1 K

' 1 EFG 2\
'$%& = 6 u (' sin HI) JHIv = 6 uD − \ + v = 108.402'
2D p 2 D 2

K
1 
,$%& =   œ6.676 sin(HI − 1.2625) + 7.48858f ^.“B˜™Ž∗(‚ ^.Ž“|) ž JHI
2D
p

B/
K–p

+  9.61457f ^.“B˜™Ž∗(‚ ^K) ž JHI Ÿ¡ = 5.43288 W
K

Full wave rectification

Single-phase full bridge diode rectifier with resistive load

Two diodes always conduct during the same interval to provide a closed loop for the current. During
the positive half-cycle, both D1 and D2 are forward biased while D3 and D4 reverse biased. During the
negative half-cycle, both D3 and D4 are forward biased while D1 and D2 reverse biased.

Center-tapped full wave diode rectifier

The full wave diode rectifier can also be designed with a center-taped transformer as shown:

The diode D1 is forward biased during the positive half cycle while and D2 is reverse biased. In the
negative half cycle, D1 is reverse biased while D2 is forward biased. The waveforms are:

18
Current flows through the load in the same direction for both half cycles of input AC voltage. The
average output voltage is:
K K
2 1 2'%
'3+ =  T& ((HII)JHI =  '% EFG(HI)JHI = = 0.6366'%
2D D D
 

The average load current is:

'3+ 2'% 0.6366'%
,3+ = = =
( D( (
The rms output voltage is

K K
1 1 '%
'$%& = !T& (HI))" JHI = !'% EFG(HI)" JHI = = 0.707'%
D D √2
 

The rms output current is

'$%& '% 0.707'%
,$%& = = =
( (√2 (
The DC output power is )3+ = '3+ ,3+
The AC output power is )*+ = '$%& ,$%&
./0
The efficiency of the rectifier is - = .10

The power factor is the ratio of the power consumed to apparent power supplied. The power factor
of the circuit is:
'%
,$%&
)*+ '$%& ,$%& √2
)2 = = = =1
¢ '&,$%& ,&,$%& '% ,
$%&
√2
Example

19
The single-phase half-bridge full-wave
wave rectifier shown below supplies a purely resistive load of R =
10Ω.

The primary input voltage is Vp = 120 V, 60 Hz and the transformer has a turn ratio of n = 2:1.
Determine the average load voltage and current
current, and the rms voltage.
Solution
': 120 '& 60
'& = = = 60'; '&B = '& = = = 30'
G 2 2 2
'% = 30√2 = 42.42'
2'%
'X,*C = = 27'
D
2'% 2U42.42
,X,*C = = = 2.7W
D( 10D
'% 42.42
'X,$%& = = = 30'
√2 √2

Single-phase full-wave bridge diode rectifier with R-L Load

Diodes D1 and D2 will conduct current during the positive cycle whereas in the negative cycle, D3 and
D4 will conduct. When a pair of diodes is conducting,
cond the voltage T& will appear as reverse voltage in
the other devices. The waveforms are:

20
The output voltage waveform can be expressed in a Fourier series
§

T = c + ¦(cz LME GHI + ¥z EFG GHI)

zŒB

Where:
1 K 2'%
c = '3+ =  '% EFG HI JHI =
D  D
2 K
cz =  ' EFG HI LME GHI JHI
D  %
2 K
bz =  ' EFG HI EFG GHI JHI
D  %
Using the identity:
K K
1 LME( − G)¤ LME( + G)¤ 2

 EFG(¤) LME(G¤)) J¤ = − t + w = 
 2 −G +G 
 − G

jMg G = 2,4,6..
§
2 K 4'% 1
cz =  '% EFG HI LME GHI JHI = ¦
D  D (1 − G )
zŒ,™,|..

¥z can be obtained from the identity:

K K
1 EFG( − G)¤ EFG( + G)¤
 EFG(¤) EFG(G¤)) J¤ = t − w = 0 jMg  ¨ G
 2 −G +G 

2 K
¥z =  ' EFG HI EFG GHI JHI = 0
D  %
The complete Fourier expansion of output voltage is:
2'% 4'
4% 4'% 4'%
T (HI) = − LME 2HI − LME 4HI − LME 6HI − ⋯ ..
D 3D
3 15D 35D
The first term on the RHS is the DC value, the second term is the dominant output ripple while the
other terms
erms are higher order ripples. If the fundamental wave component has the lowest frequency,

21
harmonics are other sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are an integral multiple of the fundamental
frequency. Harmonics are caused by non
non-linear
linear loads (i.e. loads which draw current with a waveform
that is not the same
ame as that of the supply voltage).

