Advanced Radio and

Antenna Theoryy

Xian-Lingg Liangg
Department of Electronic Engineering
Email: Liangxl@sjtu.edu.cn
Liangxl@sjtu edu cn
Tel: 34204663
Room 522, Building 1
 Curriculum Arrangement

¾ Radio and antenna fundamental   
R di d t f d t l
① knowledge
g
¾ Linear Antennas

¾ Printed antennas and UWB antennas
Printed antennas and UWB antennas
②
¾ Students’ presentation (four students)
 Antenna Definitions
How to define an antenna or how to evaluate an antenna?
 Wire Antenna Family
y
Folded Dipole
Biconical Antenna
Bandwidth
Di
Discone A
Antenna
Dipole Antenna Spiral Antenna
Yagi-Uda Antenna
Gain
S
Structure LPDA

Bandwidth Helical Antenna

Monopole Antenna
Sleeve Monopole
p
Loop antenna
 Printed antennas

three-dimensional
antennas
P
Parameter:
t tanδ,ε,
t δ μ
Based on substrate materials

two-dimensional
antennas

Printed antennas
 Curriculum Arrangement
¾ Printed antennas and UWB antennas
②
¾ Students
Students’ presentation (four students)
presentation (four students)
Printed antennas

Triple-band PIFA
 Printed antennas

Printed antennas have numerous advantages, including:

z Light weight and small overall dimensions;

z Easy manufacturing using printed circuit technology;
z Flush planar technology, aerodynamic characteristics suitable for
aeronautical applications;
z Easily
il integrated
i d with
i h electronic
l i components;
z Possibility of printing on curved surfaces to make conformal antennas;
z Easily integrated into arrays.

However they also have some drawbacks which limit their use:
z Several effects may lead to low overall efficiency, including dielectric
losses generation of surface waves at the dielectric-air
losses, dielectric air interface,
interface and
losses in the coplanar feed line.
ecd = ec ed = antenna radiation efficiency
 Printed antennas
Printed antennas originated from the set of planar microwave
technologies such as microstrip, slot lines, coplanar line, etc.
Although the possibility of using the radiation from such lines was
suggested as early as the 1950s,
1950s the first practical printed antennas
appeared in the mid-1970s and have been widely developed since
then. They are realized with printed circuit technology, and since
their
h i introduction
i d i they
h h
have accompaniedi d the
h generall trendd off
electronic miniaturization. The different types of printed antennas
aaree ddistinguished
s gu s ed by thee geo
geometry
e y oof thee radiating
ad a g eelement
e e aandd by
the feeds or ports which allow in excitations.
 Printed antenna familyy

printed monopole
antenna

printed dipole
antenna
t
printed antennas
Conformal antenna

microstrip antenna

printed
i t d slot
l t
antenna
 Printed antenna applications
• The portable mobile devices will include: mobile phone
h d
handsets; RFID tags; laptops
l with
i h embedded
b dd d wireless
i l l l
local
area network (WLAN) access points;
 Printed antenna applications

Handset::
Handset
The design challenge posed by handset antennas is becoming more
critical as networks evolve to offer a wider range of services. We now
expect a pocket-sized mobile terminal to be able to deliver telephony
(potentially video telephony), high-speed data services, location and
navigation services, entertainment and more to come in the future. Not
only do some of the new services require higher data rates, but the
i
increasing
i number
b off different
diff t facilities
f iliti in i the
th terminal
t i l putst greatt
pressure on the available space for antennas. Handset designers expect
that multiple antennas can be operated successfully in close proximity
to components such as cameras, flash units, loudspeakers, batteries and
the other hardware needed to support the growing capabilities of the
terminal.
 Printed antenna applications
Handset cont’d

The list above includes most major world-wide

world wide assignments,
assignments but some other
frequency bands are allocated in certain countries.
 Printed antenna applications

GSM850/900/1800/1900/WCDMA Band  GSM900/DCS1800/PCS1900

Band: GSM850/GSM900/DCS/PCS GSM900/GSM1800/GSM1900
Bluetooth
Printed antenna applications
 Printed antenna applications

• Clamshell
Cl h ll phone:
h
Do not have a universal position for the
antenna and three different locations are
used
Printed antenna family
 Printed antenna applications

