EMPIRICAL FIELD – look like empire but comes from a completely HOW DO YOU GET TRUTHS AND FACTS?

T TRUTHS AND FACTS? – By observation and

different origin: it is from the Greek empeirikos, meaning “experienced”. It experimentation.
was originally used in medicine for doctors making choices based on
observation and experiment rather than theoretical ideas. It's now used for  Science is a TOTAL SOCIETAL ENTERPRISE
any kind of knowledge that comes from experience.
- For example, you can meditate all day on how vaccines are created, but TRADITIONAL CHARITY - which means that it is non-profitable (for
until you visit a laboratory, read/watch materials about it, you will lack free) and is the primary driver to achieve social value.
empirical knowledge of vaccine creation. - Goal is to help freely without gaining any income from it.
- We need to use our Senses, seeing, hearing, tasting (not applicable to all of
course), touching (not relevant to all as well), and smelling. TRADITIONAL BUSINESS - This means that it focuses on getting profit
from investments.
Science is SYSTEMATIC method – it follows specific steps in order to
reach a certain conclusion. SOCIETAL ENTERPRISE - It says there – achieves social impact alongside
a financial return. So, it is a balance between profit and social value.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD – a process scientists use for scientific
investigations.  TECHNOLOGY is Applied Science
- Example, looks at the laptop on this slide. It is a product of scientific
> OBSERVE – scientific observations are based on facts and can be proven. progress on the usage of different materials such as metals to create
something useful for society. Also, the scientific knowledge that brought
> QUESTION – scientists ask question to guide their investigation, what? about the production of electricity paved the way for these electronic
How? When? Where? Who? devices. While it is true, it is not universal.

> HYPOTHESIS – scientists make an educated guess that can be tested. >> Do you see what’s at the center of the image? That is right, fire.
Now tell me, is fire a technology? Yes. But when hominids discovered it,
> PLAN – scientists plan how to gather evidence to answer the question. would you consider it a product of the application of scientific knowledge?
Definitely not! It is by chance that these hominids were able to harness fire.
> COLLECT DATA – scientists gather and record information to their So, this being said, it is not all the time that technology birthed from the
hypothesis. application of science. It can also be discovered by chance.

ANALYZE – scientists look closely at their data and ask, “What does the >> Winemaking by the early Egyptians. Do you think they already have
data tell me?” scientific knowledge with regards to microorganisms that create alcohol
from crushed grapes? None! Now this image shows that technology can also
CONCLUSION – scientists draw conclusions based on the results of the be given rise by trial and error. Now wine-making is more systematic with
investigation. the discovery of different tools and microorganisms involved in winemaking.

COMMUNICATE – scientists share their findings with others. >> This image shows that modern winemaking is a product of the
application of science. We will not discuss these steps one by one just
 Science COVERS GENERAL TRUTHS AND FACTS because it is not necessary. You see, fermentation is one of the steps to
produce wine. Yeasts produce alcohol in wine. If you want to be fancier,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the scientific name of that yeast.
  TECHNOLOGY is a BODY OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES (STS) - is a relatively new
- We already know that science is a body of knowledge – a collection of academic field. Its roots lie in the interwar period and continue into the
valuable information about a certain phenomenon. But we should also start of the Cold War, when historians and sociologists of science, and
realize that technology is also a body of knowledge and skills. Creation of scientists themselves, became interested in the relationship between
electronic devices, of different tools in industrialization, of medical scientific knowledge, technological systems, and society. The best-known
equipment is all technological advances. Note that not only the finished product of this interest was Thomas Kuhn’s classic 1962 study, The Structure
product is considered technology, but also the method through which it was of Scientific Revolutions.
created.
- This influential work helped crystallize a new approach to historical and
 TECHNOLOGY is can CONTROL AND MODIFY THE WORLD social studies of science, in which scientific facts were seen as products of
scientists’ socially conditioned investigations rather than as objective
 TECHNOLOGY is a TOTAL SOCIETAL ENTERPRISE representations of nature.
- Just like science, technology is supposedly a total societal enterprise.
Again, that means that social welfare must always be in the picture. But - Originally, STS is only offered at the University of the Philippines Diliman
with the rise of capitalism, the financial value is now being considered more but in 2013 the Commission on Higher Education adopted the course and
than the social value. included STS in the list of General Education subject offerings of colleges
and universities in the entire country.
DEFINITION OF SOCIETY - A society is a group of people with common
interests, traditions, purpose, and/or activity.

