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CHAPTER 7 – FORCES - All moving objects have speed.

- Example:
LESSON 1 – MOTION AND FORCES o A cheetah can run at nearly 112 kilometers per
hour (70 miles per hour). This can be written as
FORCE refers to a push or a pull. 112km/hr or 70mph.
o The speed of a racing horse might reach 76 km/h
MOTION is the change of position of an object with
or 47.5 mph.
respect to time.
- An object is in motion if its location is constantly - How can you find the speed of an object?
changing. 1 – Find out the distance the object moved.
- 2 ways to describe motion is SPEED and VELOCITY. 2 – Find out how long it took to go that distance.
POSITION is the location of an object. 3 – Divide the distance travelled by the time spent
- You know that something has moved when its moving.
position has changed. Example:
- Word clues about position: In one hour, you pedal your bike 12km or 7.5mi. Your
o left or right speed is 12km/hr or 7.5mph
o above or below VELOCITY describes the object’s speed and direction of
o east or west motion.
- Frame of Reference refer to the objects used for - Example:
comparing. A bike racer’s speed may be 50 km/h (31mph).
- Another way to talk about position is to describe the If she goes 50km/h to the west, this is her velocity.
distance. - Pendulum is a mass on the end of a rod.
DISTANCE means how far apart two point or places are. o After the initial push, the pendulum swings back
- Distance can be given as a measurement. and forth.
- Example: New York City is about 370 kilometers from o It changes velocity on each swing.
Washington, D.C. It can be added that New York is
north and east of Washington, D.C.
SPEED is the distance an object moves in an amount of
time. It is how fast an object moves.
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How do forces change motion? - The surfaces rub against each other, slowing the
FORCE refers to push or pull. It can be big or small. object or stopping it completely.
- Examples: - Example:
o The force a crane uses to lift a truck is huge. There is friction between a rolling marble and the surface
o The force your hand uses to lift a feather is tiny. on which it is rolling. The friction causes the marble to
stop moving.
- Force can cause an object to start or stop moving.
There is very little friction between ice and the steel
- Force can also change the speed or direction of a blades of ice skaters.
moving object.
GRAVITY is a force that acts over a distance and pulls all
ACCELERATION refers to any change over time in the object together.
speed or direction of a moving object. - The force that causes an object to accelerate as it fall
- Friction causes acceleration. toward Earth.
- Example: A speed skaters race around a track. They go - The pull of gravity depends on 2 things:
faster and slower. They turn left or right or skate in a 1. amount of matter in an object [mass]
circle. 2. distance between the object [distance]
INERTIA is the tendency of an object in motion to stay in - Objects with more mass have a stronger pull.
motion or an object at rest to stay at rest. Example:
- Example: A skater will not start to move unless a force o Mass of Earth is huge. Its gravity pulls strongly on
acts on her. all objects, keeping your feet on the ground.
When moving, she cannot change her speed or o The Moon is less massive than Earth, so its pull is
direction unless a force acts on her. weaker.
o Mars is a planet that is smaller than Earth. Mars is
- All objects with mass have inertia.
less massive and so its pull is also weaker.
- What makes a rolling ball stop is by applying other
- Gravity is also stronger when objects are closer
forces.
together. As objects move apart, the pull of gravity is
FRICTION is a force that works against motion. weaker.
- It acts between the surfaces of objects that touch. Example: Sun is more massive than Earth, however, the distance
between Sun and Earth are far, so the pull of gravity is weaker.
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CHAPTER 7 – FORCES - Example:
You push the heavy backpack on the table across your
LESSON 2 – CHANGING MOTION desk. There is friction between the backpack and the
BALANCE FORCES are forces that cancel each other out desk. The force of friction is weaker than your push.
when acting together on a single object. This is because the backpack moved.
- Each force is equal in size and opposite in direction.
- Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion.
- Examples:
When an object is sitting still, all the forces acting on it
are balanced.
When you put a heavy backpack on your desk, the
backpack does not move. The gravity pulls the
backpack towards the Earth, but your desk is in the
way. The desk pushes up on the backpack with a force.
The strength of the force is exactly equal to the pull of
gravity. The two forces are balanced.

