1

1 A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.

chromatography crystallisation diffusion dissolving

evaporation filtration fractional distillation simple distillation

(a) From the list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.

water from sea-water ......................................................................................................

helium from a mixture of helium and methane ................................................................

ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and propanol .............................................................

iron filings from a mixture of iron filings and water ..........................................................

a mixture of two amino acids, glycine and alanine .......................................................... [5]

(b) Describe how you would obtain a pure sample of copper(II) sulfate-5-water crystals from
a mixture of copper(II) sulfate-5-water with copper(II) oxide using some of the techniques
listed above.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

2 The concentration of a dilute acid can be found by reacting it with aqueous sodium hydroxide using
the apparatus shown.
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aqueous
sodium hydroxide

conical flask

dilute acid

3
(a) What piece of apparatus should be used to add exactly 25.0 cm of dilute acid to the conical
flask?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A few drops of litmus solution are added to the conical flask.

Explain why litmus solution is added to the conical flask.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is then added to the dilute acid until it is in excess.

Describe the change in the colour of the litmus solution in the conical flask.

from .................................................................to ....................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

3 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and a gas which ‘pops’ with a
lighted splint.

(a) Identify this gas.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 3

(b) Suggest a practical method for investigating the rate of this reaction involving collection of the
gas.
You may include a labelled diagram in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 4]

4 Rose petals contain a variety of different coloured pigments.

A student wants to identify these pigments.

(a) She grinds up rose petals with a solvent.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) She then filters the solution through some glass wool.
Suggest why she does not use filter paper.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
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5 A mixture of soil and water was shaken and then filtered.

Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use for separating the insoluble particles of
soil from the solution.

[2]

[Total: 2]

6 A student carried out chromatography using the apparatus shown below.

chromatography paper

Y lid for
chromatography jar

Z chromatography jar

solvent

(a) A spot of a pigment mixture was placed at Y.

Explain why a spot of the mixture was not placed at Z.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how the rest of the procedure was carried out.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

7 A mixture contains a variety of different coloured pigments.

A student uses the apparatus shown below to identify the different pigments in the mixture.
 5

glass cover

filter paper

pure solvent

(a) State the name of this method of separating the pigments.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) On the diagram above, draw a spot, ●, to show where the mixture of pigments is placed at
the start of the experiment.

[1]

(c) What is the purpose of the glass cover?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) The student also puts four spots of pure pigments, A, B, C and D, onto the filter paper.
The diagram below shows the results of her experiment.

pigments A B C D
from
rose petal

Which of the pigments, A, B, C and D, are present in the rose petals?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]
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8 An important aspect of chemistry is purity and methods of purification.

Give an example of substances used in everyday life which must be pure.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 A student used chromatography to separate the dyes in the blue ink from a ball-point pen.
She used the equipment shown in the diagrams below.

chromatography paper solvent large watchglass chromatography tank

(a) Complete the diagram below to show how she set up the apparatus.

[3]

(b) Describe how chromatography could be used by the student to separate the dyes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) The student used water as a solvent. Suggest a different solvent that she could use.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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[Total: 7]

10 Carbon dioxide can be prepared in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below.

B
carbon
dioxide

hydrochloric acid

marble chips
(calcium carbonate)

Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water.

What effect will this have on the volume of carbon dioxide collected?
Tick one box.

The volume is lower than expected;

The volume is higher than expected.

The volume is the same as expected.

No carbon dioxide is collected.

[1]

[Total: 1]
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11 Describe how simple distillation is used to separate water from an aqueous solution of sodium
sulfate.
In your answer, refer to:

• the apparatus used,

• changes in state,
• differences in boiling points.

You may use a diagram.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

12 In many regions, drinking water is obtained by the distillation of sea-water. Explain how
distillation separates the water from sea-water.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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13 Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.

A student used the apparatus shown below to determine the concentration of a solution of
sodium hydroxide.

sulfuric acid

sodium hydroxide
+ indicator

3
Which one of these pieces of apparatus should the student use to put 25.0 cm of sodium
hydroxide into the flask.
Tick one box.

beaker

measuring cylinder

test-tube

volumetric pipette
[1]

[Total: 1]
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14 Rhubarb is a plant which has a red stem.

A student separated the pigments in the rhubarb stem by chromatography.

He used the apparatus shown below to extract the pigments.

solvent

pieces of rhubarb

The solution of pigments was not concentrated enough to use for chromatography.
Suggest how the student could make the solution more concentrated.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

15 Rhubarb is a plant which has a red stem.

A student separated the pigments in the rhubarb stem by chromatography.

