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Parts of Speech‫اجزای کالم‬

Words which are frequently used in speech or writing are called parts of speech.
‫کلماتی که مکررأ درجمالت استفاده می شوند بنام اجزای کالم یاد می شوند‬.
Parts of speech are divided into nine parts in number:‫ بخش تقسیم گردیده‬۹ ‫ اجزای به‬:
1. Noun ‫اسم‬
2. Adjective ‫صفت‬
3. Verb ‫فعل‬
4. Pronoun ‫ضمير‬
5. Adverb ‫قيد‬
6. Preposition ‫حرف اضافه‬
7. Conjunction ‫حرف ربط‬
8. Interjection ‫حرف ندا‬
9. Article ‫حرف تعريف‬
1. Noun : is a word which used as the name of some person, place or things.
‫ اشخاص ومكان استفاده ميگردد‬،‫ كلمه ايست كه براي ناميدن اشيا‬:‫اسم‬.
Ex: Kabul, Ahmad, Chair, Dog…
2. Pronoun: is word which is used instead of a noun and prevents from its repetition in
the sentences.
‫ كلمه است كه به جاي اسم استفاده شده وازتكرارآن جلوگيري ميكند‬:‫ضمير‬.
Ex: Ahmad is a student.He has first position in the class.
3. Verb: is word which is used to show state or action or doing of an action is called
verb
‫وياانجام دادن يك عمل را فعل گويند‬.‫كلمه است كه حالت وياعمل را نشان ميدهد‬:‫فعل‬.
Ex: I am student, I study hard.
Ex: The girl is writing a letter.
4. Adjective: is a word which is used to something to the meaning of a noun.
)‫ كلمه است كه معنی اسم را کامل میسازد(یا اسم را توصیف میکند‬:‫صفت‬
Ex: Lisa is an intelligent student. She is a clever girl.
5. Adverb : is a word which is used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
‫ صفت و یا قید دیگری را کامل می سازد‬،‫کلمه است که معنی فعل‬:‫قيد‬.
Example: Mohammad writes well. ‫محمد خوب نوشت‬.
Example: He spoke quiet normally.‫او کامالٌ عادی صحبت کرد‬.
Example: Mohammad speaks very well‫محمد صحبت کرد بسیار خوب‬. .
6. Preposition: is a word which is used to show relationship between two person, place
or thing.
‫مكان ويادوشي رانشان ميدهد‬،‫ كلمه است كه رابطه بین دوشخص‬: ‫حرف اضافه‬.
They are consisting in: ‫آنها عبارت اند‬:
At, for, with, to, from, in, on
Ex: I study for two weeks. The book is on the desk.
Ex: I am from Afghanistan. I am with you.