The output current can be derived by dividing each voltage component by the appropriate load
impedance at that frequency. That is:
'X 2'%
,X = =
( D(
'z 'z
,z = =
…z |( + ªGHX |
For highly inductive loads, basically
ically R-L
R L loads where L >>> R, the harmonic current decreases rapidly.
If H is large enough, it is possible to drop all the harmonic terms, i.e.:
' 2'%
( ) = , =
F(HI) = , ,$%& = ,X jMg H ≫ (
( D(
Note:

1. Each diode conducts for half the time carrying full current i.e., ,¬B,*Cy = ,¬,*Cy = 0.5,X .
2. If the full wave rectifier has R-LL load + a dc source:

§
2'%
2 4'%
T (HI) = _ − '3+ ` − ¦ LME(GHX )I
D (G− 1)D
zŒ,™,|…

2'%
'X ’ D − '3+ ”
,X = =
( (
The waveforms are:

Example
A bridge rectifier has an AC source whose Vm=100V at 50Hz, and is connected to an R-LL load with
R=100Ω, L=10mH. Determine:

22
i) The average load current
ii) The dominant ripple content of load current
iii) The average power absorbed by the load if L>>>R

Solution
'X 2'% 2U100 2
,X = = = = = 0.6366W
( D( 100D D
Dominant ripple is obtained from:
2'% 4'
4% 4'% 4'%
T (HI) = − LME 2HI − cME 4HI − LME 6HI − ⋯ ..
D 3
3D 15D 35D
'z V°
,z = =
…z |R + jnωL|
4V
n = 2, v (ωt) = cos 2ωt
3π
V 4(100)
I (ωt) = = cos 2ωt = 0.4236 cos 2ωt
|R + j2
2ωL| 3π(100.197)
|I° | = 0.4235A
For a highly inductive load, the power delivered to the load P = I   R, where I = I
P = 40.53W

Full bridge single-phase

phase diode rectifier with DC load current
If the load current is considered as a pure dc, the source current w
will
ill be a square wave with
amplitude I = I . The full bridge single-phase
single phase diode rectifier with DC load current is shown

The current waveform is as shown:

The current will contain only odd harmonics i.e., the a° coefficients of Fourier series equal zero
zero, and

23
 2 ¶ 2I 4I
b° =  I sin nωt dωt = Y− cos nωtZ¶ = for n = 1,3,5..
π   nπ nπ
The Fourier series becomes:
4I 1 1
i(ωt) = _sin ωt + sin 3ωt + sin 5ωt + ⋯ … . . `
π 3 5
The amount of distortion in the current waveform can be defined by the total harmonic distortion
(THD). THD is the ratio of the harmonic content to the value of the fundamental quantity:

I½ − I½B

I½
THD¼ = 6  = 6  −1
I½B I½B

where IS1 is the fundamental component (rms) of the input current (total rms) IS. For this rectifier:
4I
I½B =
√2π


I½  I √2π
THD¼ = 6_ ` − 1 = ¾¿ À − 1 = 6u v − 1 = 48.34%
I½B 4I 4
√2π

Effect of source inductance

The leakage inductance Ls of the transformer or transmission line affects current transfer
(commutation) from the outgoing device to the incoming device.

For a highly inductive load, the current Id is constant. During the positive half cycle, diodes D1 and D2
carries the load current Id while during the negative half cycle, diodes D3 and D4 carry the load
current. When the supply voltage starts to be negative, diodes D1 and D2 have to switch OFF and
diodes D3 and D4 have to switch ON. It will take time to completely turn OFF D1 and D2 and to make
D3 and D4 carry the entire load current.