INTERCONNECTION OF STS
 Science aims to improve society. When society improves it develops
hunger for further improvement and so demands more from
science.
 Society also benefits from technology because technology makes
life easier for society. When technology is newly created, society
enjoys its benefits, but as further problem arises, some technology
needs to be improved and so technology demands from science
because in most cases science informs technology.

EMERGENCE OF STS AS A NEW FIELD OF STUDY - Science,

Technology and Society tracks the history of disciplines, the dynamics of
science as a social institution and the philosophical basis for scientific
knowledge.

STS - is not a hard science which means that we will not focus on science
and technology it is more of a social science that deals with the effect of
science and technology in society.
A N T E C E D E N T - which means an event or condition that
happened before something.
  PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (or Old Stone period)
THE HUMAN CONDITION BEFORE COMMON ERA – - Paleo means old and lithic came from lithos meaning stone.
Homo erectus have been using fire to cook - humans were food gatherers/hunters, depending on hunting
- Tools from stones and flints marked the era of Stone Age. wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts,
and berries.
“The primal need to survive paved way for the invention of - They are nomads with no permanent shelters. The record of
several developments.” – it is instinct of early humans to survive this long interval is very incomplete; it can be studied from
that allowed them to create several types of technologies. imperishable objects made of flint, stone, bone, and antler.

