Hydrogen chloride/Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid

Molecular HCl H2SO4 HNO3

Orbit structure
NA
NA

0
(lab) S+O2 SO2 /4FeS2+ 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 KNO3 + H2SO4 <200 C KHSO4+HNO3
<2000C
preparation NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl 2SO2+O2 2SO3 (V2O5/Pt- 4500C-1atm) >2000C
(lab) 0 SO3+H2SO4 H2S2O7 NaNO3+H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3
>200 C
NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl H2S2O7 2H2SO4
(Conc)
Method of Upward displacement of air
collection NA NA
Method of Collection over water—Highly soluble
collection Not in water NA NA
used
Method of Conc-sulphuric acid NA NA
drying
Drying agents P2O5, CaO(will react with HCl)
not used 2P2O5 + 3HCl POCl + 3HPO3 NA NA
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + HCl
No nitric acid used – Volatile, mixed Dilution--- Acid is added in small quantities to Yellow colour—CO2 bubbled-drives out
with HCl water- If water is added to acid, high amount of Water added-dissolve
Precaution heat energy is released
Lower end of thistle funnel should be All glass apparatus used---- Nitric acid
dipped in conc. Sulphuric acid—ensure NA vapour attacks on rubber bung
complete reaction, avoid formation of
explosive mixture
 Delivery tube should be dripped in NA NA
drying agent – to ensure complete
drying
Precaution Temperature should not be above NA Temperature should not be above
2000C- Apparatus made of glass may 2000C- Apparatus made of glass may
crack-fuel wasted-crust of sodium crack-fuel wasted-crust of sodium
sulphate is formed sulphate is formed
Experiment to Fountain experiment NA NA
show solubility It shows acidic nature also
Acid + Metal Acid + Metal salt + Hydrogen Acid + Metal salt + Hydrogen Acid + Metal salt + Hydrogen
2HCl + 2Na NaCl + H2 H2SO4 + 2Na Na2SO4 + H2 Cu+4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 +2H2O + 2NO2
2HCl + Ca CaCl2 + H2 H2SO4 + Ca CaSO4 + H2 3Cu +8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O+4NO
Acid + Metal Acid + Metal oxide Salt + Water Acid + Metal oxide Salt + Water Acid + Metal oxide Salt + Water
oxide 2HCl + MgO MgCl2 + H2O H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O 2HNO3 + Na2O NaNO3 + H2O
2HCl + Na2O 2NaCl + H2O H2SO4+ Na2O Na2SO4 + H2O 2HNO3 + CaO Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
Acid + Metal Acid + Metal Hydroxide Salt + Water Acid + Metalhydroxide Salt + Water Acid+Metalhydroxide Salt + Water
Hydroxide HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 +2 H2O HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O
2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2H2O H2SO4+ 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2HNO3+Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 +2 H2O
Acid + Acid + Carbonates Salt + Water + Acid + MetalCarbonates Salt + Water + Acid + MetalCarbonates Salt +
Carbonates Carbondioxide Carbondioxide Water + Carbondioxide
HCl + Na2CO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 H2SO4 + MgCO3 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 2HNO3+Na2CO3 2NaNO3+H2O+CO2
2HCl+CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 H2SO4+ Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 2HNO3+CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2+ H2O+CO2
Acid + Acid + Carbonates Salt + Water + Acid + MetalbiCarbonates Salt + Water + Acid + MetalbiCarbonates Salt +
Bicarbonates Carbondioxide Carbondioxide Water + Carbondioxide
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 H2SO4+Mg(HCO3)2 MgSO4+2H2O+2CO2 HNO3+NaHCO3 NaNO3+H2O+CO2
2HCl+Ca(HCO3)2 CaCl2+H2O + CO2 H2SO4+ 2NaHCO3 Na2SO4 +2H2O +2CO2 2HNO3+Ca(HCO3) 2 Ca(NO3)2+2 H2O+
2CO2
Acid + Metal Acid+MetalSulphites Salt + Water Acid + Metalsulphites Salt + Water + Acid + Metalsulphites Salt + Water
sulphites +Sulphurdioxide Sulphurdioxide + Sulphurdioxide
2HCl+ CaSO3 CaCl2+H2O+SO2 H2SO4+MgSO3 MgSO4+H2O+SO2 2HNO3+Na2SO3 2NaNO3+H2O+SO2
2HCl + Na2SO3 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 H2SO4+Na2SO3 Na2SO4 +H2O +SO2 2HNO3+CaSO3 Ca(NO3)2+ H2O+ SO2
Acid + Metal Acid +Metal sulphites Salt + Water Acid + Metalsulphides Salt + Hydrogen Acid + Metalsulphides Salt +
Sulphide +Sulphurdioxide. sulphide Hydrogen sulphide
2HCl + Na2S 2NaCl + H2S H2SO4+MgS MgSO4+H2S 2HNO3+Na2S 2NaNO3+H2S
2HCl + CaS CaCl2 + H2S H2SO4+Na2S Na2SO4 +H2S 2HNO3+CaS Ca(NO3)2+ H2S