Barphone
Almost universally have their antennas
located at the upper
pp end of the handset, above
or behind the display. This position uses the
whole length of the chassis to achieve
maximum bandwidth.
bandwidth If the handset is more
than about 90mm long and has the right ‘feel’
in the hand, the user will hold the lower part
off the
h phone
h andd the
h antenna willill not be
b
covered when the handset is held to the ear.
Shorter barphones tend to be held with the
hand covering most of the rear surface.
 Printed antenna applications

• Clamshell
Cl h ll phone:
h
The slider configuration is relatively uncommon,
so the design can be regarded as rather less
mature than the bar phone and clamshell. The
lower component of the handset usually
contains
i the
h keyboard
k b d andd RF components
while the upper component contains the camera
and display.
p y
 Printed antenna applications
• RFID antenna:
Radio
R di frequency
f id tifi ti
identification (RFID) which
(RFID), hi h was developed
d l d
around World War II, provides wireless identification and
trackingg capability
p y and is a technology.
gy The ppurpose
p of an RFID
system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device,
called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed
according to the needs of a particular application.
application The data
transmitted by the tag may be used to provide identification or
location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such
as price,
i color,
l andd date
d off purchase.
h
 Printed antenna applications
RFID antenna cont’d:
 Printed antenna applications

RFID antenna cont’d:

cont d:
 Printed antenna applications
• RFID cont’d:
 Printed antenna applications
Laptop :
For most laptops with integrated wireless, the antennas are typically placed in the
l
laptop di l to ensure wireless
display i l connection
i performance.
f I consists
It i off a liquid
li id
crystal display (LCD) panel, two metal hinge bars (one on the left and one on the
right of the display), a display cover, an optional thin metal foil, and a plastic
bezel (not shown). The thin metal foil is used to prevent electromagnetic
interference in the case where a plastic cover is used. In old laptops or new low
end laptops,
p p , the LCD p panel is much smaller than the display
p y cover,, so an antenna
can be placed almost anywhere around the gap between the LCD panel and the
cover and achieve reasonable performance. However, for the newer laptops,
especially the high end laptops, the gap is very small, typically between 33–7
7 mm,
and the display is very thin as well.
 Printed antenna applications
Laptop antenna cont’d:
 Printed antenna applications
Laptop antenna cont’d:
 Printed antenna applications

Laptop antenna cont’d:

cont d:

A slot antenna in parallel and perpendicular orientation on a laptop display.

 Printed antenna applications
• Medical devices for microwave thermal therapy; sensors
i
installed
ll d on or above
b the
h human
h b d
body;

Exploded diagram of the proposed healthcare sensor

 Printed antenna applications
• Body sensor
 Printed antenna applications
• Ultra-wideband (UWB) based high-data-rate wireless
connectors suchh as the
h wireless
i l USB dongle.
d l
Printed antenna applications

Integrated antennas into PCMCIA cards: (a) retractable sleeve dipole, (b)
CPW f d printed
CPW-fed i t d IFA,
IFA ((c)) ttriple-band
i l b d PIFA , and
d (d) CPW
CPW-fed
f d chip
hi antenna
t
 Printed antenna applications
PC card antenna cont’d:

PC cards
 UWB antennas

Ultra-wideband application
Equiangular spiral antenna, log-periodic
dipole antenna, ……

UWB antennas

Ultra-wideband technique
Horn antenna, monopole
p antenna,
dipole antenna, wide-slot antenna,
vivaldi antenna, horn antenna …….
 UWB antennas
Conventional UWB and SWB Antennas

(a) Lodge’s biconical antennas (1898) (b) Carter’s improved match biconical
antennas (1939)
 UWB antennas
Conventional UWB and SWB Antennas

(c) Schelkunoff’s spheroidal antenna (1941) (d) Brillouin’s omni-directional

coaxial horn antennas (1948)
 UWB antennas
Conventional UWB and SWB Antennas

(e) Equiangular spiral antenna (f) log-periodic dipole antenna

Frequency Independent Antennas （Ramsey et al. in the late 1950s and early 1960s)
 UWB antennas
Conventional UWB and SWB Antennas

Vivaldi Antennas (Gibson 1979)