24
There is thus an overlap where all four diodes carry the load current. During this overlap, the supply
voltage appears across the source inductor Ls and the supply current changes from I to -I .
di
V = L
dt
Multiply the equation by JHI then,
V dωt = ωL di
¶–Á ^ÂÃ
 V sin ωt dωt = ωL  di
¶ ÂÃ

V Ycos π − cos(π + μ)Z = −2ωL I

V Y−1 + cos(μ)Z = −2ωL I
2ωL I
cos μ = 1 −
V
2ωL I
μ = cos^B _1 − `
V
The DC voltage reduction due to the source inductance is the drop across the source inductance
di
v = L
dt
¶–Á ^ÂÃ
 v dωt =  ωL di = −2ωL I
¶ ÂÃ
¶–Á
Ŷ v dωt is the reduction area in one commutation period I . But we have two commutation
periods I in one period of supply voltage. So the total reduction per period is:
¶–Á
2 v dωt = −4ωL I
¶

To obtain the average reduction in DC output voltage v due to source inductance we have to
divide the above equation by the period time 2D. Then
4ωL I
v = − = −4fL I
2π
The DC voltage with source inductance taken into account can be calculated as following:

ŠV | ÆÇ È = ŠV |ɼÆÊËÇÆ ËÇ ¼°ÇÆ ° − v = 2V − 4fL I
π

25
Single-phase
phase full wave controlled rectifiers
Single-phase
phase center tap controlled rectifier with resistive load

When the upper half of the transformer secondary is positive and thyristor T1 is triggered, T1 will
conduct and the current flows through the load. When the lower half of the transformer secondary
is positive and thyristor T2 is triggered, T2 will conduct and the current flows through
gh the load. For
each half of input wave, a unidirectional voltage is applied across the load.

Single-phase
phase fully controlled bridge rectifier with resistive load

When the supply voltage is positive, SCR1 and 2 triggered, current flows from v through SCR1, load
resistor R, SCR2 and back into the source. In the negative half cycle, SCR3 and 4 conducts current
when triggered, thus the current through the load remains unidirectional.

Let v = V sin ωt, with 0 < ωt < 2π. If α = 30 , SCR1 and 2 are triggered at 30 while the other
pair is triggered when ωt = 30 + 180 = 210 . When v changes from positive to negative value,
the current through the load becomes zero at ωt = π.. After that there is no current flow till the
other pair is triggered.

The average voltage

26
 1 ¶ V
VË =  V sin ωt dωt = (1 + cos α)
π Í  π
The rms output voltage is:

1 ¶ 1 α sin 2α
VË, = 6  (V sin ωt) dωt = V 6 − +
π Í 2 2π 4π

Example
A full-wave bridge controlled rectifier has an AC input of 120V rms at 60Hz and 20Ω load resistor.
The delay angle α = 40 . Determine:
i) The average current in the load
ii) The power absorbed by the load
iii) Efficiency
Solution
V 120√2
VË = (1 + cos α) = (1 + cos 40) = 95.4V
π π
VË 95.4
IË = = = 4.77A
R 20
P = VË IË = 95.4 x 4.77 = 455W

V α sin 2α 120√2 40 sin 2(40)

V = 61 − + = 61 − + = 116V
√2 π 2π √2 80 2π
V 116
I = = = 5.8A
R 20
P  = V I = 116x5.8 = 673W
P 455
η= = = 0.68
P  673

Single-phase controlled full-wave rectifiers with RL Loads

If v is positive and SCRs 1 and 2 triggered, current flows from positive point of voltage source, v
through SCR 1, load , SCR 2 and back into the negative point of voltage source. In the negative half-
cycle, the current flows from negative point of voltage source, v through SCR 4, load, SCR 3 and
back into the positive point of voltage source. When v changes from a positive to a negative value,

27
the current through the load does not fall to zero at ωt = π radians, since the inductor has some
energy stored.

Discontinuous mode
If β < D + \, the current falls to zero before the next pair of SCRs is triggered. At ωt = π + α, the
gate signals are applied to SCR3 and SCR4, which become forward biased and begin to conduct. This
mode of operation is called discontinuous conduction.
conduction

The load current is determined from

di
L + Ri = V sin ωt, α < HI < a
dt
which can be solved as
V ×Æ^Í
^
i(ωt) = usin(ωt − ϕ) − sin(α − ϕ)e Æ ° Ø v ; α < HI < a
u
Z
ωL
where ϕ = tan^B _ ` ; Z = R + (ωL )
R
And the extinction angle can be obtained using
(Õ^Í)
^
sin − ϕ) = sin(α − ϕ)e
sin(β Æ ° Ø

The average output voltage is

1 Õ V
V =  V sin ωt dωt = (cos α − cos β)
π Í π
The rms value of output voltage is

