ENGLISH 9

1ST QUARTER
I. Lesson 1: Modals
o Obligation (HAVE TO, MUST, SHOULD)
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f41f8921d2ad5001b33e3d2/modals-of-
obligation
o Permission (CAN, COULD, MAY)
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f2918ef0badea001c071181/modals-
expressing-permission
o Prohibition (CAN’T, MAY NOT, MUST NOT)
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5cdd954e0d02a6001afb8070/modals-of-
obligation-and-prohibition
SUMMARY:
Modals of Obligation: The modals of obligation in English Modals are auxiliary verbs that add
meaning to the main verb in a sentence. They express possibility, ability, permission, or
obligation.
AUXILIARY VERB - a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs.
Have to - We often use “have to” to say that something is obligatory.
Must - It is used when you are sure or certain that something is true based on evidence. It
can be used when we don’t know something exactly but we are very certain that it is true.
Should - Another use of should (also similar to ought to) is to indicate a kind of
obligation, duty or correctness, often when criticizing another person: You should be
wearing your seat belt. (obligation)
Modals of Permission: Modal Verbs of Permission = politeness, respect In many languages, the
third person is used even when talking to an individual as a sign of respect and formality.
Can - When you state that someone is allowed to do something, you use the word ‘can’.
Could - Could is used when the situation is possible in the past.
May - "May" is a modal verb most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be
used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Modals of Prohibition: Must not and cannot (and their contracted forms mustn’t and can’t)
convey the idea that something is not allowed or prohibited, often by law.
Can’t - You use the words ‘cannot’ or ‘can’t’ to express that they are not allowed to do
it.
May Not - May not is used to deny permission.
 Must Not - We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for
example: Passengers must not talk to the driver.
II. Lesson 2: Epigram
An epigram is a brief or short poem or statement that is a message in and of itself, often
in a witty or clever way.
ASSESSMENT: https://literaryterms.net/epigram-quiz/
Lesson 2: Poetic Epigram
o Structure of Epigram
Heroic Couplet
Iambic Pentameter
True or False:
________1. A couplet is a pair of two rhyming lines in a poem.
________2. A heroic couplet is a pair of two rhyming lines in a poem that is written in Iambic
Pentameter.
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f71292ad77ff9001baff872/couplet
ASSESSMENT: https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-heroic-couplet.html

III. Lesson 3: Conditionals

Conditionals or ‘if clauses’ describe the result of something that might happen (in the
present or future) or might have happened but didn’t (in the past). It is neither true or false and
they are made using different English verb sentences.
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/588578ffe772613a572b16b1/conditionals
o Two Basic Structures of Conditionals
IF CLAUSE, (Condition) + MAIN CLAUSE (Result).
MAIN CLAUSE (Result) + IF CLAUSE (Condition).
o Three types of Conditionals (1st, 2nd and 3rd)
1st Conditional – Possible to fulfill
2nd Conditional – Theory possible to fulfill
3rd Conditional – Not possible to fulfill (too late)
o Review your knowledge about tenses of the verb.
ASSESSMENT: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/571f6037ed7b1ca134119eba/verb-tenses
TWO BASIC STRUCTURES OF CONDITIONALS

There are three types of conditionals:

Type Condition IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)
1 st 
possible to fulfill SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without WILL + base form of the verb
S) (without S)
2 nd
theory possible to SIMPLE PAST WOULD + base form of the
fulfill verb (without S)
3 rd
not possible to fulfill PAST PERFECT (Had + Past WOULD HAVE + past participle
(too late) Participle of the verb) of the verb

Type Condition MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE. (Condition)

1 st 
possible to fulfill WILL + base form of the verb SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S)
(without S)

2 nd
theory possible to WOULD + base form of the SIMPLE PAST
fulfill verb (without S)

3 rd
not possible to fulfill WOULD HAVE + past participle PAST PERFECT (Had + Past
(too late) of the verb Participle of the verb)

FIRST CONDITIONALS
The first conditional is used to express a real or very probable situation in the future. It refers to
things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met.
Scenario: It is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are dark
clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?
IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)
SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S) WILL + base form of the verb (without S)
IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY AT HOME.

