Introduction to Engineering

Assessment
Task 5
Group of
OHM MY GHAD

Members:
Adrian Algones Camilon
Bernard N. Baldesco
Christian Densel Magpantay
Lyneth Silva
Mark Luke Ulit
Zyra Malto
 Rationale
The reason why we chose this
field to innovate and improve is
that the time for mainstream
innovation for alternative sources
of energy and the sector of
transportation is needed right now
with the effects of climate change
and its destructive effects on the
environment, and its negative
impact on the lives of all.
Innovations on the
transportation industry will be
impactful not only in the
environment but will also be
beneficial both economically and
socially. Electric vehicles (EVs)
are gaining boost due to several
factors, including falling prices,
climate and environmental
consciousness. Going green energy
is the right track which we all
want to be. The automotive
industry is one of the most
important industries in the world,
not only at an economic level, but
also in terms of research and
development. Many technical
elements are being introduced into
vehicles to improve passenger and
pedestrian safety. Also, the
number of cars on the road has
increased, making it possible to
travel quickly and comfortably.
With Electric Vehicles, more
safety features can be added.
More sophisticated power systems
such as storage of electricity with
batteries and the on-board power
generation can be added.
Economically these vehicles must
be affordable so that the public
will have more access to it and
make this endeavor successful.
This innovation of ours also stems
from some of the pillars of the 17
SDGs namely, goal 7 affordable
clean energy - in this particular
case we are trying to innovate
ways to include power generation
within the EV that can be
developed on its own, that is clean
and economically viable for those
who are in need. Next is the goal 9
industry, innovation and
infrastructure, with what we are
trying to achieve if it is successful,
it will usher in new developments
in the transportation sector and
will boost more studies and
research in this field. Lastly it also
falls within the goal 13 the climate
action where this green technology
is very helpful in reducing the
effect of climate change.

Need Statement and the Objective

With much debate and thought
the need statement we have been
approved of is; “Users need a more
comfortable, reliable, yet pollution-
free e-vehicle.” This stems from
the interviews we have done that
reflected the said need statement.
The first and most complained
part of the e-vehicle is the range of
travel, it is short and is not able
yet to reach the economic viability
compared to the other
conventional vehicles, then the
problems with the comfortability
with the more inexpensive models
of the e-vehicles, and others that
resulted with the scope and
limitations of our need statement.
Our objective is set to be “the
improvement of the e-vehicles in
terms of comfortability and
reliability,” this stems with the
results of the combined results of
the interviews and inquiries we
have conducted.

Related Review of Literature

By using energy instead of oil for
efficient environmental
management, plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs) have
been proposed by those who
provide Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
infrastructure as a potential
option to minimize greenhouse gas
(GHG) and other pollutants.
Electric vehicles are frequently
viewed as a key to future low
carbon transportation since they
help to optimize the environment
management more effectively and
offer a viable option for lowering
air pollution in cities. However,
their environmental advantages
depend on the time and spatial
sense of actual use, and issues like
restricted range made the
introduction of electric vehicles
more difficult (EVs). In order to
effectively manage environmental
issues, minimal net life cycle
expense, GHG emissions, and oil
usage are taken into account while
defining optimal automobile
designs and assigning vehicles to
drivers across a range of
situations. The life cycle costs and
the emission of GHG are
decreased by developing overused
vehicle power for commensurate
output, weight, and cost impact,
using high battery swinging, and
replacing batteries as needed.
Furthermore, the usage of energy
sources in the environment has
had a significant impact on both
pollution and energy consumption
(EC). There was a huge amount of
coal-fired energy produced as a
result of the significant energy
consumption and pollution factors.
The findings demonstrate that by
combining the suggested model
with a permitted variation, the
PHEV can achieve improved fuel
economy. ( Zhao, J., et al., 2021)
The increasing rate of pollution
and global warming caused
electric vehicles to be created. The
electric vehicle runs partially or
entirely on electric power, so it is
environmentally friendly. Battery
electric vehicles have several
advantages, including better
performance, cutting-edge
technology, connectivity,
environmental friendliness,
quieter ride, and low operating
costs (Faraz et al., 2020). The
electric vehicle has many features.
However, there are some
disadvantages, especially e-bikes,
such as the driving range, initial
cost, lack of charging
infrastructure, time to charge,
heavy weights, high costs, risk of
theft, traffic safety hazards, and
limited battery range
(Cauwenberg et al., 2018; Faraz et
al., 2020).
 Therefore, it is necessary to
innovate e-bikes further to make
them comfortable, reliable, and
pollution-free. Since most energy
sources in our country come from
fossil fuels and coal, it will badly
affect the environment. Using
renewable energy sources to
power battery electric vehicles can
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
(Faraz et al., 2020). A solar panel
can be installed on the roof of an
e-bike, and the motor can directly
use the power absorbed by the
panel. If not, a battery will supply
power to the motor (Haral et al.,
2020). So It has been concluded
that solar-powered e-bikes have
the potential for use in urban
areas and cities as sustainable
ways to travel, potentially
replacing conventional forms of
transport (Apostolou et al., 2018).