Õ
1 V 1
V = (V sin ωt) dωt = 6u(β − α) − (sin 2 β − sin 2α)v
)v
π √2π 2
Í

28
Continuous conduction

For continuous operation, the current at ωt = π + α must be greater than zero, that is
i(π + α) > 0
V ¶–Í^Í
^
i(π + α) = usin(π + α − ϕ) − sin(α − ϕ)e Æ ° Ø v > 0
Z
Using trigonometric identity
sin(π + α − ϕ) = sin(ϕ − α)
V ¶
^
i(π + α)) = _sin(ϕ − α) − sin(α − ϕ)e Æ ° Ø ` > 0
Z
V ¶
^
i(π + α)
α = sin(ϕ − α) _1 + e Æ ° Ø ` > 0
Z
ϕ>\
Which implies that for continuous conduction, ϕ > \.

The average output voltage is

1 K–p 2'%
V =  '% EFG HI JHI = LME \
D p D
The rms value of output voltage is

1 K–p '%
'$%& = 6  ('% EFG HI) JHI =
D p √2
Example
A controlled full-wave
wave bridge rectifier has a source of 120V rms at 60Hz, R = 10Ω, L = 20mH,
20 and
\ = 60 .
i) Check the continuity of the current
ii) Determine an expression for the load current.
iii) Check the continuity of the current if L = 100mH.
Solution:

… = 710 + (2DU60U0.02) = 12.5Ω

2DU60U0.02
Ù = IcG^B _ ` = 0.646gcJ = 37
10
The current is discontinuous because \ > Ù.

29
 '% ‚^p
^
F(HI) = uEFG(HI − †) − EFG(\ − †)f ‚*z ˆ v ; \ < HI < a
…
120√2 ‚^B.™Ú
_EFG(HI − 37) − EFG(60 − 37)f ^ .ڎ `
12.5
‚^B.™Ú
= 13.6 EFG(HI − 37) − 21.2f ^ .ڎ

At  = 100?
KÛ|Û.B
Ù = IcG^B ’ B
” = 75 > \ hence the current is continuous

Example
The full bridge controlled rectifier shown is connected to a 120V, 60Hz supply.

The load current I0 is continuous and its ripple content is negligible (very high inductive load). The
turns ratio of the transformer is unity, the resistance of the load is 5Ω and E = 12 V. If the average
output voltage is 50% of the maximum possible average output voltage, calculate
i) The delay angle
ii) The rms and average output currents
iii) The average and rms thyristor currents
Solution
'& = ': = 120', ,,*C = ,* jMg c ℎFhℎne FGJmLIFTf nMcJ
a)
1 K–p 2'%
'X,*C =  '% sin HI JHI = cos \
D p D
2'% 2√2U120
'X,%*Û MLLmgE cI \ = 0; 'X,%*Û = cos 0 = = 108.03'
D D
2'%
'X,*C = cos \ = 0.5U108.03 = 54.15'
D
2'%
54.015 = cos \ ; cos \ = 0.5, \ = 60
D
b)
'X,*C − ]
,X,*C =
(
2√2U120
'X,*C = cos 60 = 54.01'
D

30
 54.01 − 12
,X,*C = = 8.403W
5
,X,$%& = ,X,*C = 8.403W
c) Taking Thyristor 1 for example
1 K–p ,X,*C 8.403
,ÜB,*C =  ,X,*C JHI = YDZ = = 4.201W
2D p 2D 2

1 K–p 1 ,X,*C 8.403

,ÜB,$%& = 6  ,X,*C  JHI = ,X,*C 6 YD + \ − \Z = = = 5.94W
2D p 2D √2 √2

Half-controlled or semi-controlled bridge rectifiers

Full-wave half-controlled bridge with resistive load
In a semi-controlled bridge rectifiers half of the SCRs are replaced with diodes as shown

In the positive half-cycle, T1 is turned on at delay angle \, and current flows to the load through the
path T1, load and D1. The supply voltage passes through zero and reverses. At D + \, T2 is fired, T1 is
reverse-biased and turns off, and load current flows through T2, load and D2.

The average load voltage is given by:

1 K '%
'*C =  ' EFG HI JHI = (1 + LME \)
D p % D
The rms value is:

1 K '% 1 EFG 2\
'$%& = 6  ('% EFG HI) JHI = 6 _D − \ + `
D p √2 D 2

Example

31