UNBALANCED FORCES refers to forces that are not equal WEIGHT and FORCE
to each other. - Newton is also a metric unit of weight.
- Unbalanced forces causes a change in motion. - Weight and force are related in that an object has
- The greater force determines the direction of motion. weight because the force of gravity pulls down on the object.
- Unbalance forces can affect an object’s direction, - Therefore, weight is a force and like all forces, it is
speed or both. measured in Newton.
- Today we measure force in metric units called
NEWTONS (N). This is from over 300 years ago, when
the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton told how force
and motion are related.
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How do forces affection?

- The size of a force affects an object’s acceleration. A

greater force gives the object more acceleration.
- Mass of an object also matters. If you apply the same
force to an object with more mass, that object FORCE, MASS and INERTIA
accelerates more slowly.
- A greater force will accelerate an object faster than a
lesser force will.
- A lesser force can slow down an object.
FORCES ADD UP examples (based on diagram)
- First drawing, one person pulls the load. The load
accelerates.
- The amount of force needed to change the inertial of
- Second drawing, two people pull the same load. It will
an object depends on the mass of the object.
accelerate twice as fast.
- The greater the mass, the greater the force needed to
- Third drawing, one person pulls twice the load. She
overcome inertia.
uses the same amount of force as the first drawing.
- The greater the mass, the greater the inertial of an
The load accelerates half as fast as the first drawing.
object. Mass and inertia are directly related.
- Examples:
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o If all racers apply equal forces, the race with the least o The oil is needed on moving parts of a bicycle to
amount of mass will win because she accelerates reduce friction. It helps the parts work smoothly
fastest. together.
o If you try to push 2 objects that are not moving, you - If the frictional force is less than the applied force, the
will need more force to move the object with greater motion is faster.
mass. It takes more force to move heavier objects. - If the friction force is greater than the applied force,
o If you try to stop two different balls that are rolling motion is slower.
down a hill. More force is needed to stop the ball with
more mass. Greater force is needed to change the
inertia of heavier object.

How do friction affect motion?

- V=d/t
velocity = distance over time
- m/s – meter per second
- km/h – kilometer per hour
- mph – miles per hour

- The amount of friction depends on the surfaces

involved.
- Water can reduce friction on surface.
Examples:
o A rough surface produces more friction than a
smooth surface. - A (with arrow) – Acceleration
o There is little friction between steel blades and ice - Vf – final velocity
that is why the blades can slip on ice. - Vi – initial velocity
o There is more friction between sneakers and the - T – time
sidewalk which prevents you from slipping. - Acceleration = Final Velocity – Initial Velocity
Time
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CHAPTER 8 – ENERGY o The cooler particles speed up, in time, all the particles
move at the same speed.
LESSON 1 – HEAT CHANGING TEMPERATURE
 Energy is needed for animals to stay warm.  Some sources of heat:
 Whether from the Sun or your body, thermal energy - burning wood
keeps you warm. - fossil fuels
THERMAL ENERGY – is the energy of moving particles of  Heating can change an object’s temperature.
matter.
- The faster the movement of the particles, the greater  TEMPERATURE – measures the thermal energy of the
the amount of thermal energy. particles in a substance.
 THERMOMETER – measures temperature.
HEAT – is the flow of thermal energy from warmer to
cooler objects. - Inside most thermometers is a liquid such as
alcohol.
- The flow of thermal energy from one object to
- As the thermometer warms, the particles of the
another.
liquid move faster and farther apart.
- Heal always moves from warmer to cooler objects.
- It can change an object’s temperature. - This movement makes the liquid expand and rise
- A warm object cools as it transfers heat. inside the thermometer.
- Heat can also be transferred.  Most scientists use the Celsius of oC scale to measure
- Heat causes matter to expand as the particles move temperature.
farther apart when they are heated.  Thermometers may show the Fahrenheit and Celsius
- Example: scales.
o When you use the toaster, not only do you heat the
bread but also heat the air around it.  Freezing point of water is at 32oF or 0oC.
o Touch the warm toast and that same thermal energy  Boiling point of water is at 212oF or 100oC.
moves to your hand.
o Hot particles of the toaster move quickly.
o The particles slow as they transfer their thermal
energy.
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pot. As the pot
heats, it transfer
HOW DOES HEAT TRAVEL?
energy to the
TERM Description Example
water.
1. CONDUCTION - Heat transfer by When you heat the - Water particles at
(Contact) molecular contact pan in a stove:
the bottom of the
- Most effective on - Heat is pot heat first.
solids transferred from
- Occurs between 2 They move faster
the flame to the and farther apart.
object that are pot.
touching. - Hot water
- The fast moving
- Conduction can also becomes less
particles of the
occur within an dense.
burner or flame
object, such as a hit the cooler - The dense cooler
metal pot. particles of the water sinks,
pan. replacing the hot
- Collision give the water.
cooler particles - When all particles
more thermal of water move at
energy. the same rate, the
- The particles of water boils.
the pan start to
move faster. 3. RADIATION - Heat transfer by wave When you heat the
- Soon, the entire (Waves) motion pan in a stove:
pan gets hot. - No material required, - The fast moving
can occur or travel in
2. CONVECTION - Heat transfer through When boiling water: particles of the
space.
density differences burner or flame
(Density) - Heat is - Does not need any
- Most effective in matter to transfer hit the cooler
transferred
liquid and gases. heat. particles of the
through the
- Transfers heat - Without radiation, pan.
through liquids or water from the
energy from the Sun - Collision give the
gases. pot.
would not reach cooler particles
- You can heat in a
Earth. more thermal
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- Hot surfaces transfer energy. HOW DOES HEAT CHANGE MATTER?
thermal energy to the - The particles of
air by radiation. the pan start to
move faster.

