
3. Available at: URL
Reference example: 4. (Accessed: date)
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at: https://
OR: Title of Act
www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents
(Accessed: 13 May 2019). Name of sovereign
OR Chapter number (in italics)
Dangerous Dogs Act 1991: Elizabeth II. Chapter 65 Year of publication (in round brackets)
(1991) London: The Stationery Office. Place of publication: publisher

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other sources 13

When referencing government publications the recognised Publications from the Scottish and Welsh governments should be
convention is to use Great Britain rather than United Kingdom. prefaced with either Scotland or Wales respectively.

Government Department publication This


inform
is rele ation
va
In-text example: Reference order: Gove nt to
rnme
The Government’s objective on achieving balanced 1. Name of government department Depa nt
rt
economic growth is outlined in its ambitious programme 2. Year of publication (in round brackets) public ment
ation
s
(Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011). 3. Title (in italics)
4. Place of publication: Publisher
Reference example: 5. Series (in brackets) – if applicable.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) If referencing an online version replace Place of
Guide to BIS 2011-12 – working together for growth. publication: Publisher with:
Available at: Available at: URL
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/doc/g/11- (Accessed: date)
p120-guide-to-bis-2011-2012 (Accessed: 1 August 2011).

Legal cases
In-text example: Reference order:
The case of Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice 1. Name of parties involved in the case (in italics)
[2011] upheld… i.e. case name
2. Date in square brackets, if a volume number is used
Reference example: then date is in round brackets
Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] 3. Volume number (if used)
EWHC 613 (QB). 4. Abbreviation of name of report and first page of
report
In-text example: OR if online:
Re. C (1994) is a landmark case relating to mental
Case name (in italics)
capacity and refusal of medical treatment.
[Year] or (Year)
Reference example: Court and case number.
Re. C (1994) 1 All E.R. 819. Database or website (in italics)
Available at: URL
OR if online:
Abramove v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] EWHC
(Accessed: date).
613 (QB). BAILII. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/
cases/EWHC/QB/2011/613.htm (Accessed: 21 June 2019).

British Standards from online databases

In-text example: Reference order:


Standards assist in the evaluation of libraries of all types 1. Name of authorising organisation / institution
(British Standards Institute, 2008) 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Number and title of standard (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Title of database (in italics)
British Standards Institute (2008) BS ISO 11620: 5. Available at: URL
Information and documentation. Library performance 6. (Accessed: date)
indicators. British Standards Online. Available at: https://
bsol.bsigroup.com/en/BsolHomepage/
(Accessed: 21 July 2010).

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14 other sources/visual sources

Market Research/Financial Reports from online databases


In-text example: Reference order:
Mintel (2014) noted that the convenience segment will
1. Publishing organisation
grow sales by 3.7% in 2014. 2. Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
3. Title of extract or section of report (in single
Reference example: quotation marks)
Mintel (2014) ‘Supermarkets more than just food 4. Database title (in italics)
retailing’, Mintel oxygen reports platform. Available at: 5. Available at: URL
http://academic.mintel.com (Accessed: 8 December 6. (Accessed: date)
2014).

Research Report - found online


In-text example:
In order to develop a government public health strategy,
the Department of Health and Social Care (1998)
commissioned a report into inequalities in health within
UK society.
Reference example:
Department of Health and Social Care (1998)
Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report
[PDF]. Available at: http://
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/
(Accessed: 8 December 2014).

Statutory Instruments: Health & Safety Regulations

In-text example: Reference order:


The Health and Safety Executive provide guidance for 1. Name/ title including year (in italics)
both employers and employees through their Health and 2. SI year and number (in round brackets)
Safety Regulations (1999). 3. Available at: URL
4. (Accessed: date)
Reference example:
Health and Safety Executive The Management of Health
and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3242).
Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/contents/
m ade (Accessed: 18 December 2014).

How to reference visual sources


If you include a photograph or diagram for example in your text you should include a reference underneath the
item as well as in your list of references at the end of your work.

