Lecture 2.2

Established as per the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956
Approved by AICTE, COA and BCI, New Delhi
Lecture 2.2
Continuity Equation
School of Mechanical Engineering
Mr. Madhu B P
madhubp@reva.edu.in
AY: 2020-2021
OUTLINE
Recap of previous Lecture
Topic for the Lecture
Objective and Outcome of Lecture
Lecture Discussion
Definition of Continuity equation
Derivation of Continuity equation

Reynolds Transport Theorem
Recap of previous Lecture
RECAP OF PREVIOUS LECTURE
Objectives, Outcomes
Definition of Lagrangian and Eulerian description
Definition of Reynolds Transport Theorem
Components of Reynolds Transport Theorem

Continuity Equation
Topic of the Lecture
TOPIC OF THE LECTURE
Define Continuity Equation
Deduction of Continuity Equation

RATE OF FLOW
Definition
RATE OF FLOW OR DISCHARGE
Definition
The quantity of a liquid flowing per second through a section of pipe or a channel
𝑚3
Mathematical equation Q=A V and Unit of rate of flow is
𝑠
In fluid Mechanics Eulerian Methods are used to determine fluid motion

Continuity equation
Definition
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Definition
The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass
A fluid flowing through the pipe at all cross section, the quantity of fluid per second is
constant
Continuity equation is applied to the compressible as well as incompressible fluids

Continuity equation
Detailed Explanation
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Continuity equation in three dimension
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Continuity equation in three dimension
• Consider fluid element of length dx, dy, dz in the directions respectively
• Mass of fluid entering the face ABCD per second
• Then mass of the fluid leaving the face EFGH per second
• Gain of mass in x direction

• Mass through ABCD-mass through EFGH per sec
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Similarly the net gain of mass in Y direction
• Similarly the net gain of mass in Z direction

CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Net gain of mass
𝜕𝜌
• Mass of fluid in the element in 𝜌 dxdydz or dxdydz
𝜕𝑥
CONTINUITY EQUATION
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Equation 1 is the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinate in its most general ,

this equation is applicable to
1) Steady and unsteady flow
2) Uniform and non uniform flow
3) Compressible and incompressible flow

CONTINUITY EQUATION
for steady flow
If 𝜌 Is constant
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Summing all terms in the previous slide and dividing by the volume xyz
results in:  ( u) ( v) ( w)
   0
t x y z
  div (  u)  0
• In vector notation: t
Net flow of mass across boundaries
Convective term
Change in density
u  v  w  0 ui
 0
x y z xi
• For incompressible fluids  𝜌/ t = 0, and the equation becomes:
div u = 0.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION
Finite control volume Finite control volume fixed

fixed in space mass moving with flow
 D
∫∫∫  dV  ∫∫  U  dS  0 ∫∫∫  dV  0
t V S Dt V
Integral form Integral form
Conservation form Non  conservation form
U
Infinitesimally small Infinitesimally small fluid element of fixed

element fixed in space mass (“fluid particle”) moving with the flow
 D
   (U)  0    U  0
t Dt
Differential form Differential form
Conservation form Non  conservation form 7
SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE
Definition
Explanation Derivation
of
Reynolds of Reynolds Definition of
Lagrangian Transport
Transport of Quantity Continuity
Theorem and Theorem flow equation
Eulerian
description
Continuity equation
Resources and Tasks to be completed
RESOURCES AND TASKS
Optional / Non-optional Reading resources for the lecture:
Non-optional Reading resource
Dr R K Bansal “Fluid Mechanics”

Lakshmi Publication,2008
Optional Reading resources

https://www.continuummechanics.org/continuityequation.html#:~:text=The%20c
ontinuity%20equation%20reflects%20the,change%20of%20mass%20within%20it.
https://byjus.com/physics/derivation-of-continuity-equation/
RESOURCES AND TASKS
Optional / Non-optional Tasks to be completed:
Optional Task
Prepare a document on Case study of continuity
equation
Non-optional Task
Importance of Continuity equation

RESOURCES AND TASKS
Reading resources for next lecture :
Topic: Momentum equation
J.D. Anderson, Jr., (2000) “Computational Fluid Dynamics

– The basics with applications”, 1st edition, New York,
McGraw-Hill, Inc
https://www.ozeninc.com/ansys-cfd-tech-tips/
DISCUSSION
5 MINUTES
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Continuity equation
THANK YOU

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Established as per the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956

Approved by AICTE, COA and BCI, New Delhi

School of Mechanical Engineering

Objective and Outcome of Lecture

Definition of Continuity equation

Derivation of Continuity equation

Definition of Lagrangian and Eulerian description

Definition of Reynolds Transport Theorem

Components of Reynolds Transport Theorem

Define Continuity Equation

Deduction of Continuity Equation

In fluid Mechanics Eulerian Methods are used to determine fluid motion

The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass

Continuity equation is applied to the compressible as well as incompressible fluids

• Mass of fluid entering the face ABCD per second

• Gain of mass in x direction

• Similarly the net gain of mass in Y direction

• Similarly the net gain of mass in Z direction

• Net gain of mass

Equation 1 is the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinate in its most general ,

1) Steady and unsteady flow

2) Uniform and non uniform flow

3) Compressible and incompressible flow

for steady flow

Finite control volume Finite control volume fixed

Infinitesimally small Infinitesimally small fluid element of fixed

Non-optional Reading resource

Dr R K Bansal “Fluid Mechanics”

Optional Reading resources

Importance of Continuity equation

Topic: Momentum equation

J.D. Anderson, Jr., (2000) “Computational Fluid Dynamics

Reynolds Transport Theorem

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