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7. Conjunction: is a word which is used to join two nouns, two sentence or Two
words.
‫دوجمله ويادوكلمه استفاده ميشود‬،‫ كلمه است براي ربط دادن دو اسم‬:‫حرف ربط‬.
They are consisting: and, but, or, too….
Ex: Ali and Wail are brothers. I study hard but she doesn’t
Ex: Study your lessons or leave the course.
8. Interjection: is word which is used to show some sudden feeling.
‫ كلمه است كه احساسات را نشان ميدهد‬:‫حرف ندا‬.
Ex:Wow! What a nice car! , Hurrah! We won the game!
9. Article: is a word which is used with a noun or adjective to determine it.
‫ كلمه است كه يك اسم ويا يك صفت رامعين ميسازد‬:‫حرف تعريف‬.
Ex: The tall place, A good boy, An excellent student.
Article is divided into two parts:
1. Definite article. ‫حروف تعريف معين‬
2. Indefinite article. ‫حروف تعريف نامعين‬
Definite article: there is only one definite article in English language which is (The).
.‫) ميباشد‬the(‫درزبان انگليسي فقط يك حرف تعريف معين وجود داردكه عبارت از‬: ‫حرف تعريف معين‬
Ex: The Sun is shining; I have the first position in the class.
Indefinite Article:
1) (A) Is used before the nouns which started with a consonant letter.
‫قبل ازاسم هاي استفاده ميشودكه به حروف بيصدا شروع شده باشد‬.
Ex: A book, a pen.
2) (an) Is used before the nouns which started with a vowel letter.
‫قبل ازاسم هاي استفاده ميشودكه به حروف صدادار شروع شده باشد‬.
Ex: an apple, an orange, an egg, Ahmad is an intelligent student.
WH (information questions)
‫سواالت معلوماتی‬
Are those which are used to get information about persons, places or things?
They are consisting: what, who, when, where, which, why and how.
‫عبارت ازسواالت هستندكه براي گرفتن معلومات در مورداشخاص اشيا و مكان استفاده ميشود‬.
Ex: who supports your family? My father supports my family.
The usage of information question
What: is used to get information about things, or personal information.
Ex: what is this? This is a pen. What is your name?
Who: is used to get information about persons.
Ex: who help you with your lessons?
When: is used to get information about time.
Ex: When will you leave here?.
Where: is used to get information about place.
Ex: Where is your house located?.
Which: is used to get information about choice or expressing the choice.
Ex: which city is the most beautiful city for you?
Why: is used for receiving result or reason.
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Ex: Why do you come late? Why she was absent?

How: is used to get information about condition or situation.
Ex : how are you? How was the weather yesterday? How is your health?
Demonstrative Pronouns‫ضمایر اشاره وی‬
Are those which are used instead of noun and point out some person, place animals or
things?
When placed before nouns are called demonstrative Adjective.
They consist in: This, That, These and Those.
‫عبارت از ضمايرهستند كه بجاي اسم قرار گرفته وبراي اشاره كردن اشياء اشخاص ومكان استفاده ميشود‬.
‫زمانيكه قبل از اسم واقع گردد بنام صفت اشاري ياد ميگردد‬.
Ex: This is an English book. These are English books.
Ex: That is an English Book. Those are English Books.
This : is used to point out some singular person or thing which is near the speaker.
‫براي اشاره كردن اشخاص واشياي مفرد كه نزديك گوينده باشد استفاده ميشود‬.
Ex: This is a car. This car is nice.
That : is used to point out some singular person or thing which is far from the speaker.
‫براي اشاره كردن اشخاص واشياي مفرد كه دور گوينده باشد استفاده ميشود‬.
Ex: That is a car. That car is nice.
These : is used to point out some plural persons or things which is near to speaker.
‫براي اشاره كردن اشخاص واشياي جمع كه نزديك گوينده باشد استفاده ميشود‬.
Ex: These are cars. These cars are nice.
Those : Is used to point out some plural persons or things which is far from the speaker.
‫براي اشاره كردن اشخاص واشياي جمع كه دور گوينده باشد استفاده ميشود‬.
Ex: Those are cars. Those cars are nice.
Yes / No Question‫نخیر‬/‫سواالت بلی‬
Are those which are used to get information about persons, place, and things or in other
words :yes / no question are used to get less information about beings.
‫ و يا به عباره ديگرسواالت‬. ‫ مكان واشياء استفاده ميشود‬، ‫كلمه است كه براي گرفتن معلومات در باره اشخاص‬
‫نخير براي گرفتن معلومات كمتردرموردموجودات استفاده ميشود‬/‫بلي‬.
Note: the response for (yes/no) is yes no
Ex: are you a student? Yes I am. Is it a car? Yes it is. No it is
Have to and Has to
Have to and Has to both show obligation.‫هردوآن مجبوریت را نشان میدهد‬. .
Ex: They have to study hard. She has to go there.
Note1: have to is used with the subject (I, we, you, they)and Has to is used with the subject
(he, she, it).
Ex: she has to leave there. I have to study my lesson.
Memo: had to is used in the past form of have to and has to
Ex: We had to study hard.
Can
Can is a kind of model auxiliary verb and it is used to show mental and physical ability and
could is used in the past form of can.
‫ استفااده‬could ‫ از جمله افعال كمكي وجهي بوده كه توانائي دماغي وجسمي را نشان ميدهدودرحالت گذشته آن‬Can
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Ex: I can speak English (Mental ability) ‫ميشود‬.