Book illustrations, diagrams or tables

In-text example: Reference order:


Field’s diagram is useful in its summary of the links 1. Author of book (surname or family name
between the main components of the research process before initials)
(Field, 2009, p. 3). 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Place of publication: Publisher
Field, A. (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd edn. 5. Page reference of illustration, etc
London: Sage Publications Ltd., p. 3, fig. 6. Illus./fig./table

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visual sources 15

Photographs — prints/slides

In-text example: Reference order:


The work illustrates the human connection with the 1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
natural world (Magee, 2009). 2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Photograph]
Magee, J. (2009) Phishing II [Photograph]. Cardiff: 5. Place of publication: Publisher (if available)
Ffotogallery at Turner House.

Photographs from the Internet

In-text example: Reference order:


This bold image (Knight, 1986) was commissioned by….. 1. Photographer (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Knight, N. (1986) Red coat. Available at: http:// 3. Title of photograph (in italics)
collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O128940/photograph-red- 4. Available at: URL
coat/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010). 5. (Accessed: date)

Photographs in online collections (e.g. Flickr)

In-text example: Reference order:


The power in Algo’s photo (2005) is in its simplicity. 1. Photographer
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Algo (2005) Holding on. Flickr. Available at: http:// 4. Title of online collection (in italics)
www.flickr.com/photos/algo/41942696/in/ 5. Available at: URL
set-72057594138446566/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010). 6. (Accessed: date)

Paintings/drawings in online collections

In-text example: Reference order:


Ingleby specialised in small watercolour views, for 1. Artist (surname or family name before initials)
example Brombo House (1794). 2. Date (if available)
3. Title of the work (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Medium]
Ingleby, J. (1794) Brombo House [Watercolour]. The 5. Name of collection (in italics)
National Library of Wales. Available at: 6. Available at:
http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/ING00001/ingleby?start=1 7. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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16 visual sources/audio visual material

Sculpture

In-text example: Reference order:


The horizontal cuts, as seen for example with Crack and 1. Sculptor (surname or family name before initials)
warp column (Nash, 2002) split and bend with time. 2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Sculpture]
Nash, D. (2002) Crack and warp column [Sculpture]. 5. Name of collection
University of South Wales Permanent Art Collection.

Art Exhibition Catalogue

In-text example: Reference order:


Thompson (1995, p.8) described Wallinger as a ‘politically 1. Author(s) of catalogue (surname or family name
committed artist’. before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of exhibition (in italics)
Thompson, J. (1995) Mark Wallinger. Exhibition held at 4. Location and date(s) of exhibition
the Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, 25 February – 1 April 1995 5. [Exhibition catalogue]
and at the Serpentine Gallery, London, 10 May – 11 June
1995 [Exhibition catalogue].

How to reference audio visual material

TV programme

In-text example: Reference order:


Apparently, a trick of the light can both wake you up 1. Title of programme (in italics - all
and keep you asleep (10 Things You Need to Know About important words in capitals)
Sleep, 2009). 2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
3. Name of channel
Reference example: 4. Date of transmission (day/month)
10 Things You Need to Know About Sleep (2009) BBC One
Television, 12 May.

Episode of a TV series

In-text example: Reference order:


Tyrion Lannister perhaps sums up the appeal of 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
Game of Thrones, when in the final episode he says: 2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
“There’s nothing more powerful in the world than a 3. Title of programme (in italics - all
good story” (‘The iron throne’, 2019). important words in capitals)
4. Series and episode numbers
5. Name of channel
Reference example:
6. Date of transmission (day/month)
‘The iron throne’ (2019) Game of Thrones, Series 8,
episode 6. Sky Atlantic Television, 19 May.

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audio visual material 17

Film

In-text example: Reference order:


Films are able to draw on events and experiences of the 1. Title of film (in italics - important words
past which impact resonantly today (Good Night, and capitalised)
Good Luck, 2005). 2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
Reference example: 4. [Film]
Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Directed by George 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
Clooney [Film]. United States: Warner Independent
Pictures.

Film on DVD

In-text example: Reference order:


The medium of film has the potential to surpass the 1. Title of film (in italics- important words
impact of the written word. Slumdog Millionaire (2009), capitalised)
for example, … 2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
Reference example: 4. [DVD]
Slumdog Millionaire (2009) Directed by Danny Boyle 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
[DVD]. United States: Foxsearchlight Pictures.