 UWB antennas

UWB BT 802.11a HomeRF

Rate（bps） Max 1G ＜1M 54M 1~2M

Distance（m） ＜10 10 10~100 50

Power 1m
1mw 1 100m
1~100mw >1
>1w <1
<1w
 UWB antennas

• UWB technology has been around for decades. Its original

applications were mostly in military systems. However, the
first Report and Order by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) authorizing the unlicensed use of UWB on
Februaryy 14,, 2002,, ggave a huge
g boost to the research and
development efforts of both industry and academia.
 UWB antennas
UWB bandwidth is the frequency range bounded by the points that are 10 dB
b l
below th highest
the hi h t power emission
i i with ith the
th upper edge
d fh and
d the
th lower
l edge
d f l.
Thus, the center frequency fc of the UWB bandwidth is designated as

The fractional bandwidth BW is defined as

According to the FCC rules, the following technical terms can be defined for
UWB operation. A UWB transmitter is an intentional radiator that, at any point
in time,, has a fractional bandwidth BW of at least 20% or has a UWB bandwidth
of at least 500 MHz, regardless of the fractional bandwidth.
 UWB antennas
The emission limit masks are regulated by the regulators such
as the FCC
The emission power limits
are lower than the noise
floor in order to avoid
possible interference
between UWB devices
and existing electronic
systems. The masks vary
in different regions, but
the maximum emission
levels are always kept
lower
owe than -41.3
.3
dBm/MHz.
 UWB antennas
One of the challenges for the implementation of UWB
systems is the development of a suitable or optimal antenna.
antenna From a
systems point of view, the response of the antenna should cover the
entire operating bandwidth. The response or specifications of an
antenna will vary according to system requirements. Therefore, it is
important for an antenna engineer to be familiar with the
requirements of the system before designing the antenna.
antenna
In UWB antenna design, both the frequency and time-domain
responses should be taken into account. The frequency-domain
response includes: Impedance
Impedance,, Radiation (radiation
radiation efficiency,
radiation patterns, polarization, and gain
gain) The radiation efficiency
is an important parameter especially for small antenna design,
where it is difficult to achieve impedance matching due to small
radiation resistance and large reactance. For a small antenna with
weakk radiation
di ti di ti it the
directivity, th radiation
di ti efficiency
ffi i i off greater
is t
practical interest than the gain.
 UWB antennas
Biconical antennas
It is constructed byy Sir Oliver Lodge
g in 1898,, are
the earliest antennas used in wireless systems, as
mentioned by John D. Kraus. They have
relatively stable phase centers with broad
impedance bandwidths due to the excitation of
TEM modes. Many diverse variations of
biconical antennas,
antennas such as finite biconical
antennas, discone antennas, singlecone with
resistive loadings have since been constructed
andd optimized
i i d for
f broad
b d impedance
i d b d id h
bandwidth.
Lodge’s biconical antennas (1898)
 UWB antennas

Biconical antennas cont’d

The dipoles are fed by balanced
feeding structures. However, it is
difficult to engineer the balanced
feeding structures in practical
applications. Also, the effects of
the feeding structure on the
performance (especially the
impedance
p performance)) of the
p
dipole should be taken into
account.
 UWB antennas

The antenna’s performance is determined by the shape and size

of the planar radiator as well as the feeding section edge of the
impedance
p bandwidth.
The feed gap, location of the feed point, and the shape of the
bottom of the radiator determine the impedance matching.

The shape of the bottom of the radiator is modified for impedance matching.
The impedance matching is determined by the impedance transition between
the coaxial p
probe and the radiator. A broadband impedance
p transition will
ensure impedance matching across a broad bandwidth.
 UWB antennas

The
h implementation
i l i off modified
difi d feeding
f di structures can enhance
h the
h
impedance performance of planar antennas. For instance, the coaxial probe
excites the p
planar radiator via a U-shaped
p or inverted E-shaped
p transition
which forms an impedance transformer for broadband impedance matching.

In order to reduce the height of the planar monopole, a strip can be attached
to the top side of the radiator patch.
 UWB antennas
In addition, the radiator can theoretically be of any shape.

Elliptical planar antennas are of importance to planar antenna design due to

their broadband and high-pass impedance performance.

The slots or apertures in annular and slotted planar antennas are often
employed to improve the impedance bandwidth by changing the current
distributions on the radiators.
UWB antennas

4
cal.