LAW OF FRICTION/ LAW OF HEAT – it is difficult to --------- “Venus” a carving of a voluptuous woman out of ivory of
pinpoint where technology is said to have started, but we stone. It is not definite as to what this carving means to the
consider the discovery of harnessing fire from chipping stones early humans, but historians infer that this is an ancient
that marked the advent of technology. representation of beauty while for some, a penchant for fertility.
 Fur clothing - were also made from the fur of the animals
THREE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS: they hunted.
 STONE AGE (2.5 mya – 3000 BC) - This era is marked  Pit houses - temporary shelters that they can bring with
by the invention and use of stone tools by our early them and reassemble to a new location (due to their
human ancestors and the eventual transformation of the lifestyle).
society from a culture of hunting and gathering to
farming and food production. ---------- Personal ornaments and crude (not polished) hunting
- This period is practically difficult for our ancestors. It is tools - made of stone were invented during this time.
because resources are not abundant, and they are also  MESOLITHIC PERIOD |Retreat of glaciers (End of Ice Age)|
living in the midst of wild animals making them easy - This period marked the end of the last Ice Age, which resulted
targets/prey. in the extinction of many large mammals (like mammoths,
- We know relatively little about this era because there are seen on the slide) and rising sea levels and climate change that
limited to no written accounts (of course) of the human eventually caused man to migrate.
activities that occurred here. Only cave drawings, unearthed - Ancient cultural stage between the Paleolithic and Neolithic
artifacts (such as stone tools, bone tools) are available for us period.
to study leaving us with little capacity to contemplate. - (microliths) Humans used small stone tools, now also more
polished and sometimes crafted with points and attached to
- The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrows. This tool
– Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic period – based on the was also used for digging the ground and stitching clothes. They
degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of these often lived nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of
stone tools. water.
- Agriculture was introduced during this time, which led to - Smelting iron, a metal harder than copper and tin, requires a
more permanent settlements in villages. more intensive process and with the development of better
 NEOLITHIC PERIOD smelting pits (equipment for smelting) that the ability to
- Ancient humans switched from hunter/gatherer mode to produce higher temperatures paved the way to the extraction
agriculture and food production. of iron from ores.
- They domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains. - Iron was seen as more precious than gold! Better (sturdier and
- They used polished hand axes for ploughing and tilling the land more reliable) agricultural tools were produced in this age
and started to settle in the plains. Advancements were made making agriculture a lot easier than the previous period.
not only in tools but also in farming, home construction, and - Agriculture, art, and religion all became more sophisticated
art, including pottery, sewing and weaving. and writing systems and written documentation, including
- Domestication of plants and animals. alphabets, began to emerge, ushering in the early historical
- Agricultural tools period.
- Iron Tools – agriculture made easy
 BRONZE AGE (2.5 mya – 3000 BC) - During the Bronze
Age, advances in Meta to working were made, as bronze, M I D D L E A G E S - It is also known as the medieval period
a copper and tin alloy, was discovered. and has started with the fall of the Roman Empire and has
- Bronze is made up of 88% copper and 12% tin. Metals are lasted for 1,000 years until 1450.
obtained from ores (a naturally occurring solid material from - The beginning of the middle Ages is called the Dark Ages
which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted) through because the great civilizations of Rome and Greece had been
smelting (see image for reference). conquered.
- ox-drawn plow - the harder metal bronze replaced its stone - Life in Europe was very hard in the middle Ages. Very few
predecessors and helped spark innovations. people could read or write. Their lack of knowledge often led
- Organized government, law and warfare, as well as beginnings to superstitious beliefs.
of religion, also came into play during the Bronze Age. - The people thought that fate ruled their existence; therefore,
- It was during this time that ancient Egyptians built their there was little hope for the improvement of their condition.
pyramids to honor their dead pharaohs. Likewise, the earliest During the years of the Roman Empire, the poor people were
written accounts, including Egyptian hieroglyphs and protected by the emperor’s soldiers.