Film on Youtube

In-text example: Reference order:


Matisse considered the chapel to be his greatest 1. Name of person posting video
achievement (Misterulster, 2010). 2. Year video posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of film or programme (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
Misterulster (2010) 20100510 BBC Matisse.m4v. Available 5. (Accessed: date)
at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en1--ukWZus
(Accessed: 15 July 2010).

Musical score

In-text example: Reference order:


The composer’s soundtrack to the movie ‘The Piano’ 1. Composer (surname or family name before initials)
proved particularly popular (Nyman, 2003)… 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of score (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Notes
Nyman, M. (2003) Pieces from the Piano. Pocket Manual 5. Place of publication: Publisher
and Sheet Music. UK: Music Sales Ltd.

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18 audio visual material

Music or spoken word recording on audio CDs

In-text example: Reference order:


Seminal Welsh indie-rockers, the Super Furry Animals, 1. Artist
released their fifth studio album Rings Around the World 2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
in 2001 to both critical and popular acclaim. 3. Title of recording (in italics)
4. [CD]
Reference example: 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
Super Furry Animals (2001) Rings Around the World
[CD]. London: Epic Records.

Vidcasts/vodcasts

Reference where the vidcast/vodcast was displayed for Reference order:


download 1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year that the vidcast/vodcast was posted
In-text example: (in round brackets)
The inaugural lecture was very interesting (Wheeler, 3. Title of vidcast (in single quotation marks)
2009). 4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
5. [Vidcast/vodcast]
Reference example: 6. Day/month of posted vidcast/vodcast
Wheeler, Professor Nick. (2009) ‘Nuclear abolition: Trust- 7. Available at: URL
building’s greatest challenge?’ David Davies Memorial 8. (Accessed: date)
Institute, Aberystwyth University [Vidcast]. 9 March.
Available at:
http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/research/research-
centres-and-institutes/ddmi/publications/audio-video/
(Accessed: 2 November 2012).

iTunes U collection
In-text example: Reference order:
Roche et al. (2010) highlights... 1. Author/s (surname or family name before initial)
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Roche, P., Griffiths, M., and Richards, B. (2010) Our 4. Publisher
Amazing Universe. University of South Wales. iTunesU 5. Download site (name in italics)
[Download]. Available at: 6. [Download]
https://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/our-amazing- 7. Available at: URL
universe/id527125588?mt=10. (Accessed: 17 December 8. (Accessed: date)
2010).
.

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19 audio visual material

How to reference streamed audio visual material


Streamed radio programme

In-text example: Reference order:


So, how are the songs that provide the soundtracks to 1. Title of prog (italics – all important words capitalised)
our lives, valued in the age of streaming? (The Price of 2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
Song, 2021). 3. Name of channel
4. Day and month of original transmission
Reference example: 5. Time location.
The Price of Song (2021) BBC 4 Radio, 2 March. 11.30. 6. Streamed from:
Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 2021) 7. (Accessed:).

Streamed episode from a radio series


In-text example: Reference order:
The ability of computers to recognise an individual face 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known; if
has created a new set of problems (‘Find', 2020 not, use title of programme
2. Year of broadcast
Reference example: 3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
‘The digital human’ (2021) Find, Series 22, episode 6. BBC 4. Series and episode numbers
Four Radio, 18 March. Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 5. Name of channel
May 2021). 6. Streamed from:
7. (Accessed:).

Streamed single programme

In-text example: Reference order:

"You know, there’s lots of people in the industry say, ‘I 1. Title of prog (italics)
discovered Alexander McQueen’. But you don’t discover 2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
talent. Talent’s there. You open doors for 3. Name of channel
talent” (McQueen, 2020).. 4. Day and month of original transmission
5. Time location
Reference example:
6. Streamed from:
McQueen (2020) BBC Two Television, 26 September. 21:45.
7. (Accessed:).
Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 2021).

Streamed episode from a series


In-text example: Reference order:
To create an image is to create a world. A parallel 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known;
universe fashioned from light and colour. Images are if not, use title of programme
seductive”, so says narrator, James Fox ('Seductive 2. Year of broadcast
dreams', 2020). 3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
4. Series and episode numbers
Reference example:
5. Name of channel
'Seductive dreams' (2020) Age of the Image, episode 3, 16
6. Streamed from:
March. BBC Four Television. Streamed from: BoB
7. (Accessed:).
(Accessed: 18 May 2021).

