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    CVE - 131 - 1 - Lecture 2

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    Zxero
    Here are the solutions to the soil problems: 1. (a) Water content = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 or 30% (b) Void ratio = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 (c) Saturated unit weight = (520 g)/(400 g/cm^3) = 1.3 g/cm^3 (d) Effective unit weight = (1-0.3)×1.3 = 0.91 g/cm^3 2. Void ratio = 0.1/(1-0.1) = 0.1111 Air voids = 1/(1+e) - S = 1/(1+0.1111

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CVE - 131 - 1 - Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Zxero
    83 views15 pages
    Here are the solutions to the soil problems: 1. (a) Water content = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 or 30% (b) Void ratio = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 (c) Saturated unit weight = (520 g)/(400 g/cm^3) = 1.3 g/cm^3 (d) Effective unit weight = (1-0.3)×1.3 = 0.91 g/cm^3 2. Void ratio = 0.1/(1-0.1) = 0.1111 Air voids = 1/(1+e) - S = 1/(1+0.1111

    Original Title

    CVE_131_1_Lecture 2

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    Here are the solutions to the soil problems: 1. (a) Water content = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 or 30% (b) Void ratio = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 (c) Saturated unit weight = (520 g)/(400 g/cm^3) = 1.3 g/cm^3 (d) Effective unit weight = (1-0.3)×1.3 = 0.91 g/cm^3 2. Void ratio = 0.1/(1-0.1) = 0.1111 Air voids = 1/(1+e) - S = 1/(1+0.1111

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views15 pages

    CVE - 131 - 1 - Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Zxero
    Here are the solutions to the soil problems: 1. (a) Water content = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 or 30% (b) Void ratio = (520-400)/400 = 0.3 (c) Saturated unit weight = (520 g)/(400 g/cm^3) = 1.3 g/cm^3 (d) Effective unit weight = (1-0.3)×1.3 = 0.91 g/cm^3 2. Void ratio = 0.1/(1-0.1) = 0.1111 Air voids = 1/(1+e) - S = 1/(1+0.1111

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    CVE 131

    Engr. Raquel O. Masalig


    18𝜇𝑧
    𝐷=
    (𝐺𝑠 − 1)𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝑡𝐷

    𝐷 − diameter D (cm) of the particle at time 𝑡𝐷


    𝜇 − 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (0.01𝑔/ 𝑐𝑚. 𝑠 𝑎𝑡20°𝐶
    𝐺𝑠 - specific gravity
    𝜌𝑤 - density of water
    𝑧 - depth
    Calculation of Particle Diameter from Hydrometer Test Data
    At a certain stage in a hydrometer test, the vertical distance moved by soil particles of a certain size over a
    period of 1 minute is 0.8 cm. The temperature measured is 208C. If the specific gravity of the soil particles is
    2.7, calculate the diameter of the particles using Stokes’s law. Are these silt or clay particles?
    .
    Solution:

    Calculate the particle diameter using Stokes’s law.

    18𝜇𝑧
    𝐷= 0.01𝑔
    (𝐺𝑠 − 1)𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝑡𝐷 18 × 𝑐𝑚. 𝑠 × 0.08𝑐𝑚
    𝐷= 𝑔 𝑐𝑚
    (2.7 − 1) × 1 3 981 2 × 60𝑠
    𝑐𝑚 𝑠
    𝜇 = 0.01𝑔/ 𝑐𝑚. 𝑠 𝑎𝑡20°𝐶
    1𝑔
    𝜌𝑤 =
    𝑐𝑚3
    𝑔 = 981𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 𝐷 = 0.0012𝑐𝑚
    𝐺𝑠 = 2.7
    𝐷 = 0.012𝑐𝑚
    𝑧 = 0.8cm
    Are these silt or clay particles?
    𝐷 = 0.012𝑐𝑚

    Silt particles have sizes between 0.075 mm and 0.005 mm.


    Therefore, the soil particles belong to the silt fraction of the soil.
    Partially Saturated Fully Saturated Dry Soil
    Idealized
    Volumes Weights

    𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
    𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 Moisture content, w =
    Void Ratio, e = 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
    𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
    Unit weight, 𝛾 = 𝑉
    𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
    Porosity, n = 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Mass Density, 𝜌=
    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
    𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
    Degree of Saturation, S =
    𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 Specific gravity, 𝐺𝑠 =
    =𝑒

    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 + 𝑒
    𝑆 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝛾𝑤 = 𝑤𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 =

    𝑺𝒆 = 𝒘𝑮𝒔 =1 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠
    Void Ratio, e =
    𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 = 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
    𝒆
    Porosity, n =
    𝟏+𝒆

    𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 + 𝑆𝑒𝛾𝑤 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒


    𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 =𝛾= = = 𝛾
    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1+𝑒 1+𝑒 𝑤