petroglyphs (rock engravings), are also dated to this age. - When the empire fell, there were no laws to protect them, so
- Birth of smelting they turned to the lords to keep the peace and to act on their
- Discovered by Sumerians of Mesopotamia behalf.
- This willingness to be ruled by the lords led to the beginnings
 IRON AGE (1500 BC – 450 AD) - Iron was first smelted of feudalism (see image).
from ore in South Caucasus (a region presently occupied - Some peasants were free, but most became serfs to a lord.
by Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan). This meant they were bound to the lord’s land and paid very
high rent to the lord. The peasants work the lands of their lords >magnetic compass - The first compasses were made of
and are obliged to give their lords homage, labor, and a share of lodestone, a magnetized stone of iron, in Han dynasty. The
the produce in exchange for military protection. spoon in the photo shows the direction, and it is often used in
- “dark ages” there are still inventions that were used and divination (a ritual to see and understand the future) during the
produced during this era. Han dynasty.
-The Middle Ages, according to historians, ended after a >cannon - that is used as weapons for military activities.
European explored and colonized the >acupuncture - that utilizes needles for medical therapy
Americas. >First movable type printing - made from pottery was
developed
- Here are some of the most notable inventions by Europeans in >gun powder - that was followed by vigorous development of
these times: explosive weapon about three centuries before it appeared in
>horse collar - that pulls on horse’s shoulders to enable it to Europe.
plough and carry wagons >Wheel barrow - to carry heavy loads
>watermill – that rotates and generate electricity from that >Wagons to carry heavy loads as well as carry royalties around
movement when they need to travel.
>magnetic compass - that provides direction to European
mariners/conquistadors and of course the clock. INDIA: MIDDLE AGES
>clock – the clock thus found a place in the halls of palaces, on -India - also made notable inventions that are still beneficial
walls, on mantelpieces and even in people’s pockets. until this present day.
-They were the ones to divide a year in 12 months.
- One of them is China - While there was a decline in the -They were also the ones to develop metallurgy (science of
economy and overall progress in the European region, Different smelting).
countries in Asia flourished during this era. - The Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine was - also developed
during this time in India which is based on the belief that health
and wellness depend on a delicate balance between mind, body,
CHINA: MIDDLE AGES and spirit. Its main goal is not to fight diseases but to promote
>seismoscope – an early type of seismograph that determine good health. With the Indians’ great minds,
the presence and direction of an earthquake. Square root and linear equation.
>chinese paper making - started in 140 BC but was officially
used in writing at a later time (105 AD). The early uses of this PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA
paper were for clothing, wall décor, artworks, and even in - Christopher Columbus - an Italian master navigator, completed
toilets (so the Chinese may have been the first ones to clean four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that opened the way for
themselves with toilet paper after you-know-what haha). European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the
Americas. Before Christopher Columbus, American inlands
developed civilizations of their own. I N C A - Good thing that Incas do not perform human
--- is it correct to say that Columbus “discovered” the Americas? sacrifices, unlike the previous civilization. And contrary to
No! Because long before he invaded the region. the Aztecs’ slash and burn technique,
--- These civilizations thrived not in the present-day New York or - Terraces farming - Incas utilized more advanced farming
in Texas but in the Mesoamerican region or Middle America method, just like what the Igorots did in Benguet.
which now extends from central Mexico down through Central - Llamas and alpacas - from which they made their clothes by
America including the territory which is now made up of the removing these animals’ fluffy wool.
countries Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.
Scientific Revolution - is the name given to this period of drastic
Three Civilizations (Pre-Columbian America) change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and
M A Y A - The Mayans excelled at agriculture, pottery, 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature (more on
hieroglyph writing, calendar-making, and mathematics, philosophical rather than empirical) that had dominated science
and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive for almost 2,000 years ago.
