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    Sampling and Reconstruction

    Uploaded by

    Roosh
    This document discusses signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signals. It describes the theory of sampling including the Nyquist criteria that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal. It provides the procedure to connect equipment and sample a 25Hz sine wave at different sampling frequencies, observing the reconstructed output on an oscilloscope. It demonstrates how lower sampling frequencies introduce distortion and how meeting the Nyquist criteria is required to avoid aliasing in the reconstructed signal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Sampling and Reconstruction

    Uploaded by

    Roosh
    135 views6 pages
    This document discusses signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signals. It describes the theory of sampling including the Nyquist criteria that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal. It provides the procedure to connect equipment and sample a 25Hz sine wave at different sampling frequencies, observing the reconstructed output on an oscilloscope. It demonstrates how lower sampling frequencies introduce distortion and how meeting the Nyquist criteria is required to avoid aliasing in the reconstructed signal.

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    This document discusses signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signals. It describes the theory of sampling including the Nyquist criteria that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal. It provides the procedure to connect equipment and sample a 25Hz sine wave at different sampling frequencies, observing the reconstructed output on an oscilloscope. It demonstrates how lower sampling frequencies introduce distortion and how meeting the Nyquist criteria is required to avoid aliasing in the reconstructed signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    135 views6 pages

    Sampling and Reconstruction

    Uploaded by

    Roosh
    This document discusses signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signals. It describes the theory of sampling including the Nyquist criteria that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal. It provides the procedure to connect equipment and sample a 25Hz sine wave at different sampling frequencies, observing the reconstructed output on an oscilloscope. It demonstrates how lower sampling frequencies introduce distortion and how meeting the Nyquist criteria is required to avoid aliasing in the reconstructed signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Exp.No.

    : 1
    Date:
    SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ANALOG SIGNALS
    AIM:
    To study the signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signals.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED:
    1. Sampling and Reconstruction Kit
    2. Patch Cords
    3. Probes
    4. DSO

    THEORY:
    A band limited signal of finite energy has no frequency components higher than ‘W’ hertz is
    completely described by specified the values of the signal of instants of time separated by 1/2W
    seconds, where ‘W’ is the higher frequency content. The zero order hold circuit is used for
    practical reconstruction. It simply holds the value x(n) for ‘T’ seconds. Here ‘T’ is the sampling
    period; The output of zero order hold is stair case signal. The reconstructed signal is the
    succession of sine pulses weighted by x(nTs) these pulses are interpolated with the help of a
    LPF. It is also called reconstruction filter or interpolation filter Natural sampling is chopper
    sampling because the waveform of the sampled signal appears to be chopped off from the
    original signal waveform. The top of the samples remains constant and equal to instantaneous
    value of x(t) at start of sampling fs = 1/Ts

    PROCEDURE:
    1. Connect the main plug in to the main board. Keep the power switch in OFF position.
    2. Put the duty cycle selector switch in position 50%
    3. Link 25 Hz sine wave output to analog input.
    4. Turn on the trainer.
    5. Turning on the trainer select 250 Hz sampling rate by default.
    6. Display 25Hz sine wave and sampled output on t oscilloscope. This display shows
    25Hz sine wave being sampled at 200 Hz there are 10 samples for every cycle of the
    sine wave.

    7. Link the sample output to the fourth order low pass filter display sample output and
    output of the filter in the oscilloscope. The display shows the reconstructed original
    21 Hz sine wave.
    8. We had used sampling frequency greater than twice the maximum input frequency.
    9. Remove the line from 25KHz sine wave output to the modulating input.
    10. By successive process of frequency selector switch change the sampling frequency 32
    KHz, 16KHz, 8 KHz,4 KHz,2 KHz,1 KHz,50 Hz and back to 250 Hz
    11. Observe how sample output changes in each cases and how the lower sampling
    frequencies introduce distortion in to the filter output waveform. This is due to the
    fact that the filter does not attenuate the unwanted next frequency component
    significantly use of higher order filter would improve the output waveform.
    12. So far we have used sampling frequencies greater than twice the maximum input
    frequency. To set the nyquist criteria set sampling rate 4 Hz 50% duty cycle.
    13. Remove the link 25 Hz sine wave output to the modulating input.
    14. Connect the link from 250 Hz or 500 Hz sine wave output to the modulating input
    and link the sampled output to fourth order LPF. Display sample output and output of
    the filter on the oscilloscope. The display shows the reconstruction signal 250 Hz or
    500Hz sine wave.
    15. Now decrease the sampling rate to 32 KHz and then to 500 Hz. Observe the distorted
    fact that we under sampled the input waveform overlooking the nyquist criteria and
    thus the output was distorted even though the signal below the cutoff frequency of the
    filter. This is also describes the phenomenon of aliasing.
    FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:
    TABULATION:

    Amplitude (V) Time period Frequency (Hz)


    Parameters
    (ms)

    Modulation signal

    Sampled output

    Sampled & hold output

    Flat top output

    Demodulated signal

    RESULT:
    Thus the signal sampling and reconstruction techniques were performed and graph
    plotted.

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