Streamed film
In-text example: Reference order:
Koreeda was a deserving winner of the 2018 Palme d'Or 1. Title of film (in italics- important words capitalised)
for Shoplifters (2018). 2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Directed by
Shoplifters (2018) Directed by Hirokazu Koreeda [Film]. 4. [Film]
Japan: GAGA Pictures. Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
May 2021). 6. Streamed from:
7. (Accessed).
audio visual material/live performances 20

Podcast

Reference where the podcast was displayed for download Reference order:
1. Author/presenter (surname or family name
In-text example: before initials)
O’Sullivan (2007) discussed issues on tourism safety and 2. Year that the podcast was posted (in round brackets)
security. 3. Title of podcast (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Reference example: 5. [Podcast]
O’Sullivan, D. (2007) ‘Challenges of tourism growth’, The 6. Day/month of posted podcast
University of Glamorgan Podcasts [Podcast]. 15 August. 7. Available at: URL
Available at: http://podcasting.weblog.glam.ac.uk/ 8. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 18 July 2010).

iBook
In-text example: Reference order:
Djebarni et al. (2014) provide essential information with 1. Author/s (surname/family name before initial)
regard to research methods. 2. Year posted (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Publisher
Djebarni, R., Burnett, S. and Richards, B. (2014) Research 5. Download site (name in italics)
Methods for Business Students, Managers and 6. [Download]
Entrepreneurs.University of South Wales. iTunesU 7. Available at: URL
[Download]. Available at: 8. (Accessed: date)
https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/research-methods-for-
business/id862468951?ls=1&mt=13. (Accessed: 17
December 2014).

How to reference live performances

Live performance — band concert

In-text example: Reference order:


Bob Dylan’s voice (2000) was barely audible against the 1. Name of band
backdrop of an admittedly accomplished backing band, 2. Year of performance (in round brackets)
a fact not unnoticed by most of the increasingly 3. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]
disgruntled crowd.

Reference example:
Bob Dylan (2000) [Sheffield Arena. 22 September].

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21 live performances/computer games/computer programmes

Live performance — play

In-text example: Reference order:


The performers were singing in very close proximity to the 1. Title (in italics)
audience (The Duchess of Malfi, 2010) 2. By Author
3. Year of performance (in round brackets)
Reference example: 4. Directed by
The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster (2010) Directed by 5. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]
Felix Barrett [Royal Albert Docks, London. 15 July].

How to reference computer games

Computer Game

In-text example: Reference order:


Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood (Ubisoft Montreal, 2011) is 1. Author(s) (if given)
an action/adventure game which..... 2. Date (if given)
3. Title of game (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
Reference example: 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
Ubisoft Montreal (2011) Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 5. Platform
(Edition Standard) PC [Computer game]. Ubisoft Montreal. 6. [Computer game]
7. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number
(if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

How to reference computer programmes

Computer Programme

In-text example: Reference order:


Camtasia Relay (TechSmith, 2012) allows you to record 1. Author(s) (if given)
live presentations. 2. Date (if given)
3. Title of programme (in italics and capitalise initial
Reference example: letters)
TechSmith Corporation (2012) Camtasia Relay (Version4) 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
[Computer programme]. Available at: 5. [Computer programme]
http://www.techsmith.com/download.camtasiarelay/try/ 6. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number
default.asp (Accessed: 16 March 2012) (if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

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personal communication 22

How to reference personal communication

Personal Communications

In-text example: Reference order:


Fitzgibbon (2012) was of the view that.... 1. Speaker/sender/author (surname or family name
before initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of communication (in round brackets)
Fitzgibbon, K. (2012) Telephone conversation with 3. Medium of conversation
Amanda Thomas, 16 February. 4. Receiver of communication
5. Day/month of communication

This revised University of South Wales Guide to Harvard Referencing is credited to the collaboration between the
Student Development and Study Skills Service and USW Libraries.
Inspiration for this revised Guide is acknowledged to Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

For in-depth guidance on referencing we recommend that you borrow or purchase this textbook.

July 2011 (revised May 2021).

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