BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUES

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment:
Microscopy and the Cells

Students’ Name 1. AYESHA FALIHAH BINTI JOHARI

& ID (Student Id:)2022878044
2.ADLINA SAFURA BINTI MOHD AMRAN
(Student Id:)2022885908
3.NURILYANA SYAZWANI BINTI MUHAMMAD
(Student Id:)2022607714
4.AMEERA HANY BINTI SHAIFULIZAM
(Student Id:)2022680122
5.NOR UZMA AWADAH BINTI MUHD ARMAN
(Student Id:)2022452266

0123056465\2022885908@studnt.uitm.edu.my
* State email address and H/P number of group leader
Class AS120i
Group 3
Lecturer’s Name Miss Tasneem
Date of Submission week 8

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Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should uphold at
all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely our group work, and that no
part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or provided by any
other student(s).
I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to be
penalized if any form of copying is found valid.

TITLE : MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

OBJECTIVE :
1. Label the parts of compound light.

2. State the step in proper order for bringing the cells image into focus with the compound light
microscope .

3. Calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the Cells image..

4. Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5. Identify the differences between animal and plant cells .

INTRODUCTION :
A microscope is a type of technical equipment used to examine objects that cannot be seen by the
unaided eye, such as bacteria and biological specimens. There are several types of microscopes but
usually students are exposed to compound light microscope. The light microscope was created by
Zacharias Jansen back then that used for viewing samples at high magnification from 40x to 1000x
with more than one lens and its own light source. In this experiment, compound light microscope
focused through two lenses which are the ocular lens and the objective lenses to magnify the tiny
objects like prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. If the cells is examine through the microscope, most of
the cells organelles will visible based on the objective lenses that will be set on in this experiment.

Prokaryotic cell is known as single-celled that have no nuclei and do not have double membrane
bound organelles. Furthermore, this type of cell also has diameters ranging 0.1-5 μm (smaller than
animal and plant cell) with variety of shapes. Example of prokaryotic cell is bacteria. Next, eukaryotic
cells are defined as cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane organelles. The type of cells of
eukaryotic cells are animal, plants and fungi. There is classical cell theory was proposed by Theodor
Schwann in 1839 that states all organism are made of cells. In this experiment, it is hypothesized that
prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells. Lastly, it is also hypothesized that the first part of
eukaryotic cells is actually evolved from two or more prokaryotic cells.

MATERIALS :
1. Compound Light Microscope

2. Slides

3. Coverslip

4. Marker pen
 5. A4 paper

6. Letter e from Newspaper

7. Stereomicroscopes

HYPOTESIS 1.1
The higher objective lense , the detail of the tiny cells are seen

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Magnification objective lense

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Details of the tiny cells
PROCEDURE :
Experiment 1.1 : Compound Light Microscopes
Identification of parts
1. The instructor has explained how to carry a microscope, take one from the cabinet and place it
securely on table

2. The microscope I identified by student

Focusing the microscope – lowest power and higher power

1. The nosepiece was turned on so that the lowest power objective was in straight alignment over
stage.

2. The lowest power objective ( 40x – 100x) is used for focusing.

3. With the coarse adjustment now, the stage was lower until it stops .

4. The letter e was placed on the stage and stabilized with the clips . The e was centralized as
best as you can see on stage.

5. Again , been sure that the lowest power objective was in placed . Then as you looked from the
side , decreased the distance between the stage and the tip of the objective lens until the lens
came to an automatic stopped or was no closer than 3mm above the slide.

6. While looking into the eyepiece, the diaphragm was rotated to give the maximum amount of
light.

7. The distance between the stage and the objective lens was slowly increased using the coarse
adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus.

8. Once the object is seen , the amount of light was adjusted to increase or decrease the contrast ,
the diaphragm was rotated slightly .

9. The fine adjustment knob was used to sharped the focus if necessary.

10. Both eyes needed to open for practice when look through the eyepiece as it greatly reduced
eyestrain .

11. Next, the letter e was centred in the field of the objective .

12. The objective was moved to the next higher or high power by turning the nosepiece until the
sound is heard . The focus was changed ; parfocal microscope objective was not hit normal
slid when changing the focus is the lowest objective was initially in focus . Proceed to high
power (40x)before going to step 13 , if you were on low poer
13. The fine adjustment knob was used if any adjustment was needed . The fine knob was only
used with high power. After the finished observation of this slide , the nosepiece was rotated
until the lowest power objective click into place and the slide was removed.
Experiment 1.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A.PREPARATION OF WET MOUNTS

1. A clean microscope slide was prepared.

2. Placed a drop of water onto the middle of slide.

3. A letter was cut from the old newspaper.

4. The letter 'e' was placed carefully onto the drop of water by using a needle or forceps.

5. The cover slip was held using a needle or fingers at an angle. Gently lower the cover slip onto
the slide.

6. Removed any excess water/with filter paper or absorbent paper.

B. STAINING

1. drop of stain was placed on the side of your prepared slide touching one edge of thecoverslip.