Ex: she can play football (Physical ability)
Ex: can she play football (Question?) she cannot play football (Negative)
Ex: She could play football (past)
Other usage of Can
a. Can show probability. Ex: it can rain tonight.‫يك احتمال را نشان ميدهد‬
b. Can show permission. Ex: can I read your book?‫اجازه را نشان ميدهد‬.
Note: in the future tense (be able to) is used instead of can.
Ex: she will be able to play football. (Future tense)
Let’s
Let’s is the contracted form of (let us) and is used to make suggestion.
.‫) بوده وبراي تقاضا كردن استفاده ميشود‬let us( ‫ شكل اختصاري‬:‫بياكه‬
Ex: let’s do the homework. Let’s go to the park.
Here and over there
They are adverb of place and show location.
‫ هر دو قيدمكان هستندوموقعيت را نشان ميدهند‬:‫اينجا وآنجا‬.
Note:(here) is used for near distance and (over there) is for far distance.
Ex: here is banana. Over there is onion.
Really + Adjective
Really is an intensive adverb and it modifies an Adjective.
.‫) يك قيد تاكيدي است حالت وچگونگي صفت را بيان ميكند‬Really(
Ex: is Humaira a good cook? Yes, she is really good cook.
Adjective + Noun
When an Adjective comes before a noun it describes the noun.
‫زمانيكه يك صفت قبل از اسم وافع گردد همان اسم را توصيف ميكند‬.
Ex: Mustafa is an intelligent teacher in khaibar Course.
)Tobe verbs( ‫افعال بودن‬
.‫افعال بودن کلماتی اند که حالت وموجودیت را نشان میدهد‬: ‫افعال بودن‬
.‫نوت افعال بودن را در ضمايرشخصي چنين استفاده ميكنيم‬
Example: I am healthy ) ‫(حالت‬
.Example: I am at home ( ‫) موجودیت‬
.I am a boy
We
.You are boys
They
.He is a boy
.She is a girl
.It is a dog
‫ براي سواليه ساختن جمالت كه افعال بودن دارند فعل بودن را در اول جمله قرار ميدهيم وجمله ما به سواليه‬:‫نوت‬
.‫) را اضافه ميكنيم‬not( ‫ در جمالت منفي بعد از فعل بودن كلمه‬.‫تبديل ميشود‬
.He is a boy ‫شکل بیانیه‬
?Is he a boy ‫شکل سوالیه‬
.He is not a student ‫شکل منفی‬
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)Subject Pronoun( ‫ ضمايرفاعل‬:1

.‫ضمایری اند که که به جای فال در جمالت استفاده می شوند‬: )subject pronouns(‫ضمايرفاعلی‬
I, we, you, they, he, she, it
)Object Pronoun(‫ ضمايرمفعولي‬:2
.‫ گيرنده يك عمل را ضماير مفعولي گويند‬: Object pronoun ‫ضمايرمفعولي‬
Object Sentence
Me They love me
Us They want us
You She listened to you
Them We see them
Him I saw him
Her He wanted her
It I work with it

