CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER-1
Acid, Base and Salt

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

 ACID, BASE AND SALTS
Acid
Acids are the chemicals which can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in chemical reactions.
Example- HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 etc.

Base
Bases are the chemicals which can accept a proton or donate an electron pair in chemical reactions.
Bases which dissolve in water are called as Alkali
Example- NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 etc.

Acid Base
1 Sour in taste Bitter in taste
2 Blue litmus turns red Red litmus turns blue
3 Acid change methyl orange to red Bases change methyl orange to yellow
4 Phenolphthalein remains colourless Phenolphthalein gives pink colour
5 Acid do not give soapy touch Bases give soapy touch
6 Give hydrogen ions in solution Give hydroxyl ions in solution
7 pH less than 7 pH more than 7

Salt
Salt is a mineral or any neutral compound containing cations (+ve ions) attached with anions (-ve ions). 
Example- NaCl, KCl, MgCl2

Acids and Bases Reaction with Metals:-

             Metal react with acid to form salt and hydrogen gas.
Acid + Metal ------> Salt + Hydrogen Gas; Example: Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2↑
Similarly,
Metal react with base to form salt and hydrogen gas.
Base + Metal -------> Salt + Hydrogen Gas; Example: Zn + 2NaOH -> Na2ZnO2 + H2↑

Note : Hydrogen gas is colourless gas and burns with pop sound.

Reaction of Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen-Carbonates with Acids:-

Metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids to form salt, water and carbon dioxide.
Metal Carbonate + Acid ----> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Example- Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
Similarly,
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acid --> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Example- NaHCO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + H2O + CO2↑

Note: CO2 is acidic in nature and turns lime water milky.

Reaction of Acids with Bases:-

Reaction of acids with bases to form salt and water is called neutralization reaction.
Acid + Base ----> Salt + Water

Acids or Bases in Water:-

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
When acids dissolve in water they produce Hydrogen Ion H+(Aq) or Hydronium Ion (H3O+)
HCl + H2O ----> H3O+ + Cl-
H+ + H2O ---> H3O+
When bases dissolve in water they produce Hydroxide Ions (OH-)
NaOH + H2O -------> Na+(Aq) + OH-(Aq)

Reactions of Acids or Bases with water are highly exothermic. Hence, always acids are added to water
with constant stirring to avoid bumping of liquid. Process of mixing Acid or Base with water decrease
concentration of ions per unit volume, this process is known as dilution. 

Strength of Acids or Bases:-

Strength of acids depends on number of hydrogen ions (H+) produced and strength of bases depends on
number of hydroxide ions (OH-) produced. A universal indicator (present on pH paper) is used to find
strength of acids or bases.

pH Scale:-
It is a scale to measure hydrogen ion concentration in solution.
pH also known by seeing the color change in litmus paper.
Meaning of ‘p’ in ‘pH’ is “potenz”, which is a German word whose meaning is “power”.
pH scale measure pH from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).
pH of Neutral Solution is 7
pH of Acidic Solution is less than 7
pH of Basic Solution is more than 7

How to Measure pH of Acids and Bases ?

You can measure pH of acids and bases with the help of litmus paper, pH paper and pH meter.

Acid rain
If pH of rain water is below 5.6 on pH scale than, that rain is called as acid rain.
Some Naturally Occurring Acids:-

Name of the Acid Source

Citric acid Lemon, Orange
Lactic acid Sour milk, Curd
Oxalic acid Tomato
Aceticacid/Ethanoic acid Vinegar
Malic acid Apple
Tartaric acid Grapes, Tamarind
Methanoic acid Ant Sting
Methanoic acid Nettle sting

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

pH of Salts:

(a) The salt of a strong acid and a strong base gives a neutral solution (pH = 7).
(b) The salt of a strong acid and a weak base gives an acidic solution (pH < 7).
(c) The salt of a weak acid and a strong base gives a basic solution (pH > 7).

Water of crystallisation: The fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula
unit of a salt in its crystalline form is called water of crystallisation. The salt which contain water of
crystallisation are called hydrated salts. e.g,.