 Particles that make up matter are always moving.

 You can change matter by:
o adding energy to those particles
o taking away energy
Physical Changes
 If you increase thermal energy:
o the particles of matter move faster and farther
CLASSIFICATIONS OF OBJECTS IN RELATION TO HEAT: apart
TERM Description Example
o matter expands, taking up more space
1. CONDUCTORS - Transfer heat easily - Metals like
- Metals are good copper, gold and  If you decrease thermal energy:
conductors. aluminum are o When cooled, most matter contracts or shrinks
good conductors o particles move closer together
of heat.
Chemical Changes
2. INSULATORS - Do not transfer heat - You can handle a  Heat can cause some matter to burn.
easily. hot copper kettle  Burning is a chemical change.
using a piece of
 When fuel burns, the energy stored inside it is released.
cloth.
- Cloth is an Change of State
insulator, plastics,
 If enough heat is added, matter can change state.
rubber and paper.
- Pot holders, wool
Example: The welder is using a torch to heat metal. The
mittens protect flame is hot enough to melt the metal.
yourself from  If more energy were added, the liquid metal would
getting burned. change to a gas.
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Difference between Heat and Temperature: CHAPTER 8 – ENERGY
Heat is energy transferred from one body to another as
the result of a difference in temperature. While LESSON 2 – SOUND
temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness expressed  SOUND – is wave of vibrations (back-and-forth motion
in terms Celsius and Fahrenheit. of particles) that spread from its source.
- All sounds begin with a vibration.
- Sound travels through water faster and farther than
In what ways can you protect yourself from too much
through air.
heat?
- Sound cannot travel through vacuum.
- I will use an umbrella and sunscreen when going out
 VIBRATION – the back-and-forth motion.
under the sun.
- All sounds begin with a vibration.
- I will use wool mittens or pot holder when holding a hot - Examples:
pot or pan. o When you pluck the string of a guitar, it moves back
- Using fan or electric fan and forth very quickly.
- Drinking plenty of water o When you place your fingers against your throat while
- Take a cool shower or bath to cool you down you talk or hum, you feel vibration. The vocal cords
vibrate when air moves past them. This allows you to
speak.
 People burn coal and oil so they can generate energy. o The bell on an alarm clock. When the alarm goes off,
the bell vibrates.
 SOUND WAVE – wave that transfers sound through
matter.
- Sound waves spread outward from a vibration in all
directions.
- Unlike an ocean wave, sound wave does not move up
and down.
- Example:
o When an ocean wave rolls under a floating object.
The object moves up and down, but it does not change
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position. Yet the wave’s energy moves through the  The Speed of Sound
water. - Sound does not travel at the same speed through
o When the drummer strikes the drum, it vibrates. The all materials.
vibration forms a sound wave.
Material Speed of Sound
o The ringing bell sends sound waves in all directions.
Gas, such as air Slowest
ENERGY TRANSFER Liquid, such as water Faster
 First, energy from a vibration causes air particles to Solid, such as glass or a metal Fastest
move.
- Sound cannot travel through vacuum. A vacuum
 Then, air particles bump into one another.
does not contain matter. There can be no
 Some air particles are crowded together. Some are
vibrations in a vacuum. Therefore, there can be no
spaced apart.
sound waves.
 The air particles move back and forth.
 However, they do not change their overall position as  The Human Ear
they transfer energy.
HOW DOES SOUND TRAVEL?
 Sound travels through air.
 Sound travels through other substances, including
solids, liquids and gases.
 ECHOES – is a specific, reflected sound.
- Examples:
o Sometimes sound waves bounce off a surface.
The surface reflects the sound, causing it to
repeat. Parts Description
o Dolphins in this picture use echoes to navigate 1. Outer ear - Collects sound waves.
and find prey. The sounds they make are - Like a funnel, it directs the waves
reflected by underwater objects, such as fish. into the ear.
o Whale sharks use echoes to locate underwater 2. Eardrum - Soundwaves make the eardrum
objects.
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vibrate like the head of a drum
3. Middle ear - The vibrations are picked up by three How Do Sounds Differ?
tiny bones in the middle ear.
Properties of Sound
- The bones are the hammer, anvil and
stirrup. TERM Description Example

