Lecture 4-5-2022

Displacement:
Suppose we wish to study the translational motion of a car along a

straight road (one dimension), for one dimensional motion we need
just one axis to locate the particle. We will take our x- axis to lie along
the road. Now when a car moves from initial coordinate to a final
coordinate , its displacement is written as :
(displacement defined as a change in position)
Where the always means the final value minus the initial
value, not the greater minus the lesser. When a car moves from point
A to B (as in fig.(1) below), then its displacement is:
Its depend only on the initial and final

position, not on the details of the path,
and it is an example of vector.
Distance:
To find the distance traveled for the car from point A to B,
we see that is 12m, this means, that the distance traveled
is "the length of the actual path and is a positive value". It
is an example of scalar.
Average speed( ):
Is away to describing a particle moves, the average speed
for a finite time interval is defined as:
, it is also appositive scalar.
For our example; if the .
Average velocity : it is defined as:
And it is a vector in the direction of the displacement, the

unit of both speed and velocity is (m/sec), for above
example:
Example: A bird flies east at 10m/sec for 100m. it
then turns around and flies at 20m/sec for 15sec.
find (a) its average speed (b) its average velocity.
Solution: (a)
(scalar)
(b)
Or
(The negative sign means that is directed toward the west)
Instantaneous velocity :
The velocity at any instant of time, or, at any point in
space, is called the instantaneous velocity. Fig below
shows, when approaches , the value of changes
and cord acts smaller and smaller section, until finally it
becomes the tangent to the curve at ,the instantaneous
velocity at any instant is given by the slope of the tangent
to the position- time graph at that time.
Expressed mathematically
It is a vector quantity, and its magnitude is speed

Acceleration:
We say that a body accelerates when its velocity
changes in magnitude or in direction, or both. The
average acceleration for a finite time interval is
defined as:
, it is vector quantity (m/sec2)
Then, the instantaneous acceleration is defined
as the derivative of with respect to t:
Graphically, the instantaneous acceleration is
found from the slope of the tangent (from
versus t graph).
Example: The position of a particle moving on the is given by
.
What is its velocity at t=3.5sec? Is the velocity constant or is it
continuously changing?
Solution:
The velocity
At .
The particle is moving toward with speed 68m/sec, since the
quantity t appears in equation(1), then the velocity is depend on
time (continuously changing).
Example: A bird flies north at 20m/sec for 15sec. it rest for 5sec and
then flies south at 25m/sec for 10sec. for the whole trip, find (a)
the average speed; (b) the average velocity; (c) the average
acceleration.
a-
b-
C-
H.W: A jogger runs 100m at 5m/sec then 100m at 4m/sec in the
same direction. What is the average velocity?
Ans. .
(H.W) At t=0 a car is moving east at 10m/sec. find its average
acceleration between t=0 and each of the following times at
which it has the given velocities: a) t=2sec, 15m/sec east, b)
t=5sec 5m/sec, c) t=10sec, 10m/sec west, d) t=20sec, 20m/sec
west.
Ans.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(H.W) The position of a particle as a function of time is given by:
Find (a)its velocity at t=2sec.
(b) its acceleration at 4sec (c) its average acceleration between
t=1sec and t=3sec.
Ans. (a) ; (b) ; (c)
Example: From the x versus t graph of fig.(1). Find the average velocity for each of
the following intervals; (a) 0 to 2sec; (b) 1 to 3sec; (c) 2 to 4sec; (d) 4 to 6sec.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(C)
Example: A cyclist moves at 12m/sec for 1min and at 16m/sec for 2min.
Find the average velocity if the second part of the motion (a)in the
same direction as the first, and (b)in the opposite direction.
Solution:
(b)in the opposite direction:

or
The equations of motion for constant acceleration (a):
The following motion used of motion for constant acceleration:
1- : is the initial value of position
2- :is the initial value of velocity
3- :is the final value of position
4- :is the final value of velocity
When the acceleration is constant, its average and instantaneous values
are identical, so we may write:
; (where )
Now for (initial condition) we may write:
Now we consider the following fig. in which the velocity of body increases
with a constant acceleration:
The area of the shaded trapezoid is the sum of area of the triangle and
rectangle:
, get: now, when
, for initial condition (
Then:⇒
Put Eq.(1) in Eq.(2) get:
⇒
This equation of a parabola, as shown in fig.
"For constant acceleration, prove that .
Now from equation (1):
, then equation(3) become:
⇒
⇒ or⇒
The equations (1-4) are the equations of motion for
constant acceleration in both the magnitude and
direction along the .
Example: A particle is x=5m at t=2sec and has a velocity
v=10 m/sec. its acceleration is constant at -4m/sec2.
Find the initial position at t=0.
Solution: Given
Unknown
⇒
Now:
⇒
(H.W) Is the equation correct? Could it

be used in above example.
Example: A car accelerates with constant acceleration from
rest to 30m/sec in (10)sec. It then continues at constant
velocity. Find: (a)its acceleration; (b)how far it travels
while speeding up; (c)the distance it covers while its
velocity changes from 10m/sec to 20m/sec.
Solution: Given:
(a)A sketch and coordinates system are shown in fig.
(b)
Or
(c) Given
Unknown
.
Vertical free - fall:
Free-fall: Is the motion that occur under the
influence of gravity. In the absence of air resistance,
it is found that all bodies at the same location above
the earth fall vertically with the same acceleration, if
the distance of the fall is small compared to the
radius of the earth, then the acceleration remains
constant. This motion, in which air resistance is
neglected and the acceleration is nearly constant, is
known as free-fall, since the acceleration is constant
the previous equations can be used, and this
acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity
and its magnitude is denoted by the symbol (g) and
is directed downward, toward the center of earth,
near the earth's surface, g is approximately:
For vertical motion we will use the , and the acceleration
due to gravity will be:
( is y – component of the vector )
Therefore: the equations of motion become:
Where the quantity are the components of the vectors

Example: A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a tall
building, as in fig. below, after 3sec of free fall, what is the
velocity of the stone?
Solution: Given:
Therefore:
Note that the velocity is negative, because it is
downward.
Example: A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of
12m/sec from a roof top 40m high. Find (a) its velocity
on hitting the ground; (b)the time of the flight; (c)the
maximum height; (d)the time to return to roof level;
(e)the time it is (15)m below the rooftop.
Solution:
(a)Given:
When the ball hits the ground, its final position is y=0
therefore:
Since the velocity downward, then, we choose

(b)The time of flight:
Given:
(c) At the maximum height
Given:
(d) At the roof level, the final position is y=40m

Given:
Therefore:
(e) This mean that y=25(40-15)

Given ,
Therefore:
(quadratic equation)
 Or 
,
,
Example: A ball thrown down from a balcony lands in
0.8sec at a speed of 13m/sec. Find: (a)the initial
velocity; (b)the height from which it was thrown; (c)the
time to land if it were thrown up from the balcony with
the same initial speed.
Solution: (a)Given
Since the ball is down, therefore, we take

(b) ,
(c)

Or 
(H.W) A football game customarily begin with a coin toss to
determine who kicks off. The referee tosses the coin up from
the ground with an initial speed of 5m/sec. In the absence of
air resistance (a)how high does the coin go above its point of
release? (b)what is the total time taken to return to its release
point?
Ans.(a)1.275m (b)1.02sec
(H.W): A ball thrown up from the ground reaches a maximum
height of 20m. Find (a)its initial velocity (b)the time taken to
reach the highest point (c)its velocity just before hitting the
ground (d)its displacement between 0.5 and 2.5sec (e)the time
at which it is 15m above the ground.

Lecture 4-5-2022

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Lecture 4-5-2022

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Displacement:

Suppose we wish to study the translational motion of a car along a

Its depend only on the initial and final

And it is a vector in the direction of the displacement, the

It is a vector quantity, and its magnitude is speed

(b)in the opposite direction:

(H.W) Is the equation correct? Could it

Where the quantity are the components of the vectors

Since the velocity downward, then, we choose

(d) At the roof level, the final position is y=40m

(e) This mean that y=25(40-15)

Since the ball is down, therefore, we take

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