Salt Formula Water of crystallization

Plasterof paris CaSO4.1/2 H2O 0.5
Gypsum CaSO4.2 H2O 2
Blue Vitriol CuSO4.5H2O 5
Green Vitriol FeSO4.7H2O 7
Red Vitriol CoSO4.7H2O 7
Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O 7
Glauber’s salt Na2SO4.10H2O 10
Washing soda Na2CO3.10H2O 10

Common Salt
Chemical Name: Sodium Chloride
Chemical Formula: NaCl

Preparation: Sodium chloride can be prepared in the laboratory by combination reaction of sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)

Uses: (i) It is used as a raw material for making a large number of useful chemicals in industry. (ii) It is used
in cooking food.

Caustic Soda
Chemical Name: Sodium Hydroxide
Chemical Formula: NaOH

Preparation: When electricity is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride (brine), it
decomposes to form sodium hydroxide, chlorine and hydrogen. It is also known as ‘chlor-alkali’ process
because of the products formed, ‘chlor’ for Cl2 and ‘alkali’ for NaOH.

2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(l) (electrolysis) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

Chlorine gas is produced at the anode and hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode. Sodium hydroxide
solution is formed near the cathode.

Uses of NaOH:

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

 (i) in detergents and soaps to remove grease. (ii) in paper making. (iii) in rayon and acetate fibres. (iv) in the
manufacture of bleach (household bleaches, bleaching fabric). (v) in purifying bauxite to extract aluminium.

Uses of Hydrogen

i. It is used in making margarine: Margarines are made from vegetable oils. The oils are liquids which are
too runny to spread on bread. The problem has been solved by reacting hydrogen with the natural oil
molecules.

ii. Hydrogen is used as a fuel: Hydrogen reacts explosively with the oxygen in air. When a lighted split
pops in hydrogen, it reacts with oxygen to make water (steam). Hydrogen has played a big part in space
travel. It can be used as rocket fuel. The liquid hydrogen stored in tanks is ready to react with liquid
oxygen. It has also been used inside space-craft to power fuel cells.

iii. It is used in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilisers. An industrial process for producing ammonia
by reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen:
N2 (g) +3H2 (g)  ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
The reaction is reversible and exothermic, so that a high yield of ammonia is favoured by low
temperature (Le Chatelier's principle).

iv. Hydrogen directly combines with chlorine: This reaction is used for the manufacture of hydrochloric
acid (HCl). Hydrochloric acid has many uses in industry. It is used for cleaning steel, ammonium
chloride medicines and cosmetics.

Uses of Chlorine

(i)It is used in killing bacteria in drinking water and swimming pools.

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of bleach to kill bacteria and to whiten paper.
(iii) It forms hydrochloric acid which has many uses in industry.
(iv) It is used in CFCs (chloro-fluorocarbons), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), bleaching fabric.

Gypsum (CaSO4 .2H2O) ●

(i)Manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris, soil conditioning, a hardening retarder in Portland
cement.

Plaster Of Paris (CaSO4 .1/2 H2O) ● It is obtained by heating gypsum at 373K.

(i)Plaster of Paris, the substance which doctors use as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right
position.
(ii)Plaster of Paris is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.

Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2) ●

(i)For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for
bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
(ii)Oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
(iii)To make drinking water free from germs.

Baking Soda (NaHCO3) ●

(i)The baking soda is commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras, etc. Sometimes it is
added
for faster cooking.
(ii)Baking soda is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralizes excess acid in the stomach
and
provides relief.
(iii)It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
Washing Soda (Na2CO3 .10H2O) ●
(i)Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
(ii)It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
(iii)Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(iv)It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

Double Salts: A double salt is a crystalline salt made up of two simple salts but with a crystal structure
that isn’t the same as either of them. Only in a solid state can double salt exist. In an aqueous solution or
other solvents, they become fully ionised, it means they lose their identity in solution.
Potash alum - K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3 .24H2O
Carnallite, KCl.MgCl2·6H2O

K2SO4 + Al2 (SO4)3  + 24H2O K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3 .24H2O