He used the apparatus shown below to extract the pigments.

solvent

pieces of rhubarb

Suggest a suitable solvent, other than water, that he could use to extract the pigments.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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16 Rhubarb is a plant which has a red stem.

A student separated the pigments in the rhubarb stem by chromatography.

He used the apparatus shown below to extract the pigments.

solvent

pieces of rhubarb

State the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Describe how to separate the following. Give a description of the procedure used and explain why
this method works.

Copper powder from a mixture containing copper and zinc powders.

procedure..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

explanation................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

18 Describe how to separate the following. Give a description of the procedure used and explain why
this method works.

Nitrogen from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.

procedure..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

explanation................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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19 Describe how to separate the following. Give a description of the procedure used and explain why
this method works.

Magnesium hydroxide from a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and zinc hydroxide.

procedure..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

explanation................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

20 A student investigated the rate of reaction of zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Complete the labelling of the apparatus by filling in the two boxes.

thermometer

dilute
hydrochloric acid
water bath
at 20 °C zinc

[2]

[Total: 2]
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21 Balsam flowers contain a mixture of pigments.

A student uses chromatography to separate the pigments in balsam flowers. He puts the pigment
mixture on a sheet of chromatography paper as well as 5 spots of pure pigments A, B, C, D
and E.

The diagram below shows the results after chromatography.

pigments A B C D E
from balsam
flowers

Which of the pigments A, B, C, D and E are present in balsam flowers?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

22 Balsam flowers contain a mixture of pigments.

Describe how you could obtain a solution of this mixture of pigments from balsam flowers.

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

23 Glycolic acid is found in unripe grapes.

Grape skins contain a number of different coloured pigments.

Describe how you could obtain a solution of these pigments from grape skins.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
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[Total: 3]

24 Copper(II) oxide is a solid.

An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate can be made by heating excess copper(II) oxide with
dilute sulfuric acid.

Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to separate the excess copper(II) oxide
from the solution.

[2]

[Total: 2]

25 Geraniol is a chemical found in rose petals.

The structure of geraniol is shown below.

CH3 H CH3

C C CH2 CH2 C C CH2 OH

CH3 H

Geraniol can be extracted from rose petals by steam distillation using the apparatus shown below.
The geraniol is carried off in small droplets with the steam.

X
rose petals
and water

geraniol

heat water
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(a) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The vapour at point X is a mixture of geraniol and steam.

Give one property of a mixture which distinguishes it from a compound.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The geraniol and water are collected in the beaker.

What information in the diagram above shows that geraniol is less dense than water?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

26 A student used the apparatus shown below to calculate the concentration of barium hydroxide
solution.

hydrochloric acid

barium hydroxide solution

(a) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The hydrochloric acid is added to the barium hydroxide solution in the flask until the acid is in
excess.

Describe how the pH of the solution changes as the acid is added.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

27 A student carries out an experiment to find how fast 3 cm pieces of magnesium ribbon dissolve in
3
10 cm samples of sulfuric acid at different temperatures.

Which piece of apparatus does the student not need?

A balance
B measuring cylinder
C stop-clock
D thermometer
[1]

[Total: 1]
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28 The diagram shows the apparatus used to separate the different components of a mixture by
chromatography.

chromatography paper

solvent front

spot baseline

solvent

Which statement about this experiment is correct?

A A locating agent is used to find the position of the solvent front.

B The components to be separated must be soluble in the solvent.
C The baseline on which the spot of the mixture is placed is drawn in ink.
D
The Rf value is calculated by

[1]

[Total: 1]

29 A student was provided with only a thermometer, a stopwatch and a beaker.

What could the student measure?

3
A 10.5 g solid and 24.8 cm liquid
B 10.5 g solid and 25 °C
3
C 24.8 cm liquid and 45 seconds
D 25 °C and 45 seconds
[1]

[Total: 1]
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30 Carbon dioxide can be prepared in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below.

B
carbon
dioxide

hydrochloric acid

marble chips
(calcium carbonate)

State the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled A and B.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 2]

31 Zinc oxide reacts with sulfuric acid to form zinc sulfate.

zinc oxide + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + water

Zinc sulfate is soluble in water.

Some insoluble impurities in the zinc oxide do not react with the sulfuric acid.

Suggest how these insoluble impurities are removed from the zinc sulfate solution.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]