2. a piece of tissue or absorbent paper was placed at the opposite side of the cover slip.
Stop when the stain moved over the specimen.

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

1. The flat end of the toothpick was used to place a tiny drop of yogurt onto a clean slide.

2. A drop of water was added and mix thoroughly with the yogurt.

3. A cover slip was placed and observed under low and high magnification . The observation
was drawn .

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

1. Forceps were used to hold the cut piece of chicken liver and its surface was scraped with a
toothpick and spatula to obtain some chicken liver cells
2. The scraped chicken liver cells were placed into a drop of water on a clean slide and agitated,
so the cells disperse. Then, it was covered with a cover slip.

3. Next, a drop of methylene blue stain was added to one edge of the cover slip without
removing the cover slip. Then, the stain under the coverslip was drawn by touching a piece of
filter paper to the opposite side of the cover slip.

4. Gentle pressure was applied.

5. The structure of the chicken liver was observed under low and high magnification.
6. The nucleus was found

7. All the structures were drawn and labelled.

PLANT CELL

1. Onion bulb was cut into quarters and one of the fleshy scales leaves was removed.

2. The onion scale was bent backward until it snaped and produced a ragged piece of epidermis.

3. Forceps have been used to remove a small piece of the epidermis and was spread evenly in a
drop of water and observed under low magnification.

4. Cell wall and cytoplasm was identified.

5. The light source was adjusted to obtain a clear image of the nucleus.

6. Magnification was changed to high. The structures seen were drawn and labelled.
Figure 1 : The compound Light Microscope
 Figure
2 : the image of plant cell seen under light microscope

From what we observe , the plant cell are seen as large interlocking blocks under microscope The
cytoplasm also lightly stained that containing a darkly stained nucleus and the cell wall is thick
Figure 3: the image of cheek cell seen under light microsope
From this experiment , we can identified large irregularly shaped cells with distinct cell membranes .
Besides that , a lightly stained cytoplasm in each cell .
Figure 4 : the image of yogurt cell seen under light microscope
What we observe is the two types of bacteria observed are Lactobacillus bulgarius and streptoccus
 40 x 10 x 100x
FIGURE 5 : THE LETTER E IN THE COMPUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

LETTER E MAGNIFICATION TABLE

Magnification of Magnification of Total magnification of Diameter of field

objects eyepiece cells image
4x 10x 40x 4mm

10x 10x 100x 2mm

40x 10x 400x 1mm

100x 10x 1000x -

 DISCUSSION:

Microscope parts work together in hospitals and forensic laboratories, for scientists and students,
bacteriologists and biologists to view bacteria, plant and animal cells and tissues, and various
microorganisms around the world. Compound microscopes have furthered medical research, helped
solve crimes, and have proven invaluable time and time again in unlocking the mysteries of the
microscopic world. Microscopes generally consist of structural parts that hold and support the
microscope and its components, and optical parts that are used to magnify and view images of
specimens. This description defines the parts of a microscope and the functions they perform to
enable visualization of specimens.

PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Structural Parts
Head Holds the upper parts of microscope
Arm Used for carrying and supports between head and base
Base Supports all parts of the microscope

Table no
Optical Parts
Ocular Lens (Eye Piece) Used to look through the microscope

Diopter adjustment It can be customized the viewfinder so it can be focused and clear
Nose piece Holds objective lens and can be revolved
Objective Lens Main lenses used for specimen visualization
Mechanical Stage Moves on X and Y axis for better coordination of the specimen
Stage Clip To hold the slides in place
Aperture The measure of its ability to gather light and to resolve fine specimen
detail while working at a fixed object (or specimen) distance
Diaphragm To control the amount of light that reaches the specimen
Condenser Used to collect and focus the light from illuminator into the specimen
and has the major role to ensuring the clear and sharp images
Coarse Adjustment A control for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up
and down
Fine Adjustment A slow but precise control used to fine focus the image when viewing at
the higher magnification
Illuminator To provide even, high intensity light at the place of the field aperture, so
that light can travel through the condenser to the specimen
Stage Controls Controls the forward and reverse movements of the slide
Brightness Adjustment Allows customizable brightness for better observation of specimen
Light Switch Turns the illuminator on or off
Table no

The light from the illuminator passes through the aperture, through the slide, and through the
objective lens where the image of the specimen is magnified. It is then passed through the tube of the
microscope to the eyepiece, which further magnifies the image that the observer sees.