Potassium Aluminium Water Potash alum
sulphate sulphate A colourless crystalline solid

KCl + MgCl2 + 6H2O KCl.MgCl2·6H2O

Potassium Magnesium water Carnallite
chloride chloride Synthetic double salt

Complex salts: A complex salt is a compound composed of a central metal atom having coordination
bonds with ligands around it. This also called a coordination compound. This compound is called a complex
salt because the structure is complex and there are cations and anions bonded to each other.
Example: Potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]),
Potassium argento cyanide (K [Ag(CN)2])
Tetra amino cupric sulphate ([Cu(NH3)4]SO4) etc.

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

 CLASS WORKSHEET

1. Which of the following statements is true for acid?

a) Bitter and change red litmus to blue
b) Sour and change red litmus to blue
c) Sour and change blue litmus to red
d) Bitter and change blue litmus to red

2. Tomato is a natural source of which acid?

a) Acetic acid c) Tartaric acid
b) Citric acid d) Oxalic acid

3. Which solution will change blue litmus to red?

a) NaOH(aq) c) KCl(aq)
b) H2SO4(aq) d) NH4OH(aq)

4. Human body works within the pH range of

a) 7.0 to 7.8 c) 13 to 14
b) 4.5 to 5.6 d) 1.2 to 2.2

5. A basic solution could have a pH of

a) 1 c) 7
b) 11 d) 2

6. Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength?
a) Water < Acetic acid <Hydrochloric acid
b) Water < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid
c) Acetic acid <Water <Hydrochloric acid
d) Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic acid

7. Fruit juices, such as orange juice, contain

a) boric acid

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

b) citric acid
c) sulphuric acid
d) nitric acid

8. Common salt, besides being used in kitchen, can also be used as the raw material for making
(i) washing soda (ii) bleaching powder (iii) baking soda (iv) slaked lime
a) (i) and (ii) c) (i) and (iii)
b) (i), (ii) and (iv) d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

9. Which of the following salts does not contain water of crystallisation?

a) Blue vitriol c) Baking soda
b) Washing soda d) Gypsum

10. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear supernatant solution turns the pH
paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following would change the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?
a) Lemon juice c) Common salt
b) Vinegar d) An antacid

11. On adding dilute HCl to copper oxide in a beaker,the solution turns blue-green due to formation of
a) Copper(II) hydroxide c) Copper (II) chloride
b) Copper nitrate d) Copper sulphate

12. The acid having highest hydrogen ion concentration is one with
a) pH = 2.5 c) pH = 7
b) pH = 1.8 d) pH = 10

13. The pH of the gastric juices released during digestion is

a) less than 7 c) equal to 7
b) more than 7 d) equal to 0

14. If a few drops of a concentrated acid accidentally spills over the hand of a student, what should be done?
a) Wash the hand with saline solution.
b) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of water and apply a paste of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
c) After washing with plenty of water, apply solution of sodium hydroxide on the hand.
d) Neutralise the acid with a strong alkali.

15. Sodium hydrogencarbonate when added to acetic acid evolves a gas. Which of the following statements is
true about the gas evolved?
(i) It turns lime water milky. (ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter.
(iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide. (iv) It has a pungent odour.

a) (i) and (ii) b) (i), (ii) and (iii)

c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) d) (i) and (iv)

16. Calcium carbonate is the chemical formula of

a) limestone c) marble
b) chalk d) all (a), (b) and (c)

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

17. Which is a soluble base in water?
a) Cu(OH)2 c) Zn(OH)2
b) Fe(OH)3 d) KOH

18. In general, salts

a) are ionic compounds. c) contain hydroxide ions.
b) contain hydrogen ions. d) turn blue litmus red.

19. Which of the following properties is closely related to acids?

a) Contain the hydroxide ion c) Salty taste
b) Bitter taste d) Sour taste

20. A base can be prepared by the reaction between

a) an active non-metal and water. c) a sulphide and water.
b) a gas and water. d) an active metal and water.