If it rains, I will stay at home.

MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE. (Condition)
WILL + base form of the verb (without S) SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S)
I WILL STAY AT HOME IF IT RAINS.

I will stay at home if it rains.

Make 1 Conditional Sentences, put verbs in parenthesis in correct form.
st

IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S) WILL + base form of the verb (without S)

1. "If we _______ (are) free, we _____ (go) with you." 

ANSWER: "If we are free, we will go with you." 

MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE. (Condition)
WILL + base form of the verb (without S) SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S)

2. "We ______ (win) if we _______ (play) well enough." 

       ANSWER: "We will win if we play well enough." 

MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE. (Condition)

WILL + base form of the verb (without S) SIMPLE PRESENT (with or without S)

3. He ______ (invite) Tara if she ____ (is) free tomorrow.

ANSWER: He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.
Note: 
 We use the Present Simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. 
 We use will + base verb to talk about the possible future result. 
 The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the
condition will happen.
 Sometimes, we use shall, can or may instead of will, for example: If it's sunny this afternoon,
we can play tennis.
SECOND CONDITIONALS
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or
unlikely in reality. 
Scenario: You do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe
you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So, you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's
not very real, but it's still possible.

IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

SIMPLE PAST  WOULD + base form of the verb (without S)
IF I WON THE I WOULD BUY A CAR.
LOTTERY,

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

Make 2 Conditional Sentences, put verbs in parenthesis in correct form.
nd

IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

SIMPLE PAST  WOULD + base form of the verb (without S)

1. If she _____ (aren’t) ill, she _______ (go) to the school.

ANSWER: If she weren’t ill, she would go to the school.
2. If you _______ (study) hard, you _________ (pass) the exam.
       ANSWER: If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.
MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE. (Condition)
WOULD + base form of the verb (without SIMPLE PAST
S)

3. She _____ (win) the prize if she _____ (know) the answer.
ANSWER: She would win the prize if she knew the answer.
Note: 
 We use the Past Simple tense to talk about the future condition. 
 We use would + base verb to talk about the future result. 
 The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the
condition will happen.
 Sometimes we use should, could or might instead of would. For example: If I won a million
pesos, I could stop working.

THIRD CONDITIONALS
We use the third conditional to talk about something in the past that did not happen. That’s why there is
no possibility for this condition.
 IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)
PAST PERFECT (Had + Past Participle of the verb) WOULD HAVE + past participle of the verb 

Scenario: Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win.

IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

PAST PERFECT (Had + Past Participle of the verb) WOULD HAVE + past participle of the verb 
IF I HAD WON THE LOTTERY, I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT A CAR.

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

Make 3 Conditional Sentences, put verbs in parenthesis in correct form.
rd

IF CLAUSE, (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

PAST PERFECT (Had + Past Participle of the verb) WOULD HAVE + past participle of the verb 

1. If you _________ (call) me in my birthday, I would have been happy.

       ANSWER: If you had called me in my birthday, I would have been happy.

2. If I had _____ (know) you were coming, I would have_______ (bake)a cake . 

       Answer: If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake. 

MAIN CLAUSE (Result) IF CLAUSE, (Condition)

WOULD HAVE + past participle of the verb PAST PERFECT (Had + Past Participle of the verb)

3. I would have ______ (pass) the exam if I had ______ (work) harder.
       ANSWER: I would have passed the exam if I had worked harder.
Note: 
 We use the Past Perfect to talk about the impossible past condition. 
 We use would have + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. 
 The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are
impossible now.
 Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have.
 For example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

IV. Lesson 4: Beowulf

BEOWULF (SUMMARY)
The poem opens on Hrothgar, the King of the Danes, who plans to celebrate his reign by
building a grand hall called Heorot. When the hall is finished, Hrothgar holds a large feast that
attracts the attention of Grendel, a monster descended from the biblical Cain. Grendel attacks
during the night, leaving Hrothgar and his thanes to discover the bloodshed the next morning.
This marks the beginning of Grendel’s reign of terror.