THE INVERTED E LETTER

The letter “e” appears upside down and backwards because of two sets of mirrors in the microscope.
The optics of a microscope’s lenses change the orientation of the image that is user sees

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELL, PLANT CELL AND BACTERIA

Bacterial Cell

Bacteria are unicellular, living organisms which have been grouped into the prokaryotic cell, as these
organisms lack a few membrane-bound organelles and the nucleus, which is considered to be one of
the most important cell organelles. According to the evolution theory, bacteria were very first
organisms to evolve on earth and therefore, this group of living organisms is considered as one of the
oldest forms of life on earth.

Plant Cell

Plant cell are eukaryotic cells that vary in several fundamental factors from an animal cell. Similar to
the animal cell, the plant cell comprises the nucleus and other membrane-bound cellular organelles.

Animal Cell

Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus. They are different from
plant cells in several fundamental factors. These cells lack a cell wall, plastids and other cellular
organelles
CELLS COMPARISSONS

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA CELL

Type of cell Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Size of the cell 10 to 100 µm 10 to 100 µm 0.2 to 2 µm

The shape of the Round or Oval shape Rectangular shape Are of different
cell shapes- cocci, bacillus,
vibrio, spirilla

Cell wall Absent Present Present

Nucleus Present Present Absent

Plasmids Absent Absent Present

Plastids Absent Present Absent

Mitochondria Present Present Absent

Ribosomes Larger 80s Ribosomes Larger 80s Ribosomes Smaller 70s

Ribosomes

Centrioles Present Absent Absent

Vacuoles Smaller vacuoles Larger vacuoles Larger vacuoles

Endocytosis and Present Present Absent

Exocytosis

Golgi Apparatus Present Present Absent

Lysosomes Present Present but are few in Absent

numbers

Cilia and Filaments Present Absent Present

Mode of Nutrition Heterotrophs Autotrophs Both heterotrophs and

autotrophs

Mode of Sexual reproduction in Both sexual and asexual Both sexual and
Reproduction higher animals and mode of reproduction. asexual mode of
asexual in lower reproduction.
 animals.

Mode of Aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration. Both aerobic and

Respiration anaerobic.

Label no

THE FUNCTION OF LACTOBACILLUS IN YOGURT PRODUCTION

The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
The function of the starter cultures is to ferment lactose (milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. As they
grow, both bacterial stains consume the lactose naturally present in milk and transform it into lactic
acid. The increase in lactic acid decreases pH causes the milk to become acidic. Once the milk
sufficiently becomes acidic, caseins (proteins found in milk) begin to clump together, which changes
the consistency of the milk to form a thicker and soft gel substance that is characteristic of yogurt.
These bacterial strains in yogurt actually prevent other bacterial growth, which would typically spoil
milk. This is why fermentation is a way of conservation. The fermentation of lactose also produces
the flavour compounds.
CONCLUSION

The purpose of this experiment was to create a better understanding of the usage of a microscope in
the lab by observing tissue samples from onion, cheek cell and yogurt.
Based on this experiment 1.1, the hypothesis are accepted because the more higher power of the
objective lens , the details of the tiny cells are seen . This is because the cell nucleus will move clear
when the magnification object lens are changed. Meanwhile, From the experiment 1.3 we will know
that eukaryotic cells has membrane bound nucleus while prokaryotic cells does not have the
membrane bound nucleus . In this experiment, we also have learned a proper technique of using
microscope to see living things in detail. This ability to identify structures and specific cell types
helps students and scientist in doing their research on living things.

REFERENCES

1. "11 Different Types of Microscopes (With Pictures) - Optics Mag." 02 Dec. 2022,
https://opticsmag.com/types-of-microscopes/.
2. "Yogurt under the Microscope - Requirements, Preparation & Observation."
https://www.microscopemaster.com/yogurt-under-the-microscope.html.
3. "Why is the letter E inverted under a microscope? - Quora." https://www.quora.com/Why-is-
the-letter-E-inverted-under-a-microscope.