21. Which of the following is (are) true when HCl(g) is passed through water?
(i) It does not ionise in the solution as it is a covalent compound. (ii) It ionises in the solution.
(iii) It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the solution. (iv) It forms hydronium ion in the solution due
to the combination of hydrogen ion with water molecule.
a) (i) only c) (ii) and (iv)
b) (iii) only d) (iii) and (iv)

22. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a base in a test tube? (i) Temperature
of the solution decreases (ii) Temperature of the solution increases (iii) Temperature of the solution remains
the same (iv) Salt formation takes place
a) (i) and (iv) c) (ii) only
b) (i) and (iii) d) (ii) and (iv)

23. When hydrogen chloride gas is prepared on a humid day, the gas is usually passed through the guard tube
containing calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride taken in the guard tube is to
a) absorb the evolved gas b) moisten the gas
c) absorb moisture from the gas d) absorb Cl– from the evolved gas

24. What is formed when zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide?

a) Zinc hydroxide and sodium b) Sodium zincate and hydrogen(g)
c) Zinc oxide and hydrogen(g) d) Sodium zincate and water

25. Brine is an
a) aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
b) aqueous solution of sodium carbonate
c) aqueous solution of sodium chloride
d) aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate

26. Na2CO3.10H2O is
a) washing soda c) bleaching powder
b) baking soda d) tartaric acid

27. At what temperature is gypsum heated to form Plaster of Paris?

a) 90°C c) 110°C
b) 1200°C d) 100°C

28. How many water molecules does hydrated calcium sulphate contain?
a) 5 b) 10
ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
c) 7 d) 2

29. Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt of

a) strong acid and strong base c) weak acid and strong base
b) weak acid and weak base d) strong acid and weak base

30. Which of the following statements is correct about an aqueous solution of an acid and a base?
(i) Higher the pH, stronger the acid (ii) Higher the pH, weaker the acid
(iii) Lower the pH, stronger the base (iv) Lower the pH, weaker the base
a) (i) and (iii) c) (i) and (iv)
b) (ii) and (iii) d) (ii) and (iv

31. A basic solution is added to a test tube. A blue and red litmus paper is dipped into the basic solution. What
will happen to both litmus papers?
a) Blue litmus paper: changes colour; red litmus paper: no colour change
b) Blue litmus paper: changes colour; red litmus paper: changes colour
c) Blue litmus paper: no colour change; red litmus paper: changes colour
d) Blue litmus paper: no colour change; red litmus paper: no colour change

32. Curd cannot be stored in (i) Brass vessel (ii) Copper vessel (iii) Steel (iv) Bronze
a) (i), (ii), (iii) c) (i), (ii), (iv)
b) (ii), (iii), (iv) d) (i), (iii), (iv)

33. Barium Sulphate is a salt of

a) strong acid and weak base. c) strong acid and weak base.
b) weak acid and weak base. d) weak acid and strong base

34. Calcium phosphate is present in tooth enamel. Its nature is

a) basic c) neutral
b) acidic d) amphoteric
35. Which one of the following can be used as an acid-base indicator by a visually impaired (blind) student?
a) Litmus c) Turmeric
b) Vanilla essence d) Petunia leaves

The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by
selecting the appropriate option given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

36. Assertion: NaHCO3 is a basic salt

Reason: It is a salt of strong base NaOH and weak acid H2CO3.

37. Assertion: Copper sulphate solution turns red litmus blue.

Reason: Copper sulphate is salt of strong acid H2SO4, weak base Cu(OH)2, therefore, acidic in nature.

38. Assertion: Salts are the products of an acid-base reaction.

Reason: Salt may be acidic or basic.

39. Assertion: Baking soda creates acidity in the stomach.

Reason: Baking soda is acidic.

40. Assertion: Plaster of Paris is used by doctors by setting fractured bones.

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

 Reason: When Plaster of Paris is mixed with water and applied around the fractured limbs, it sets into a hard
mass.

