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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Environmental Model
 Mother of Modern Nursing “Lady with the Lamp”
 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
 Raised in England
 learned languages, literature, mathematics and social graces
 Education rounded by continental tour
 Self appointed goal: “to change the profile of nursing”
 Age 31, overcame family’s resistance to her Ambitions,
 Entered the Deaconess School at Kaiserwerth, Germany
 Established the Nightingale School of Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London, in 1860
 Provided first planned educational program for nurses
 Published two books: Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals
 Viewed the manipulation of the physical environment as a major component of nursing
care
 Used the term surroundings
 Major areas of the physical, social and psychological environment that the nurse could
manipulate:
1. Health of houses
2. Ventilation and warming
3. Light
4. Noise
5. Variety
6. Bed and beddings
7. Cleanliness of rooms and walls
8. Personal cleanliness
9. Nutrition and taking food
10.Chattering hopes and advices
11.Observation of the sick
12.Petty management
 Social and psychological environment that affect the physical environment are:
1. Variety
2. Chattering hopes and advices
3. Management
 One or more aspects of the environment are out of balance
 Client must use increased energy to counter environment stress
 Major Assumption
1. Environment - Anything that can be manipulated to place a patient in the best
possible condition for nature to act
2. Nursing was to assist nature in healing the patient.
 Person
1. Referred as a patient – a passive patient
2. Nurses perform tasks to and for the patient and controlled patient’s
surroundings
3. Patient performing self-care when possible
4. Patient is an individual
5. Nurse is in control of and responsible for the patient’s environmental
surroundings
 Health
1. Being well and using every power (source) to the
2. Fullest extent in living life
3. Disease and illness as a reparative process that nature instituted when a person
did not attend to healing concerns
 Nursing
1. Every woman, at one time, in her life, would be a Nurse in the sense that nursing is
being Responsible for someone’s else health
2. Nurses were to assist nature to repair the patient
NURSING THEORIES🔬
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910)

• Considered the first nursing theorist and earned the title “Nursing with a Lamp”
• Environmental Theory
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
• The Nature of Nursing Model
• Conceptualizes the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence
in meeting the 14 fundamental needs:
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
• Patient – Centered Approaches to Nursing Model
• Identifies 21 Nursing problems
• Defines nursing as a service to individuals and families
• Conceptualizes nursing as an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual
competencies and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help
people, sick or well and cope with their health needs
DOROTHY E. JOHNSON
• Behavioral System Model
• Each person as a behavioral system is composed of 7 subsytem:
IMOGENE KING
• Goal Attainment Theory
• Viewed nursing as an interaction process between patient and nurse that lead to goal
attainment
• Patient has 3 interacting system
Operational system (individuals)
Interpersonal system (nurse-patient)
Social system (health care system)
MADELEINE LEININGER
• Transcultural Nursing Model (Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory)
• Emphasizes that human caring, although universal, varies among cultures in its expressions,
process and patterns; it is largely culturally derived
• Presents 3 intervention modes;
Culture care preservation and maintenance
Culture care accommodation, negotiation or both
Culture care restructuring and repatterning
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
• Four Conservation Principles
• Proposed principles which are concerned with the unity and integrity of the individuals
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of structural integrity
Conservation of personal integrity
Conservation of social integrity
BETTY NEUMAN
• Health Care System Model
• Asserted that nursing is a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables
affecting the individual’s response to stress, which are intrapersonal stressors (within the
individual), interpersonal (occurs between individuals) and extrapersonal (outside the person)
in nature
• -Nursing interventions focus on retaining or maintaining system stability
DOROTHEA OREM
• Self-care and Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory
• Defines self-care as performing activities independently by individual throughout life to
promote and maintain personal well-being
• Identifies 3 types of nursing system:
Wholly Compensatory- for individuals who are unable to control and monitor their
environment and process information
Partly Compensatory- designed for individuals who are unable to perform some, but not all
self-care activities
Supportive-Educative- for clients who need to learn to perform self-care measures and need
assistance to do so
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
• Psychodynamic (Interpersonal Relations) Model
• Use of therapeutic relationship between nurse and the client
• 4 Phases:
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution
MARTHA ROGERS
• Science of Unitary Human Being
• Views the person as an irreducible whole, the whole being is greater than the sum of its part
• According to Rogers, unitary man:
Is an irreducible, four-dimensional energy field identified by pattern
Manifests characteristics different from the sum of the parts
Interacts continuously and creatively with the environment
Behaves as a totality
As a sentient being, participates creatively in change
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
• Adaptation Model
• Defines adaptation as the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses
conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration
• Goal of the model is to enhance life processes through adaptation in four adaptive modes
Physiologic mode
Self-concept mode
Role-function mode
Interdependence mode
LYDIA HALL
• Care, Core and Cure Model
• Care – nurturance and is exclusive to nursing
• Core – involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection.
• Cure – focuses on nursing related to the physician’s orders
IDA JEAN ORLANDO (1961)

• The Dynamic Nurse – Patient Relationship Model
• Nurse provides direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to
alleviate distress or helplessness
• She advocated that the three elements composing nursing situation are:
Client behavior
Nurse reaction
Nurse action
JEAN WATSON (1979)
• Human Caring Theory
• Practice of caring is central to nursing; it is the unifying focus for practice
• 10 curative factors:
1. Formation of humanistic – altruistic system of values
2. Instillation of faith and hope
3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others
4. Development of a helping – trusting relationship
5. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings
6. Systematically using the scientific problem – solving method for decision making
7. Promoting transpersonal teaching –learning
8. Provision of a supportive, protective and/or corrective mental, physical, societal and
spiritual environment
9. Assisting with gratification of human needs
10. Allowance for existential – phenomenologic- spiritual forces.
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
• Human Becoming Theory
• Proposes 3 assumptions about human becoming
1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the intersubjective
process of relating value priorities
2. Human becoming is concreting rhythmic patterns or relating in mutual process with the
universe
3. Human becoming is contrascending multidimensional with the emerging possibilities
-Emphasizes how individuals choose and bear responsibility for patterns of personal health.

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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910)

IDA JEAN ORLANDO (1961)

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