S11/dB
3

1
0 5 10 15 20 2
f/GH

• Frequency range：
0.96~25GHz

• Ratio BW：>26:1
 UWB antennas
UWB antennas
Printed bow-
bow-tie antennas
 UWB antennas
Printed monopole antennas

a. The rectangular monopole is used to replace the disc

b. The trapeziform ground plane is used to replace the cone
c. The CPW feeder is used to replace the coaxial line
 UWB antennas
Printed monopole antennas
6
w=2.7 mm Dmin=20mm
w=2.2 mm Dmin=14mm
5 w=1.0 mm Dmin=9mm
w=0.4 mm Dmin=6mm
4
VSWR

1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency (GHz)
N w Dmin ZCPW Ratio
o [mm] [mm] [Ω] bandwidth

1 2.7 20 44 5.1:1

2 2.2 14 61 7.4:1

3 10
1.0 9 99 12 1
12:1

4 0.4 6 134 11.8:1

 UWB antennas
Printed monopole antennas

Ratio bandwidth
Antenna Frequency range of VSWR≤2
of VSWR≤2
configuration
Calculated Measured Calculated Measured

Antenna1 0.64 ~ 3.46GHz 0.58 ~ 3.72GHz 5.4:1 6.4:1

Antenna2 0 83 ~ 8.18GHz
0.83 8 18GHz 0 76 ~ 8.15GHz
0.76 8 15GHz 9 8:1
9.8:1 10 7:1
10.7:1
 UWB antennas
Printed monopole antennas

1GHz 3GHz 6GHz

 UWB antennas
Printed monopole antennas

4
Measured
Calculated
3

SWR
VS
2

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (GHz)
 UWB antennas

Studies have demonstrated that the asymmetrical

y planar structure
p
severely distorts the omnidirectional radiation characteristics of the
planar monopole antenna. This occurs especially at higher operating
frequencies where the planar antenna has become electrically larger than
frequencies,
at lower operating frequencies so that the radiation from different parts
of the planar radiator has a larger phase difference. The problem
becomes more severe if the UWB band covers a broad bandwidth of
50% (3.1–5 GHz) or 105% (3.1–10.6 GHz). Moreover, omnidirectional
radiation is desirable for mobile UWB applications.
 UWB antennas
two planar radiators with a crossed configuration have been used to form a
monopole.
monopole

A crossed
d monopole
l A ttwo-arm roll
ll monopole
l

However, the crossed monopole has a larger volume than the planar
monopole, although it is lighter than the thick solid cylindrical monopole.
As an alternative, the concept of a roll monopole has been presented which
features both broadband well-matched impedance response, as in the case
of a planar monopole, and broadband omnidirectional radiation.
 UWB antennas

The roll antenna can be

constructed with multiple layers.
Th coupling
The li b
between adjacent
dj
layers introduces capacitance,
while the spiral cross-section
provides the increase in
inductance. Moreover, the roll
monopole is much more compact
and has a lighter weight than the
planar
l monopole l andd the
h thick
hi k
cylindrical monopole.
 UWB antennas
Wide--slot antenna
Wide
Wide--slot antenna
Wide
UWB antennas

• Relative BW：106%
• Frequency range：2~6.17GHz
• Center frequency：3.52GHz
• Ratio BW
BW：3.08:1
3 08:1
 UWB antennas
Spiral antennas

side view
top view
top view
a balanced conical log‐spiral antenna

planar two-arm spiral antenna

backed by a conducting cavity.
However, for log-periodic antennas, the frequency-
dependent phase centers severely distort the
waveforms of radiated pulses.
UWB antennas
UWB antennas
 UWB antennas
Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) horns feature very broad well-
matched bandwidths and have been widely studied and applied.
applied

Ap pair of triangular
g metal flares forms a TEM horn antenna and a feed
excites the end of the horn. To enhance the gain of the horn antenna, a lens
is used to cover the aperture of the horn. The antenna radiates linearly
polarized TEM waves.
waves
 UWB antennas