STUDENT WORKSHEET

41. NaHCO3, formed by reaction of

a) NaOH + H2CO3 c) Na2CO3 + HCl
b) NaCl + H2CO3 d) NaOH + Na2CO3

42. Lime water reacts with chlorine to form

a) CaCl2 c) Ca(ClO3)2
b) CaOCl2 d) CaO2Cl2

43. NaOH is obtained by electrolysis of

a) Aq. solution of NaCl c) Aq. NaHCO3
b) Aq. Na2CO3 d) Molten NaCl

44. The chemical name of bleaching powder is

a) calcium hypo oxychloride b) calcium hypochloride
c) calcium oxychloride d) calcium chloride

45. The ratio of the water molecule in Plaster of Paris and Gypsum is
a) 3:1 c) 1:4
b) 1:3 d) 4:3

46. Baking powder is

a) sodium carbonate + sodium tartarate
b) sodium bicarbonate + sodium tartarate
c) sodium bicarbonate + tartaric acid
d) sodium carbonate + sodium benzoate

47. When milk of magnesia reacts with acetic acid it produces

a) basic salt
b) acidic salt c) neutral salt
ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
d) complex salt
48. When base reacts with the non-metal oxide
a) it neutralizes each other c) it produces acidic salts
b) it creates fire d) it produces basic salts

49. The acid used for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives is
a) nitric acid b) sulphuric acid
c) phosphoric acid d) hydrochloric acid

50. Which acid is found in bee sting?

a) Citric acid c) Tartaric acid
b) Formic acid d) Nitric acid

51. Rubbing of which does give relief from pain in the case of bee sting?
a) Dilute hydrochloric acid b) Dilute nitric acid
c) Tooth paste d) Alkali

52. Which statement is correct?

a) Organic acids are obtained from natural sources.
b) Inorganic acids are prepared in laboratory.
c) Bee sting contains methanoic acid.
d) All of the above.
The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

53. Assertion (A) : The acid must always be added to water with constant stirring.
Reason (R) : Mixing of an acid with water decreases the concentration of H+ ions per unit volume.

54. Assertion (A) : Copper sulphate crystals are wet because it contains water of crystallization.
Reason (R) : Water of crystallization is the fixed number of molecules of water present in one formula unit
of salt.

55. Assertion (A) : The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic character.
Reason (R) : Aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not give H+ ions.

56. Assertion (A) : HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue litmus paper.
Reason (R) : HCl gas dissolves in the water present in wet litmus paper to form H+ ions.

57. Assertion (A) : Weak acids have low electrical conductivity.

Reason (R) : Strong acids and weak acids have equal concentration of hydrogen ions in their solutions.

58. Assertion (A) : Pure water is neither acidic nor basic.

Reason (R) The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in it

59. Assertion (A) : During electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, hydrogen is
produced at anode and chlorine gas is produced at cathode.
Reason (R) : Ions get attracted to oppositely charged electrodes.

60. Assertion (A) : Soaps would change the colour of red litmus to blue.
Reason (R) : Soaps are acidic in nature.

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

61. A solution of pH 2 is filled in two separate beakers. A few drops of methyl orange and phenolphthalein are
added into separate solutions. How will the colour of the indicators change?
a) Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: pink
b) Methyl orange: orange; phenolphthalein: colourless
c) Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: colourless
d) Methyl orange: orange; phenolphthalein: pink

62. When dilute sulphuric acid is added to a solid X, a gas Y is formed along with the formation of the salt of
the solid. What could be X and Y?
a) X: carbon; Y: hydrogen c) X: zinc; Y: oxygen
b) X: zinc; Y: hydrogen d) X: copper; Y: oxygen
63. When a base reacts with a metal, it forms a salt and hydrogen gas is released. By what method the presence
of hydrogen can be detected?
a) By methyl orange c) By litmus paper
b) By water d) By a burning candle

64. A student did an activity in which he added sodium bicarbonate to hydrochloric acid. It forms the carbon
dioxide gas. The gas released is passed through lime water. What change will be observed in lime water?
a) The colour of solution becomes red.
b) White precipitate is formed
c) Bubbles are formed.
d) The solution becomes colourless.
65. A metal carbonate reacts with a solution X which forms a salt, water, and a gas Y. What are X and Y?
a) X: sodium hydroxide; Y: carbon dioxide
b) X: sodium hydroxide; Y: hydrogen
c) X: hydrochloric acid; Y: carbon dioxide
d) X: hydrochloric acid; Y: hydrogen