)Possessive Pronoun( :‫ ضمايرملكي‬3

.‫ضمایری اند که به جای اسم استفاده می شود‬: ‫ضماير ملكي‬
Possessive Sentence
Mine ‫ازمن‬ This pen is mine
Ours‫ما‬ This car is ours
Yours‫شما‬ This book is yours
Theirs‫آنها‬ This city is theirs
His ‫مرد‬ This flower is his
Hers ‫زن‬ That flower is hers
Its ‫ازاوخنثي‬ This ink is its
)Possessive Adjective Pronouns( ‫ ضمايرصفت ملكي‬4
.‫ضماير صفت ملكي صفت ملكيت را ميكند‬
Possessive Adjective Sentence
My ?Where is my pen
Our That is our pen
Your ?What is your name
Their ?Where are their books
His ?Where is his friend
Her Her name Shafiqa
Its The ink is belong to its
:)Reflective Pronouns( ‫ ضماير انعكاسي‬5
.‫ضماير هستند كه به خود فرد بر ميگردد‬
Reflective Sentence
Myself I saw you myself
Ourselves They give pen ourselves
Yourselves You saw her yourselves
Themselves He listen to themselves
Himself she look he himself
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‫‪Herself‬‬ ‫‪He look she herself‬‬

‫‪Itself‬‬ ‫‪It give ink itself‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ضمايرموصولي (‪)Relative Pronouns‬‬
‫عالوه بر اينكه جانشين اسم ميشوند‪،‬براي ربط دادن دوجمله ساده وتشكيل يك جمله مركب ‪ ،‬نيز به كارميرود‪.‬‬

‫‪Relative‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪Sentence‬‬

‫كي ‪Who‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪The man, who you saw, is my brother‬‬
‫كي ‪Whom‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪The boy whom you saw is my brother‬‬
‫ازکی ‪Whose‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪Mary, whose sister you met, is sick‬‬
‫كدام‪Which‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪Which one is yours‬‬
‫چي ‪What‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪?What is her name‬‬
‫كه ‪That‬‬ ‫که‬ ‫‪This is the house that was burn‬‬
‫طرز استفاده وكاربردضمايرموصولي‬
‫‪ Who‬در حالت فاعلي بكار ميرود‬
‫‪ Whom‬در حالت مفعولي بكار ميرود‬
‫‪ Whose‬در حالت ملكي به كار ميرود‬
‫ضماير‪ who‬و ‪ whom‬فقط در اشخاص وضمايرموصولي ‪ whose‬هم در مورد اشخاص وهم در مورد اشيا وحالت‬
‫ملكي به كارميرود‪.‬‬
‫ضمير موصولي ‪ which‬فقط بري اشيا در حالت فاعلي ومفعولي به كار ميرود‪.‬‬
‫‪This is the girl who can dance well‬‬ ‫اين دختري است كه ميتواندخوب برقصد‬
‫‪Whom you saw is my brother‬‬ ‫پسري كه شما ديدي برادرم است‬
‫‪He is a man whose name is well known‬‬ ‫اين مردي است كه نامش مشهور است‬
‫من قلمي دارم كه خوب مي نويسد‬ ‫‪I have a pen which writes well‬‬
‫ضميرموصولي ‪ that‬فقط در جمالت توصيفي به كارميرود ومي توان آن را هم براي‬
‫اشخاص واشيا در حالت فاعلي ومفعولي بكار بر‪.‬‬
‫حالت فاعلي اول‪:‬‬
‫اين مردي است كه حانه را ساخت ‪This is the man that built the house.‬‬
‫‪ :‬حالت فاعلي دوم‬
‫‪The book that is lying on the desk is hers.‬‬ ‫كتابي كه روي ميز قرار دارد مال اوست‬
‫‪ :‬حالت مفعولي‬
‫‪This is the house that was burnt.‬‬ ‫اين خانه ئي است كه آتش گرفت‬
‫‪Countable Nouns‬‬
‫‪Are those which can be counted with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5… or the nouns which can con‬‬
‫‪them are called countable nouns.‬‬
‫اسم هاي قابل شمارش‪ :‬عبارت ازاسم هاي هستند كه توسط اعداد ‪ ....5,4,3,2,1‬شمرده ميشوندويا اسم هاي را كه‬
‫ميتوانيم شمار نمائيم اسم هاي قابل شمارش ياد ميشوند‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: Two boys. Five cars, four books.‬‬
‫‪Non Countable Nouns‬‬
‫‪Are those which cannot be counted with numbers 1,2,3,4,5…. But we can count their‬‬
‫‪quantity phrases like: kilo, pound, bottle, can etc….‬‬
‫اسم هاي غيرقابل شمارش‪ :‬عبارت ازاسم هاي هستند كه توسط اعداد ‪ ....5,4,3,2,1‬شمرده نميشوندبلكه ما ميتوانيم‬
‫مقدار آنها راهمراه عبارت هاي مقداري اندازه نمائيم‪ .‬مثالً ‪ :‬كيلو‪ ،‬پاو ‪ ،‬بوتل وغيره‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: A kilo of meat, a bottle of milk.‬‬
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How many and How Much