architecture and symbolic artwork. - It is characterized by an emphasis on abstract reasoning,
- Pyramids made out of limestone - as a display of their quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works,
architectural prowess. Also, another notable fact about Mayans the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an
is that they used cocoa beans as monetary units. experimental scientific method.
- Mayan solar calendar the most notable of these inventions is - The use of the printing machine, paved the way for the faster
that sparked intrigue and even fear some 8 years ago (2012). spread of new ideas and discoveries. Scientists and scholars
- But note that neither the Mayans nor their calendar ever publish their works in order to spark interest and even challenge
predicted the end of the world. Only those who do not contemporary ideologies at their time. This fast method of
understand Mayan culture and ancient knowledge allowed for communication sped up the scientific interest of people.
this doomsday myth to spread by sharing false claims that the
end of the Mayan calendar will also mean the end of the world. - Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of
A Z T E C - They recorded astronomical observations in human, formulation of scientific ideas, and transformation of
stone sculptures. the society. When humans produce scientific ideas, it benefits
- Slash and burn - They practiced farming, meaning that they the society and in turn, will definitely benefit individual humans
clear forested lands by cutting trees and plants and burning the in the society and the cycle goes on.
remaining vegetation to create a land for agriculture.
- Human sacrifice - one peculiar ritual of the Aztecs, They used
razor-sharp obsidian blades and sliced open the chests of the
= 3 Cs = - when merged are the characteristics of a
scientist influencing the ideas, discoveries, and technologies
sacrificial humans and offered their still beating hearts to their
developed and produced. We can all agree with this – our
gods. Luckily, now we have human rights.
science and technology will only be as good as our scientists and o Sigmund Freud- structural theory of personality
skilled people. -Human behavior is the result of the interactions among three
 CREATIVITY components of the mind.
 CURIOSITY T H R E E components of the M I N D
 CRITICAL THINKING ^ I D - is made up of the unconscious psychic energy that works
to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas: ^S U P E R E G O - is composed of people’s internalized ideals
o Nicolaus Copernicus (what is right and what is wrong) acquired from parents and
-Geocentrism - a model in which Earth was considered the society and works to suppress the impulsive urges.
center of the universe, was the one generally believed to be ^E G O - mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
true. It was proposed by Ptolemy of Alexandria.
-Heliocentrism in which sun is the center of the universe rather INDUSTRIALREVELUTION
than the earth. It was later on proven to be true with the - marked a period of development in the latter period of the
invention of telescopes. 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in
o Johannes Kepler Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones.
-Elliptical - The law of planetary motion only states that all - This era is the time when the manufacture of goods moved
planets revolve around the sun and not circular orbits. from small shops and homes to large factories.
o Isaac Newton - This brought about changes in culture as people moved from
>Three Laws of Motion rural areas to big cities in order to work.
Inertia, which law states that for every action, there is an equal - This revolution started in the Great Britain.
and opposite reaction?
Acceleration, which law states that acceleration is produced WHAT IS INFORMATION?
when a force acts on a mass? - is knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction.
Interaction, which law states that an object at rest/in motion
will remain at rest/in motion unless acted upon by a force? GUTENBERG REVOLUTION
o Charles Darwin -is famous for his theory of evolution in - Johannes Gutenberg - The first European to successfully use
which he wrote a full account of in his book entitled “On movable type printing
the Origin of Species.” - Incunabula (cradle or birthplace) - The books printed using
This theory states that diverse groups of animals evolve from these presses in the beginning of the Gutenberg era.
one or a few common ancestors. - Gutenberg’s bible (published in 1456.) - The first book of any
--- Evolution only tells us that we are related to apes, but we did note to be printed with movable type printer
not directly evolve from them, or reciprocally, an ape cannot
POST-GUTENBERG REVOLUTION
turn into a human being.
- Revolution’s hallmark - was the use of computers, internet,
and other information technologies such as the World Wide
Web.
- Emergence of internet and World Wide Web which marked the
rise of digital age.