Twelve years pass, and news of Grendel’s campaign against the Danes spreads to another
tribe, the Geats. Beowulf, a Geat thane, decides to help the Danes, sailing to Denmark with his
best warriors. King Hrothgar gladly accepts Beowulf’s help.
To honor Beowulf’s arrival, Hrothgar holds another feast at Heorot. During the
celebration, a thane named Unferth engages Beowulf in a boasting match, accusing him of losing
a swimming contest. But Beowulf corrects him with a story of his heroic victory in the contest,
prompting the Danish queen, Wealhtheow, to award him the ceremonial mead cup. Beowulf tells
the queen he will either kill Grendel or be killed. Hrothgar is moved and promises Beowulf all of
his gold if Beowulf should defeat the monster.
Beowulf and his warriors spend the night in Heorot. Sure enough, Grendel arrives,
gobbling up one of Beowulf’s men. Beowulf fights Grendel unarmed, managing to catch the
monster’s arm in a death grip. Writhing in pain, the monster tears away, leaving his arm in
Beowulf’s grasp. Grendel slinks off to his lair, where he dies. Overjoyed at the defeat of Grendel,
the Danes nail the creature’s arm to the walls of Heorot as a trophy, bathing Beowulf and his
men in riches. They hold another feast for Beowulf, where Hrothgar’s minstrel composes songs
honoring Beowulf as the greatest hero in Danish history. However, once the revelers are asleep,
Grendel’s mother arrives, seeking revenge. She manages to snatch one of Hrothgar’s counselors
and retreats to her lair. Hrothgar points Beowulf in the direction of the monsters’ lair, and
Beowulf persuades the king to accompany him there. Upon arriving, Beowulf takes a sword from
Unferth and dives into a deep lake. When he reaches the bottom, Beowulf finds Grendel’s
mother, waiting to attack. He uses Unferth’s sword but finds it useless against the creature and
wrestles with the monster until he spots another sword, which he uses to slice off Grendel’s
mother’s head. Before leaving, he notices Grendel’s dead body and cuts off his head too.
Meanwhile, the Danes have given up all hope of Beowulf’s safe return. But to their
shock, Beowulf surfaces carrying Grendel’s head and the hilt of his sword, which melted in the
heat of Grendel’s blood. The men bring Beowulf back to Heorot, where yet another celebration
takes place. Before returning home to Geatland, Beowulf promises an alliance with Hrothgar
forever, which the king gratefully reciprocates.
Beowulf and his men return home, regaling the Geat king and queen, Hygelac and Hygd,
with tales of their victory. Impressed with Beowulf’s bravery, Hygelac gives him half the
kingdom. When Hygelac is killed in battle, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats. In the fiftieth
year of Beowulf’s reign, a new monster begins to terrorize his kingdom: a fire- breathing dragon
seeking revenge on a Geat servant who stole a golden cup from its lair, which houses an ancient
treasure trove. Finding the cup missing, the dragon goes on a fiery rampage, destroying
Beowulf’s great hall. With a heavy heart, Beowulf decides to face the dragon alone, knowing this
battle may be his last. The servant who stole the cup leads him to the dragon’s lair, where
Beowulf attempts to defeat the beast but is outmatched. All of his warriors flee except one,
Wiglaf, who vows to stay by Beowulf’s side. Together, they face the dragon. But just as Beowulf
manages to behead the monster, the dragon bites him, sending a lethal poison through his body.
 With his dying breath, Beowulf tells Wiglaf that he should inherit the dragon’s treasure.
Wiglaf returns to the Geats with the news of their king’s death, declaring that no one should
inherit the treasure and scolding the warriors who fled for their cowardice. Throwing the
monster’s body into the sea, the Geats place the treasure trove inside Beowulf’s funeral mound,
mourning “the ablest of all world-kings.”
ESSAY: What have you learned? State 5 significant events in the story?
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