1. How many: is numeral adjective or an interrogative expression and it asks about the
number of nouns (count nouns)
.)‫ (قابل شمارش‬.‫ يك صفت عددي يا يك عبارت پرسشي بوده ودرموردتعداداسم ها پرسش ميكند‬:)How many(
Ex: how many students are there in your class?
2. How Much : is a quantities adjective or an interrogative expression and I ask about
quantity of nouns (non count noun)
.)‫(غيرقابل شمارش‬.‫ يك صفت عددي يا يك عبارت پرسشي بوده ودرموردتعداداسم ها پرسش ميكند‬:)How much(
Ex: how much money do you have? How much sugar do you have?
Structure
Structure is the formula which we can form the sentence of a tense is called structure.
Tense ‫زمان‬
The form of the verb, which shows the happening of an action, is called tense.
‫ وقت وانجام يك عمل را نشان ميدهد‬/ ‫ شكل از فعل بوده كه زمان‬: ‫زمان‬.
Ex: I saw Ahmad yesterday.
Simple present tense
Simple present tense is used to show facts, habitual and daily activity action.
‫عمل عادت واروعمل روزمره را نشان میدهد‬،‫حقایق‬:‫زمان حال ساده‬..
Affirmative Form: S + V (s/es) + Complement
I work every day.
Question Form: Do/Does + S + V + Complement
Dose she work every day.
Negative Form: S + Do/Does + Not + V + Complement
They don’t work every day.
N, Question Form: Do/Does + Not + S + V + Complement
Do not we work every day?
Note: Do is used with Plural Subject (I, we, you, and they)
Note: Does is used with singular subject (he, she and it)
Rules of adding (s/es)
(1): we add (es) at the end of those verbs, which end in(s, ss, sh, ch, o, x, z)
Ex: Wash == washes. Teach == Teaches. Go == Goes
(2): verb ending in (y) following a consonant (y) is changed to (i) and (es) added.
Ex: study === studies
(3): verb ending in (y) following a vowel (y) is not changed to (i), but just (s) added.
Ex: play === plays. Say === Says. Stay === Stays
Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense is used to show the duration of an action which is in progress at
the moment of speaking.
‫ جريان يك عمل را نشان ميدهد كه در حال جريان يا در لحظه صحبت كردن باشد‬: ‫زمان حال جاري‬.
Ex: the boys are playing football right now.
Affirmative Structure: S + Tobe verb + V _(ing) + Complement
I am working right now.
Question Structure: Tobe verb + S + V(ing) + Complement
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Is she working right now?