With global warming becoming

a severe issue, consumers have
become aware of the need to
embrace renewable energy
programs directly and come to
terms with more sustainable
transportation options. One of the
most important reasons for
moving from a fuel-powered
engine to an electrical one is the
environmental advantages of
electric cars. Pollution is one of
the biggest reasons that people
gravitate towards electric vehicles.
E vehicles also have a
disadvantage. The lifespan of an
electric vehicle's battery is a
major concern, as is the possibility
that range anxiety may make
buying an electric car less
appealing. Another concern about
it is the charging time. Unlike the
fuel engine, where you can fill it
up within 5 minutes, electrical
vehicles are known to have a slow
charging experience. Modernizing
the battery technology within the
car is one innovation that is now
under development and has the
potential to cut costs and increase
market value. Within the next ten
years, cheaper batteries could
make electric vehicles more
affordable than gas-powered ones
because of the ongoing
improvement of lithium-ion
battery cathodes.
Business model innovation
consists of new ways of defining,
creating, and capturing value
including non-monetary value,
and is an indicator of crossing
traditional sector boundaries,
thereby providing the necessary
agency to achieve significant new
market opportunities around
technological innovation.
Individual businesses may lack the
scope or depth of competencies
required, especially in the case of
entrenched industrial structures,
framings, regulatory provision,
and consumer attitudes. Business
models are thus potentially
ossified within highly structured
socio-technical systems. This
article analyses innovation in
business models arising from the
confluence of two mature and
stable industries under conditions
of external pressure, deregulation,
privatization, and the emergence
of a new, shared interest. We
illustrate the paper with examples
of vehicle manufacturers
developing business concepts for
vehicle-to-grid, domestic energy,
second life, and industrial
electricity provision from
renewable energy. We find that in
the period 2012 to 2020, 17 vehicle
manufacturers used 38 electric
models to test a diverse menu of
options established from four
applications with changes in
boundary conditions that have
influenced business model
innovation. This process created
space for energy policy and
mobility policy to become
increasingly intertwined as
battery electric vehicles enter the
mass market, raising questions
over the future of automobility as
well as electricity generation and
distribution.

Figuring out how to charge these

vehicles will become an
increasingly important problem to
tackle.Utilities in California are
investing more than $1 billion to
build the charging infrastructure
necessary for electric cars, trucks,
and buses throughout the state.
These kinds of infrastructure
investments will become
increasingly important for public
transit agencies, businesses, and
people who want to purchase an
electric car but are unable to
install a charger at home.“The
federal government isn’t working
on a national solution for charging
the country’s electric vehicles,”
explains Adrian Martinez, a
senior attorney at Earthjustice’s
Right to Zero campaign, who has
advocated for electrification
infrastructure in California,
“which means that it’s up to each
state to take a hard look at its grid
and figure out an electric vehicle
charging plan for its turf.”
(Earthjustice 2020)

Electrification is a key aspect of

modern life, and electric motors
and machines are prevalent in
manufacturing, consumer
electronics, robotics, and EVs
(Zhu and Howe 2007). One reason
for the recent success and rise in
adoption of EVs is the use of
advanced lithium-ion batteries
with improved performance, life,
and lower cost. Improved energy
and power performance, increased
cycle and calendar life, and lower
costs are leading to EVs with
longer electric range and better
acceleration at lower cost premia
that are attracting consumers.
This section summarizes the state-
of-the-art for batteries and for
power electronics, electric
machines, and electric traction
drives in terms of cost,
performance, power and energy
density, and reliability, and
highlights some research
challenges, pathways, and targets
for the future.(Matteo Muratori et
al 2021 Prog. Energy 3 022002)
Opportunities to improve
performance and reduce costs
further are being pursued in a
number of major research areas.
The battery community is
investigating a number of
materials, with the aim of
reducing the cost and increasing
the energy density of battery
systems (Deign and Pyper 2018)

Results and Discussion of the

Ideation Procedure
Brainstorming:
Power Delivery System
Comfortability and New Features

Sketch of the Prototype:

 Modern E-Tricycle with
Electrolysis-Solar Power Delivery
“Kidlat Power System”
(Citations)
Zhao, J., et al. (2021). The
technological innovation of hybrid
and plug-in electric vehicles for
environment carbon pollution
control
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie
nce/article/abs/pii/S019592552030
7848Van Cauwenberg, J., De
Bourdeaudhuij, I., Clarys, P., de
Geus, B., & Deforche, B. (2018).
E-bikes among older adults:
benefits, disadvantages, usage and
crash characteristics.
Transportation.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-
018-9919-y

Faraz, A., Ambikapathy, A.,

Thangavel, S., Logavani, K., &
Arun Prasad, G. (2020). Battery
Electric Vehicles (BEVs). Electric
Vehicles, 137–160.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-
15-9251-5_8

Apostolou, G., Reinders, A., &

Geurs, K. (2018). An Overview of
Existing Experiences with Solar-
Powered E-Bikes. Energies, 11(8),
2129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en1108212
9

Haral, G., Chougale, S., Kalke, R.,

& Kapadnis, N. (2020).
Development Of Solar E-Bike.
Retrieved from
http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/spl-
134.pdf

Smith, A (2019, September 24),

Electric Car Innovation: How
Electric Vehicles Are Changing the
World, Plug and Play Tech Center,
https://www.plugandplaytechcente
r.com/resources/electric-car-
innovation-how-electric-vehicles-
are-changing-world/

J. Köhler et al.
An agenda for sustainability
transitions research: state of the
art and future directions
Environ. Innovat. Societal
Transitions
(2019)