    𝑤
    𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 1+ 𝛾
    100 𝑑
    Fully Saturated Dry Soil
    S=1 S=0

    𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒 𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 𝐺𝑠
    𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 𝛾 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾 𝛾𝑑 = 𝛾
    1+𝑒 𝑤 1+𝑒 𝑤 1+𝑒 𝑤

    𝑤
    𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 1+ 𝛾 𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
    100 𝑑
    𝐺𝑠 − 1
    𝛾′ = 𝛾
    1+𝑒 𝑤
    In its natural state, a moist soil has a volume of 0.33 ft3 and weighs 39.93 lb. The oven dry weight of the soil is 34.54.
    if the Gs = 2.67, calculate the following:
    a. Moisture content 𝑾𝒔 34.54𝑙𝑏 𝑾𝒘 5.39𝑙𝑏
    3
    b. Moist unit weight 𝑽𝒔 = = = 0.207𝑓𝑡 𝑽𝒘 = = = 0.086𝑓𝑡 3
    𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝒘 2.67(62.4𝑝𝑐𝑓) 𝜸𝒘 62.4𝑝𝑐𝑓
    c. Dry unit weight
    d. Void ration
    e. Porosity
    f. Degree of saturation = 0.037𝑓𝑡 3
    =0
    0.123𝑓𝑡 3 =

    = 39.93 − 34.54 = 5.39𝑙𝑏


    = 0.086𝑓𝑡 3
    0.33𝑓𝑡 3 = = 39.93𝑙𝑏

    = 0.207𝑓𝑡 3 = 34.54𝑙𝑏
    a. Moisture content,% d. Void ratio
    𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 5.39 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 0.123
    𝑤= = = 0.156 = 15.6% 𝑒= = = 0.59
    𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 34.54𝑙𝑏 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 0.207

    a. Moist unit weight e. Porosity


    𝑒 0.59
    𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 39.93𝑙𝑏 𝑛= = = 0.37
    𝛾𝑚 = = = 121 𝑙𝑏ൗ 1 + 𝑒 1 + 0.59
    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.33𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3

    a. Dry unit weight f. Degree of saturation,%


    𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 34.54𝑙𝑏
    𝛾𝑑 = = = 104 𝑙𝑏ൗ 3 𝑤𝐺𝑠 (0.156)(2.67)
    𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.33𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑆= = = 0.706 = 70.6%
    𝑒 0.59

    𝛾 121𝑝𝑐𝑓
    𝛾𝑑 = = = 104 𝑙𝑏ൗ𝑓𝑡 3
    1 + 𝑤 1 + 0.156
    A container of volume 2.83 3 10-3 m3 weighs 9.8 N. Dry sand was poured to fill the container. The container and
    the sand weigh 52.3 N. Calculate (a) the void ratio and (b) the porosity. Describe the condition of the soil (loose or
    dense). Assume Gs = 2.7.

    Weight of sand and container


    Weight of container
    Weight of dry sand
    Gs =
    Relative density (Dr) is an index that quantifies the degree of packing between the loosest (Dr=0%)
    and densest (Dr=100%) possible state of coarse-grained soils as determined by experiments.

    loosest possible soil configuration dense possible soil configuration

    Dr = 0% Dr = 100%
    e = emax e = emin
    Relative density (Dr) is an index that quantifies the degree of packing between the loosest (D r=0%)
    and densest (Dr=0%) possible state of coarse-grained soils as determined by experiments.

    𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑑 − 𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥)


    𝐷𝑟 = = ∙
    𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥) − 𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝛾𝑑

    ❑ Relative density (Dr) is only applicable to coarse-grained soils.

    ❑ A lot of correlations can be made with Dr including settlement, shear strength, permeability etc.
    Answer the following problems.

    1. The wet mass of a sample of saturated soil is 520 grams. The dry mass, after oven-drying, is 400 grams.
    Determine the (a) water content, (b) void ratio, (c) saturated unit weight, and (d) effective unit weight.

    2. A soil sample has a bulk unit weight of 19.8 kN/m3 at a water content of 10%. Determine the void ratio,
    percentage air in the voids (air voids), and the degree of saturation of this sample.

    3. A wet sand sample has a volume of 4.64 3 1024 m3 and weighs 8 N. After oven-drying, the weight reduces to 7.5
    N. Calculate the water content, void ratio, and degree of saturation.

    4. A particle size analysis on a soil sample yields the following data:


    Sieve no. 3/8” 4 10 20 60 200 Pan
    Sieve size (mm) 9.53 4.75 2.0 0.84 0.25 0.074 —
    Mass retained (grams) 0 310 580 380 260 680 210
    (a) Plot the particle size distribution curve.
    (b) Determine the amount of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils in the sample.

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