INFORMATION AGE
- Began around the 1970s and is still going on today.
- It is also known as the computer age, digital age, or new
media age.
- This era brought about a time period in which people could
access information and knowledge easily.
- This brought about changes in the society from traditionally
industrialized to one reliant on information computerization.

RISE OF THE DIGITAL AGE

- Charles Babbage - an inventor in the 1830s, designed a device
called the analytical engine.
- It was a general-purpose device that could compute many
different problems. It was to be digital, automatic, mechanical,
and controlled by variable programs. In short, it would solve any
calculation you wished. It would be the first computer.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (from Pre-

Colonial Period to Present: An Overview)

= Pre-Colonial Period =

a. Culture - The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their

own culture and traditions.
- They had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge Another pre-colonial period
system that keep them organized and sustained their lives and A. Tools made from minerals - craftsmanship of the early
communities for many years. Filipinos (40,000 years) - simple tools or weapons of stone
- The early Filipinos are believers of superstition and as such flakes but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling
they practice animism. and polishing hard stones.
-Animism - is the belief that various objects, places, and - These Stone Age inhabitants, subsequently formed settlements
creatures possess distinctive spiritual qualities, this practice is in the major Philippine islands such as Sulu, Mindanao
the earliest and the most primitive form of belief, associating (Zamboanga, and Davao), Negros, Samar, Luzon (Batangas,
their world with spirits instead of deities. Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan region).
- diwata – spirits , Having believed that these spirits accompany - Adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs.
them in their daily lives and somehow control what occurs in - Copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron - the early Filipinos
their surroundings, the early Filipinos fully rely on them and as learned to make metal tools and implements.
such, would solely observe natural phenomena on the basis of - The Iron Age is considered to have lasted from the second or
these superstitious beliefs. third century B.C. to the tenth century A.D.
- Iron slags - Excavations of Philippine graves and work sites
b. Writing System - Filipinos knew how to read and write in have yielded
their own system, this was mainly used for messages and letters. - Smelting and refining - These suggest that Filipinos during this
They seem not to have developed a written literary tradition at period engaged in the actual extraction of iron from ore
that time.
- This would have led to a more systematic accumulation and B. Transportation - Filipinos had also learned to build boats for
dissemination of knowledge (through passing of the literatures the coastal trade. By the tenth century A.D., this had become a
to the younger generations), a condition that is necessary for highly developed technology.
the development of science and technology.
- Baybayin - was the early Filipino script that they used.
c. Social Organization - that we call our communities until today - Caracoa - the early Spanish chroniclers took note of the refined
which is the barangay. warship
- Barangay - are a number of geographically scattered, self- - These boats were well suited for inter-island trade raids. By the
sufficient, autonomous communities present all over the tenth century A.D., the inhabitants of Butuan were trading with
archipelago long before the Spaniards came. Champa (Vietnam); those of Ma-i (Mindoro) with China.
-Subsistence economies - producing mainly what they needed - Chinese records which have now been translated contain a lot
but with exception to those early Filipinos who are involved in of references to the Philippines. These indicate thatregular trade
trades. In a subsistence economy, goods are produced for relations between the two countries had been well established
oneself or one’s family and not to sell to make a profit. during the tenth to the fifteenth centuries.
C. Agriculture - rice, cotton, and other vegetables - they were - Gold – Filipinos were also mining (gold) in such places as
growing crops. Panay, Mindoro and Bicol.
- Swine, goats, and fowls - They were also able to domesticate - Raja Soliman in Manila - Tools were found in the house that
- Lowland rice was cultivated in diked fields and in the interior proved the sophistication of the Filipinos living in the now Metro
mountain regions as in the Cordillera, in terraced fields which Manila.
utilized spring water. - Some tools found were copper (for table display), porcelain
jars (for storage of food and other materials), and iron (used in
D. Settlements Warfare called Lantaka), and handwoven blankets.
There are two groups of Filipinos :
 Coastal areas - coastal areas which had been exposed to = THE SPANISH REGIME =
foreign trade and cultural contacts such as Manila, - The beginnings of modern science and technology in the
Mindoro, Cebu, Southern Mindanao and Sulu, seem to Philippines can be traced to the Spanish regime.
have attained a more sophisticated technology (engaging - The Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started
in agriculture, developed a system of writing, weights and scientific research and these had important consequences for
measures; wore colorful clothes and made their own gold the rise of the country’s professions.
jewelry, houses made of wood or bamboo). -But the direction and pace of development of science and
technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious
 Mountain settlements - In the interior and mountain orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago and
settlements, many Filipinos were still living as hunters. by economic and trade adopted by the colonial government.
They gathered forest products to trade with the lowland -EDUCATION SYSTEM- in the Philippines during the Spanish
and coastal settlements. era.
Various decrees were issued in Spain calling for the
establishment of a school system in the colony but these were
not effectively carried out.
PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED BY FILIPINOS:
SWINE, GOATS AND FOWLS; MAKING WINE, VINEGAR AND - Primary education was highly religious in nature - Primary
SALT; WEAVING CLOTH AND PRODUCING instruction during the Spanish regime was generally taken care
a. beeswax - is the material the bees used to construct the walls of by the missionaries and parish priests in the villages and
of their hives, this material was historically used in creating towns.
statues, bronze preservation, and even treating burns and - Higher education was provided by schools set up by the
wounds. different religious orders in the urban centers, most of them in
b. honey Manila.
c. growing rice EXAMPLE:
> The Jesuits founded in Cebu City the Colegio de San Ildefonso
(1595) and in Manila, the Colegio de San Ignacio (1595), the country should retain the honors and privileges they had before
Colegio de San Jose (1601) and the Ateneo de Manila (1859). their conversion and subjection to the Spanish Crown.
> The Dominicans had the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1640) -Gobernadorcillo - or Capitan Municipal was elected.
in Manila. Access to these schools was, however, limited to the Furthermore, only the members of their class could elect the
elite of the colonial society -- the European-born and local Gobernadorcillo.
Spaniards, the mestizos and a few native Filipinos.
Courses leading to the B.A. degree, Bachiller en Artes, were FILIPINO STUDENTS WHO ARE ABLE TO STUDY IN EUROPE:
given which by the nineteenth century included science subjects A. Jose Rizal, he was able to specialize in Ophthalmology in
such as physics, chemistry, natural history and mathematics. Spain and Germany.
>On the whole, however, higher education was pursued for the B. Jose Alejandrino, who studied Engineering in Belgium. In this
priesthood or for clerical positions in the colonial time, no school or university in the Philippines offer
administration. It was only during the latter part of the Engineering and so Filipinos or even Spaniards who chose to
nineteenth century that technical/ vocational schools were settle in the Philippines had to go to Europe to study
established by the Spaniards. Engineering.
We are lucky that we did not experience this kind of C. Graciano Apacible who was able to study Medicine
discrimination in term of the education in Madrid.
we like to have, and I hope we can all be grateful and do our D. Antonio Luna who aside from being considered as one of the
part in nourishing our souls and minds through the education fiercest men of his time had a chance to get a degree in
we can freely achieve. Pharmacy in Madrid.