66. Which equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is correct?
a) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
b) 2HCl + NaOH → 2NaCl + H2O
c) 2HCl + NaOH → NaCl + 2H2O
d) HCl + 2NaOH → Na2Cl + H2O
67. What happens when acid is mixed with water?
a) Heat is evolved c) Concentration of acid increases
b) Heat is absorbed d) All of the above

68. Olfactory indicators are

a) Rose petals c) Clove
b) Turmeric d) Soap

69. On diluting an acid concentration of H+ per unit volume

a) Increases c) Remain same
b) Decreases d) First increases then decreases

70. When pure water boils vigorously, the bubbles that rise to the surface are composed primarily of
a) Air c) hydrogen and oxygen
b) Hydrogen d) water vapour

71. Which one of the following gases is placed second in respect of abundance in the Earth's atmosphere?

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

a) Oxygen c) Nitrogen
b) Hydrogen d) Carbon dioxide

72. Which one among the following chemicals is used as washing soda?
a) Calcium carbonate c) Sodium carbonate
b) Calcium bicarbonate d) Sodium bicarbonate

73. Which one of the following is a cause of acid rains?

a) Ozone c) Sulphur dioxide
b) Ammonia d) Carbon monoxide

74. How much CO2 is produced on heating of 1 kg of carbon?

a) 11/3 kg c) 4/3 kg
b) 3/11 kg d) 3/4 kg

75. The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is

a) in etching glass
b) in the preparation of strong organic fluorine compounds
c) as a bleaching agent
d) as an extremely strong oxidizing agent

76. The desirable range of pH for drinking water is

a) 6.5 to 8.5 c) 7.0 to 8.0
b) 5.0 to 6.5 d) 6.5 to 8.5

77. The pH range of urine (Human)

a) 4.8 - 8.4 c) 6.5 - 7.5
b) 2.4 - 3.4 d) 7.36 - 7.42

78. An example of acidic buffer

a) NH4OH + NH4Cl c) Ca(OH)2 + CaCl2
b) CH3COOH + CH3COONa d) Ba(OH)2 + BaCl2

79. Which of the following is alkali?

a) Calcium hydroxide c) Copper carbonate
b) Calcium carbonate d) Sodium hydroxide

80. Which among the following statements with regard to pH scale is/are correct?
I. It is logarithmic scale.
II. The scale is limited to 0-14 because the ionic product of water is about 10-14.
III. The lower the value of pH the greater is the acidity of the solution.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
a) Only II c) I and III
b) I and II d) I,II and III

Previous Year Questions

81. Which one among the following is the correct order of strength of acids? [2012-II]
a) H3PO3>CH3COOH>H2SO4 c) CH3COOH>H2SO4>H3PO3
b) H2SO4>H3PO3>CH3COOH d) CH3COOH>H3PO3>H2SO4

82. Which one of the following is a double salt? [2012-II]

a) K4[Fe(CN)6
b) K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3 .24H2O c) CuSO4. H2O
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d) NaCl
83. The acid contained in vinegar is [2013-I]
a) Ascorbic acid c) Acetic acid
b) Tartaric acid d) Citric acid

84. The pH of fresh milk is 6, when it turns sour the pH becomes [2013-I]
a) Lesser than 7 c) Remains same
b) Greater than 7 d) Neutral

85. Turmeric (Haldi) rapidly becomes colourless on addition of [2013-II]

a) Baking soda c) Lemon juice
b) Vinegar d) None of these

86. The pH of the solution obtained by dissolving pure sodium chloride in water is [2013-II]
a) Acidic d) Depend upon amount of sodium chloride
b) Basic added.
c) Neutral

87. Which of the following is/are amphoteric? [2014-I]

a) Al(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3
b) Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
c) Ba(OH)2 and NaOH
d) Al(OH)3 only