• The Vivaldi antenna has a history of twenty five years dating back to
Gibson
ib i which
in hi h he
h introduces
i d the
h antenna as an amalgamation
l i off slot
l and d
Beverage antenna design, collectively called tapered slot antennas, which
has theoretically infinite bandwidth and constant beamwidth. Practically,
the operating bandwidth is limited by the microstrip
microstrip-to-slotline
to slotline transition
and the finite dimensions of the antenna, so one of effective methods to
improve the bandwidth is to design a broadband balun, such as a
microstrip-to-printed-twinline or two side slotline transitions. A Vivaldi
taperedd slot
l antenna fedf d by
b microstrip-to-slotline
i i l li isi proposed d in,
i where
h the
h
slotline is etched on a ground plane of the microstrip line with a shorting
pin, and its one side is narrow open port and the other side is a gradually
widening radiating port.
port In this way,
way a ratio impedance bandwidth of 8:1 is
achieved. Another effective method is the introduction of an antipodal
Vivaldi configuration with its inherently simple wideband transition from
microstrip line to parallel-strips. A balanced antipodal Vivaldi tapered slot
antenna provides
id a frequency
f range off 1.3
1 3 to 20GHz,
20GH with i h low
l cross-
polarization levels.
 UWB antennas

In order to enhance the performance of

the Vivaldi antenna, a modified version of it,
the antipodal Vivaldi antenna, has been
proposed.
UWB antennas

In order to make the design more conventional antipodal

compact and improve the Vivaldi antenna
impedance matching, the antipodal
Vivaldi antenna is modified byy
attaching two semi-circles to the
ends of the arms.
modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna
 UWB antennas
There are existing wireless local area network (WLAN) operating
bands such as the 5.2GHz (5.15 (5.15-5.35GHz)
5.35GHz) and 5.8GHz (5.725
(5.725-
5.825GHz in USA, 5.47-5.725GHz in Europe) bands, which may
cause interference with UWB systems. In order to avoid the
possible interference with the existing WLAN systems.
systems
UWB antennas have been proposed with band-notch
characteristics, such as by loading a half-wavelength U-shaped slot
or a quarter-wavelength
t l th V-shaped
V h d slot, l t and
d so on, or inserting
i ti
proper slits, or adding parasitic patches.
radiation patch substrate

parasitic
patch
top layer

bottom layer step 3

z step 2 step 1

x y

ground
input port
 Next lesson
Next lesson
• 11月30日：王玺，罗伟，谢秦川，愈坤治
• Hao Wang, Da-Gang Fang, and X. G. Chen, A Compact Single Layer
Monopulse Antenna Array, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION VOL.
PROPAGATION, VOL 54,54 NO.
NO 2,2 FEBRUARY 2006
• Fabien Ferrero, Cyril Luxey, Robert Staraj, Gilles Jacquemod, Matthew
Yedlin, and Vincent Fusco, A Novel Quad-Polarization Agile Patch
Antenna IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,
Antenna, PROPAGATION
VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2009
• Merih Palandoken, Andre Grede, and Heino Henke, Broadband Microstrip
A t
Antenna With Left-Handed
L ft H d d M Metamaterials,
t t i l IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
, 
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION VOL. 57, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009
• Shaoqiu Xiao,
Xiao Zhenhai Shao,
Shao Bing
Bing-Zhong
Zhong Wang,
Wang Ming
Ming-Tuo
Tuo Zhou,and
Zhou and
Masayuki Fujise, Design of Low-Profile Microstrip Antenna with
Enhanced Bandwidth and Reduced Size, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION VOL.
VOL 54,, 
54 NO.
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5 MAY 2006
 Presentation arrangement
11月23日：朱明达，贺冲，白旭东，闫鹏
月 日 朱明达 贺冲 白旭东 闫鹏
1. Francesco Merli, Jean-F. Zurcher, Angelo Freni, and Anja K. Skrivervik,
“Analysis
Analysis, Design and Realization of a Novel Directive Ultrawideband
Antenna,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009
2. Mark Dorica and Dennis D. Giannacopoulos, Evolution of Wire Antennas
in Three Dimensions Using a Novel Growth Process, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 43, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
3. Yingbo Zhang and Lei Zhu, Printed Dual Spiral-Loop Wire Antenna for
Broadband Circular Polarization, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS
PROPAGATION VOL.
AND PROPAGATION, VOL 54,54 NO.
NO 1,
1 JANUARY 2006.2006
4. Y. Duroc, A. I. Najam, T. P. Vuong, and S. Tedjini, Modeling and State
Representation of Ultrawideband Antennas, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2009
69