- REDUCCION SYSTEM- to organize these far-flung -Manila School of Agriculture (1887) - was created by royal
barangays, the Spaniards employed this system in which decree but it was able to open only in July
barangays were organized into fewer but larger more compact 1889. The school was designed to provide theoretical and
towns within the area of church bells. This only means that a practical education of skilled farmers and overseers and to
certain town will be composed of as many barangays as the promote agricultural development in the Philippines by means
sound of the church bells can reach. of observation, experiment and investigation. Agricultural
- cabezas de barangay -With this modification, were also stations were also established in Isabela, Ilocos, Albay, Cebu,
appointed. - Also known as Teniente del Barrio in Spanish, was Iloilo, Leyte and parts of Mindanao. The professors in the school
the leader or chief of a barangay. The post was inherited from were agricultural engineers. The school was financed by the
the first datus who became cabezas de barangay when the government but it appears that its direction was also left to the
many independent barangays became tributary vassals of the priests.
Spanish Crown. King Philip II of Spain, after whom the
Philippines was named, decreed that the native nobility of the - Galleon or Manila-Acapulco trade - This was largely due to the
dependence of the Spanish colonizers on the profits
- Which lasted from 1565 to 1813. It was actually based on the -a normal school is one that is created to train high school
trade with China which antedated Spanish rule. The galleons graduates to be excellent teachers. Its purpose is to establish
brought to Latin America Chinese goods -- silk and other cloths, teaching standards or norms, hence the name.
porcelain and the like -- and brought back to Manila Mexican - In present time, PNS is now the PNU, Philippine Normal
silver. During the time, Manila prospered as the entrepot (a University known to produce excellent educators in different
port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import fields of studies. So, this was how the Americans primarily
and export, and for collection and distribution) of the Orient. established the development of science and technology in the
- The Filipinos hardly benefited from the Galleon trade. Philippines.
-Poor Filipinos., Poor Pilipinas. And this is the reason why our
national heroes had fought for our true independence, so never The country remained an exporter to U.S. of various
should we mock our heroes, never should we wish we have agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of U.S.
been colonized by any other country. manufactured products.

= THE AMERICAN REGIME = Free trade relations - established between the two nations.
“The country remained an exporter to U.S. of various University of the Philippines - That building you see was the
agricultural crops and an importer of U.S. manufactured original U.P. located at Taft Avenue, Manila.
products.” Only publicly-supported higher education institution
-The simultaneous government encouragement and support for
an extensive public education system; the granting of
scholarships for higher education in science and engineering;
the organization of science research agencies and establishment
of science-based public services.

a. Thomasite - (an American teacher) teaching Filipino

elementary students.
- This was made possible by the establishment of secularized
education during the American regime.
- Department of Public Instruction - that aimed to provide free
primary education to Filipinos but utilized English as the primary
mode of instruction.
b. Philippine Normal School - established by the Americans
which became training ground for Filipino teachers.