88. Which of the following element combinations will form ionic compounds? [2014-II]
1. Ca(Z=20) and Ti (Z=22)
2. Si (Z=14) and Br (Z=35)
3. Mg (Z=12) and Cl (Z=17)
Select the correct answer using the code given below
a) 2 only
b) 2,3 only
c) 1 only
d) 3 only

89. Match list I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists [2015-I]

(List-I) (List-II) Compound

Nature
A. Strong acid 1. Sodium hydroxide
B. Alkali 2. Hydrochloric acid
C. Weak acid 3. Calcium oxide
D. Base 4. Acetic acid

Codes:
A B C D
a) 2 3 4 1
b) 3 1 4 2
c) 2 1 4 3
d) 4 1 2 3

90. Which one of the following is an organic acid? [2015-I]

a) Hydrochloric acid
b) Nitric acid
c) Acetic acid

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

d) Sulphuric acid

91. Boric acid is an acid because its molecule [2015-II]

a) accepts OH- from water releasing proton
b) combines with proton from water molecule
c) contains replaceable H+ ion
d) gives up a proton

92. Suppose you have four test tubes labelled A,B,C, and D. A contains water, B contains solution of an alkali,
C contains solution of an acid, and D contains solution of sodium chloride. Which one of these solutions
will turn phenolphthalein solution pink? [2016-I]
a) Solution A c) Solution C
b) Solution B d) Solution D

93. Which one of the following oxides of nitrogen is known as ‘anhydride’ of nitric acid? [2016-I]
a) N2O c) NO2
b) N2O3 d) N2O5

94. Which one of the following oxides dissolved in water? [2016-I]

a) CuO c) Na2O
b) Al2O3 d) Fe2O3

95. Which one of the following is the chemical name for baking soda? [2016-I]
a) Sodium carbonate c) Potassium carbonate
b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate d) Potassium hydrogencarbonate

96. The accidental touch of nettle leaves crates a burning sensation, which is due to inject of[2016-I]
a) Hydrochloric acid c) Citric acid
b) Methanoic acid d) Sulphuric acid

97. Which one of the following elements will not react with dilute HCl to produce H2? [2016-II]
a) Mg c) Hg
b) Al d) Zn

98. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of change in colors when a turmeric stain on white
clothes is scrubbed by soap and then washed with water? [2017-II]
a) Yellow – pink – blue c) Yellow – reddish-brown – blue
b) Yellow – reddish-brown – yellow d) Yellow – blue – pink

99. Which one of the following is NOT true for bleaching powder? [2018-I]
a) It is used as a reducing agent in chemical industries
b) It is used for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories
c) It is used for disinfecting drinking water
d) It is used for bleaching linen in textile industry

100. Which of the following properties is true for a tooth paste? [2018-I]
a) It is acidic
b) It is neutral
c) It is basic
d) It is made up of Calcium phosphate, the material of tooth enamel.

101. Which one of the following gives the highest amount of hydrogen ions (H+ )? [2018-I]
a) Sodium hydroxide solution
ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
b) Milk of magnesia
c) Lemon juice
d) Gastric juice

102. Which one of the following reactions will give NO (nitric oxide) gas as one of the products? [2018-II]
a) 3Cu + 8HNO3 (dilute) → c) 4Zn + 10 HNO3 (dilute) →
b) Cu + 4 HNO3 (Conc.) → d) Zn + 4 HNO3 (conc) →

103. Which one of the following is a tribasic acid? [2018-II]

a) Hydrochloric acid c) Sulphuric acid
b) Nitric acid d) Phosphoric acid

104. The acidic semi-digested food coming out of the stomach is neutralized by [2018-II]
a) pancreatic juice c) large intestine secretion
b) duodenal secretion d) bile juice

105. Which one of the following will NOT produce carbon dioxide on reacting with an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid? [2019-I]
a) Limestone c) Chalk
b) Quick lime d) Marble