4. Inner Ear or - The stirrup passes the vibrations to a 1. WAVE LENGTH - Distance from one
Semicircula coiled tuve in the iner ear. area of crowded
particles to the next.
r Canals - The tube is filled with fluid and lined
- Wave length is the
with tiny hair cells.
distance from the top
- It is like the shape of a snail. of one soundwave to
5. Nerve to - The moving hair cells signal a nerve the top of the next
Brain in the ear wave.
- The nerve carries these signals to the - CREST – refers to the
brain. higher part of a wave
- The brain interprets the signals as length
- TROUGH – refers to
sound.
the low points of a
wave length
2. FREQUENCY - Number of vibrations - When you strike a
 The waves carry sound energy to tiny organs in the ear.
a sound source small bell, it
 The energy makes these organs vibrate. makes in a given vibrates quickly.
amount of time. It produces sound
- The frequency of waves with a high
soundwaves frequency.
determines its pitch.
3. Pitch - It is the highness or - The size of each
lowness of a sound. bell determines
- High sounds = high the pitch of the
frequency = high sound
pitch - Beat of a
- Low sounds = low mosquito’s wings
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frequency = low pitch – high frequency  You can protect yourself from loud noises by using hearing
- Croaks of a toad – protection like earplugs or earmuffs. It is necessary
low frequency because loud noises can lead to hearing loss or can
- A guitar can
damage your hearing.
change its pitch
by changing the
strings. Shorter,
thinner or tighter
string vibrate
more quickly and
have a higher
pitch.
4. AMPLITUDE - Amplitude - The - An Airplane take
and VOLUME amount of energy in a off, sound waves
sound wave. with high
o Sound waves with amplitude fill the
high amplitude are air. The sounds
made by objects are loud.
that vibrate with a - When you
lot of energy. whisper, your
High amplitude = vocal cords
high energy vibrate just a
- Amplitude affects the little. Sound
volume or loudness waves have low
of sounds. amplitude and
- High amplitude = high volume is low.
volume and high
energy
- Low amplitude – low
volume and low
energy
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 SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) – is a
technology that uses sound waves to detect
underwater objects.
- It works by send out sounds and receiving echoes.
- It is used to find sunken ships on the ocean floor.
- It measures the time distance between the sound
and its echo. It then makes an image of the object
or surface.
USING ECHOS
 You know that when a sound hits a surface it is
reflected.
 Sailors use sonar to measure how deep the water is.
 Fishers use sonar to find schools of fish.
 Scientist use sonar to map the ocean floor.
 Others use it to search for shipwrecks or hazards.
 Sonar does not work well on air because the air is less
dense. Sound travels slower through air and it
dissipates/dissolves faster.

 Sound travels through water more quickly and father

than in air.