Negative Structure: S + Tobe verb + Not + V(ing) + Complement
They are not working right now.
N, Q, Structure: Tobe verb + Not + S +V(ing) + Complement
Are not you speaking English right now?
Rules of adding (ing)
(1): verbs ending in single (e), drop (e) and add (ing)
Ex: Take=taking. Give=giving. Write=writing.
(2): Add (ing) at the end of the verbs ending in double (ee) with out any change.
Ex: Agree=Agreeing. See=seeing. Flee=Fleeing.
(3): verbs ending in (ie) change (ie) to (y) and add (ing)
Ex: Tie=Tying. Die=dying
(4): one syllable verbs ending in a consonant following a vowel, double the last consonant
before adding (ing)
Ex: Swim=swimming. Stop=stopping. Run=running.
(5): Add an extra (k) at the end of the verb ending in ( c ) before adding (ing)
Ex: Picnic=picnicking. Traffic=Trafficking.
Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense is used to show an action which started and finished in a particular time
in the past.
‫ يك عملی را نشان ميدهد كه در گذشته در وقت معین شروع وختم شده باشد‬: ‫زمان گذشته ساده‬.
Affirmative Structure: S + V2 + Complement
I worked yesterday.
Question Structure: Did + S + V1 + Complement
Did she work yesterday?
Negative Structure: S + did + Not + V1 + Complement
I didn’t work yesterday.
N, Q, Structure: Did + Not + S + V1 + Complement
Did not she go to school yesterday?
Memo :( did) is the past for of do/does and it is an auxiliary verb that is used in the simple
past to change the sentence into question and negative forms. When (did) is used in the
sentence the base form of the verb is used.
Rules of adding (d/ed)
(1): verbs ending in (y) following a consonant change (y) to (i) and add (ed)
Ex: Study = Studied, Try = Tried.
(2): verbs ending in (y) following a vowel add (ed) without any change.
Ex: Play = Played. Stay = Stayed.
(3): verbs ending in (e) or (ee) add only (d).
Ex: injure = injured. Agree = agreed.
(4): one syllable verbs ending in a consonant following a vowel double the last consonant
and add (ed).
Ex: Stop = Stopped, Drop = Dropped.
Imperative Sentences
Prepared by Department of khaybar Educational Center.
 Khaybar Educational Center ‫آموزشگاه علمی خیبر‬

Are those sentences which are used to tell someone to do something or not to do
something, Imperative sentence is divided in to two parts?
‫ عبارت از جمالت هستندكه به كردن ونكردن يك عمل شخص را وادار ميسازدجمالت امریه به‬: ‫جمالت امريه‬
‫دوبخش تقسیم شده است‬.
1) Positive Imperative. ‫جمالت امريه مثبت‬.
2) Negative Imperative. ‫جمالت امريه منفي‬.
(1): Positive imperative: are those sentences which are used to tell someone to do
something.
‫ عبارت از جمالت هستند كه به كردن عمل شخص را وادار ميسازد‬: ‫جمالت امريه مثبت‬.
Ex: Bring me a glass of water. (Positive)
Ex: Don’t speak with each other. (Negative)
Pluralizing of Nouns
We can only make countable nouns plural.
Ex: Book = books. Car = Cars. School = Schools.
We can’t make uncountable nouns plural.
Ex: Milk = Milks
We can make countable nouns plural into two ways.
1. Regular nouns
2. Irregular nouns
Ex: Boy = boys (regular nouns)
Ex: Man = Men (Irregular nouns)
We can make countable nouns plural by adding (s) or (es) at the end of them.
(a): we add (es) at the end of nouns which end with(S,SS,CH,SH,X,Z,O).
Ex: bus = buses. Class = classes. Watch = watches. Brush = brushes. Box = boxes.
(b): nouns end with (f) or (fe) change (f/fe) in to (v) and add (es).
Ex: knife = knives. Wife = wives.
Note: there are some exceptions as follows……
Ex: Roof = Roofs. Chief = Chiefs.
(c) : nouns end in (y) and followed a consonant change (y) to (i) and add (es).
Ex: City = Cities. Party = parties. Baby = babies.
(d) : nouns ends in (y) and followed a vowel add only (s) without change.
Ex: Boy = boys.
2.: Irregular Nouns:
Irregular nouns are not pluralized by adding (s/es) so we can make them plural by adding a
suffix or change their vowels letters.
‫) جمع نميشوندبدين لحاظ ما ميتوانيم آنها را با افزودن يك پيشوندويا تغير دادن‬s/es( ‫اسم هاي بي قاعده با افزودن‬
.‫يكي از حروف صدادارشان آنها را جمع بسازيم‬
Ex: Man = Men. Child = Children. Foot = Feet. Tooth = Teeth

Prepared by Department of khaybar Educational Center.