106.At nearly 70°C, sodium bicarbonate shows the property of gradually decomposing, which makes it usable
in bakery products. The product of decomposition responsible for this use of sodium bicarbonate is[2019-
II]
a) Carbon dioxide c) Water vapour
b) Hydrogen d) Oxygen

107. Which one of the following was the first mineral acid discovered? [2019-II]
a) Sulphuric acid c) Nitric acid
b) Hydrochloric acid d) Phosphoric acid

108. Which one of the following statements regarding Bleaching powder and D.D.T. is correct? [2020-I]
a) Both are inorganic compounds c) Both contain chlorine
b) Both are organic compounds d) Both contain calcium

109. Number of molecules of water of crystallization in copper sulfate, sodium carbonate, and Gypsum are
[2020-I]
a) 5, 10 and 2 respectively c) 5, 2 and 10 respectively
b) 10, 2 and 5 respectively d) 2, 5 and 10 respectively

110. Vinegar is also known as [2020-I]

a) Ethanoic acid c) Sulphuric acid
b) Nitric acid d) Tartaric acid

111. Chalk and marble are different forms of [2020-I]

a) Calcium hydrogen carbonate c) Calcium acetate
b) Calcium carbonate d) Sodium carbonate

112. Which one of the following compounds is used in ‘black and white’ photography?[2021-II]
a) AgF b) AgBr
c) AgCl d) Ag2SO4

113. What is the number of water molecules present in ferrous sulphate crystal? [2021-II]
a) 1 c) 5
b) 3 d) 7
ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY
114. The cleaning action of soap and detergent is due to the formation of [2021-I] 
a) Micelle c) Base
b) Salt d) Acid

115. Which one of the following reactions does not result in the evolution of hydrogen gas? [2021-I]
a) Reaction of zinc metal with dilute sulphuric acid solution
b) Mixing water to Plaster of Paris
c) Heating zinc metal with sodium hydroxide solution
d) Reaction of potassium metal with water

116. Common salt (NaCl) is not used as a raw material for preparation of which one of the following
compounds? [2021-I]
a) Bleaching powder
b) Baking soda
c) Plaster of Paris
d) Washing soda

117. Which one of the following acids is predominantly found in tomatoes? [2021-I]
a) Acetic acid
b) Tartaric acid
c) Oxalic acid
d) Lactic acid

118. What is the colour of the precipitate obtained by passing CO2 gas through lime water? [2021-II]
a) Blue
b) Green
c) Brown
d) White

119. Which one of the following is the colour of hydrogen gas? [2022-I]
a) Light yellow
b) Colourless
c) Orange
d) Black

120. Which one of the following is the correct molecular formula of ammonium carbonate, if the valency of
ammonium ion is (+1) and carbonate anion is (-2) ? [2022-I]
a) NH4CO3
b) (NH3)2CO3
c) NH4(CO3)2
d) (NH4)2CO3

ANSWER KEY

1-C 21-C 41-A 61-C 81-B 101-D

2-D 22-A 42-B 62-B 82-B 102-A
3-B 23-C 43-A 63-D 83-C 103-D
4-A 24-B 44-C 64-B 84-A 104-A
5-B 25-C 45-C 65-C 85-D 105-B
6-A 26-A 46-C 66-A 86-C 106-A
7-B 27-D 47-A 67-A 87-D 107-C
8-D 28-D 48-A 68-C 88-D 108-C

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY

 9-C 29-C 49-A 69-B 89-C 109-A
10-D 30-D 50-B 70-D 90-C 110-A
11-C 31-C 51-C 71-A 91-A 111-B
12-B 32-C 52-D 72-C 92-B 112-B
13-A 33-A 53-B 73-C 93-D 113-D
14-B 34-A 54-A 74-A 94-C 114-A
15-A 35-B 55-A 75-A 95-B 115-B
16-D 36-A 56-B 76-D 96-B 116-C
17-D 37-D 57-C 77-A 97-C 117-C
18-A 38-B 58-B 78-B 98-B 118-D
19-D 39-C 59-D 79-D 99-A 119-B
20-D 40-A 60-C 80-D 100-C 120-D

ARMED FORCES PREPARATORY ACADEMY