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    Lora Part13

    Uploaded by

    Alexander Sinche
    1) Symbols represent bits of data encoded onto frequency chirps in LoRa modulation, with the spreading factor (SF) determining how many raw bits a symbol can encode. 2) A higher SF means more bits per symbol but also more chips (frequency steps) per symbol. 3) Chips are the discrete frequency steps that make up a chirp, with the number of chips per symbol being 2SF.

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    Lora Part13

    Uploaded by

    Alexander Sinche
    23 views7 pages
    1) Symbols represent bits of data encoded onto frequency chirps in LoRa modulation, with the spreading factor (SF) determining how many raw bits a symbol can encode. 2) A higher SF means more bits per symbol but also more chips (frequency steps) per symbol. 3) Chips are the discrete frequency steps that make up a chirp, with the number of chips per symbol being 2SF.

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    1) Symbols represent bits of data encoded onto frequency chirps in LoRa modulation, with the spreading factor (SF) determining how many raw bits a symbol can encode. 2) A higher SF means more bits per symbol but also more chips (frequency steps) per symbol. 3) Chips are the discrete frequency steps that make up a chirp, with the number of chips per symbol being 2SF.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views7 pages

    Lora Part13

    Uploaded by

    Alexander Sinche
    1) Symbols represent bits of data encoded onto frequency chirps in LoRa modulation, with the spreading factor (SF) determining how many raw bits a symbol can encode. 2) A higher SF means more bits per symbol but also more chips (frequency steps) per symbol. 3) Chips are the discrete frequency steps that make up a chirp, with the number of chips per symbol being 2SF.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    mobilefish.

    com

    LORA / LORAWAN TUTORIAL 13

    SYMBOL, SPREADING FACTOR & CHIP


    fhigh

    fcenter

    flow
    time
    v1.0.0
    mobilefish.com
    INTRO
    • In this tutorial I will explain what symbols, spreading factors and chips are.
    mobilefish.com
    LORA MODULATION
    • The chirps are cyclically-shifted, and it is the frequency jumps that determines how the
    data is encoded onto the chirps, aka LoRa modulation.
    unmodulated signal modulated signal
    fhigh fhigh

    fcenter fcenter
    flow flow
    time time
    mobilefish.com
    LORA MODULATION
    fh

    fc

    fl
    mobilefish.com
    SYMBOL, SPREADING FACTOR AND CHIP
    •A symbol represents one, or more bits of data, for example:

    Symbol = 1011111 (decimal = 95)

    the example above the number of raw bits that can be encoded by the symbol is 7. 

    • In
    This is the same as saying: Spreading Factor (SF) = 7

    • Thesymbol has 2SF values. If SF=7, the values ranges from 0 - 127. 

    The symbol value is encoded onto a sweep signal (up-chirp).

    fhigh

    fcenter
    flow time
    mobilefish.com
    SYMBOL, SPREADING FACTOR AND CHIP
    • The sweep signal is divided into 2SF steps or chips.

    • For
    example the symbol is: 1011111 (decimal value = 95)

    The number of raw bits that can be encoded by this symbol is 7 (SF=7)

    The sweep signal is divided in 2SF = 27 = 128 chips.

    symbol = 1011111
    fhigh

    fcenter
    chips with value 95
    flow 0 64 32 95
    time
    mobilefish.com
    SYMBOL, SPREADING FACTOR AND CHIP
    • Another example, lets assume SF=12

    Each symbol can carry 12 raw bits of information and there are 212 = 4096 unique
    chip values ranging from 0 to 4095.

    • The Spreading Factor (SF) defines two values:



    - The number of raw bits that can be encoded by that symbol: SF

    - Each symbol can hold 2SF chips

    be aware of the difference between a chirp and a chip.



    • Please
    A symbol holds 2SF chips.

    Chirps are simply a ramp from flow to fhigh (up-chirp) or fhigh to flow (down-chirp).

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