Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 20 views

    Special Senses (EAR) : Sumera Afzal

    Uploaded by

    Ambreen Ghafoor
    The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the ear. It is divided into three parts: 1. The external ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. 2. The middle ear contains three small bones that vibrate the fluid of the inner ear through impedance matching. It also contains muscles that protect the inner ear from loud sounds. 3. The inner ear contains the cochlea which converts sound waves into neural signals through hair cells. It also contains canals for balance and orientation in space. The neural signals travel to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Special Senses (EAR) : Sumera Afzal

    Uploaded by

    Ambreen Ghafoor
    20 views74 pages
    The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the ear. It is divided into three parts: 1. The external ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. 2. The middle ear contains three small bones that vibrate the fluid of the inner ear through impedance matching. It also contains muscles that protect the inner ear from loud sounds. 3. The inner ear contains the cochlea which converts sound waves into neural signals through hair cells. It also contains canals for balance and orientation in space. The neural signals travel to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.

    Original Description:

    it

    Original Title

    Ear

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the ear. It is divided into three parts: 1. The external ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. 2. The middle ear contains three small bones that vibrate the fluid of the inner ear through impedance matching. It also contains muscles that protect the inner ear from loud sounds. 3. The inner ear contains the cochlea which converts sound waves into neural signals through hair cells. It also contains canals for balance and orientation in space. The neural signals travel to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views74 pages

    Special Senses (EAR) : Sumera Afzal

    Uploaded by

    Ambreen Ghafoor
    The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the ear. It is divided into three parts: 1. The external ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. 2. The middle ear contains three small bones that vibrate the fluid of the inner ear through impedance matching. It also contains muscles that protect the inner ear from loud sounds. 3. The inner ear contains the cochlea which converts sound waves into neural signals through hair cells. It also contains canals for balance and orientation in space. The neural signals travel to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 74

    SPECIAL SENSES

    (EAR)

    SUMERA AFZAL
    SENIOR LECTURER
    ZCRS
    FUNCTIONS OF EAR

     Hearing
     Balance & equilibrium
    STRUCTURE OF EAR
     Anatomically divided into 3 parts:

     External ear

     Middle ear

     Inner ear
    EXTERNAL EAR

    COMPONENTS:
     Pinna / Auricle

     External auditory meatus / Auditory canal

     Tympanic membrane / Ear drum


    FUNCTIONS:
     Protection
     Amplification
     Receives sound waves
     Pass the sound waves to external auditory meatus
     From external auditory meatus to tympanic
    membrane
     Tympanic membrane connects external ear to middle
    ear
    MIDDLE EAR
     An air filled cavity in temporal bone
    COMPONENTS:
     Eustachian (auditory) tube
     Auditory Ossicles
     Malleus
     Incus
     Stapes
    Eustachian Tube
     The middle ear is air filled space
     It consist of both bone and hyaline cartilage
     This runs from the middle ear to naso-pharnyx behind
    the nose
     It is closed at the pharyngeal end
     During swallowing, chewing and yawning it opens
     It helps maintaining the equal air pressure on both
    sides of the ear drum
     If pressure is disturbed, it hinders clear and normal
    hearing
     Manubrium (handle of malleus) is attached to
    back of tympanic membrane
     Head is attached to wall of middle ear
     Short process is attached to incus.
     Hence, when malleus moves, incus also moves
    with it
     Processes of incus are attached to head of stapes
     Thus, Incus articulates with stapes.
     Faceplate/ footplate of stapes is attached to
    opening of oval window lying against the
    membranous labyrinth of cochlea by Annular
    ligaments
     2 Skeletal muscles support function of hearing:
     Tensor tympani muscles
     Stapedius
     Both of these muscles are located in middle ear
     Tensor tympani muscles are located at the point of attachment
    of malleus manubrium with tympanic membrane
     Malleus manubrium is attached to center of tympanic
    membrane
     These muscles keep the tympanic membrane tensed
     When the tensor tympani contracts, the malleus is pulled
    medially, stiffening the tympanic membrane.
     This increased stiffness reduces the amount of movement
    possible
     Stapedius muscles contraction keep the footplate of stapes out
    of the oval window
     Contraction of the stapedius pulls the stapes, reducing
    movement of the stapes at the oval window.
     Ossicles are suspended by ligaments
     Making Malleus, Incus & Stapes to act as ‘One single
    lever’.
     Whereas, articulation of Incus with Stapes cause the
    stapes to:

     Push forward on oval window & on cochlear fluid


    on the other side of window
    Condition: When tympanic membrane moves
    inward

     Pull backward on the fluid


    Condition: Every time when malleus moves
    outward
    IMPEDANCE MATCHING
     Impedance: Medium's resistance to movement

     Function of middle ear: Match relatively low-impedance


    airborne sounds to the higher-impedance fluid of the inner
    ear
     Auditory transduction is the transformation of sound
    pressure into electrical energy

     External & middle ear are air filled, where as the inner ear
    is fluid filled.

     Thus for auditory transduction, sound waves traveling


    through air must be converted into pressure waves in the
    fluid of inner ear.
     The tympanic membrane and the chain of ossicles serve
    as an impedance-matching device.

     The ear must detect sound waves traveling in air, but the
    neural transduction mechanism depends on movement in
    the fluid-filled cochlea, where acoustic impedance is
    much higher than that of air.

     Therefore, without a special device for impedance


    matching, most sound reaching the ear would simply be
    reflected, as are voices from shore when a person is
    swimming under water.
     Impedance matching in the ear depends on:

    (1) The ratio of the surface area of the large tympanic


    membrane to that of the smaller oval window

    (2) The mechanical advantage of the lever system formed


    by the ossicles.

    • This impedance matching is sufficient to increase the


    efficiency of energy transfer by nearly 30 dB in the range
    of hearing from 300 to 3500Hz i.e. usual range of
    frequencies in human speech with sound intensity of
    about 65 dB .
     Amplitude of movement of stapes faceplate is only 3/4th
    as much as amplitude of the handle of malleus

     Therefore, the ossicular lever system does not increase


    the movement distance of the stapes, as is commonly
    believed.

     Instead, the system actually reduces the distance but


    increases the force of movement about 1.3 times

     What that means is that the stapes is displaced much less


    than Tympanic membrane
     Surface area of tympanic membrane is 55 mm2

     Surface area of stapes is 3.2 mm2

     This creates a difference of 17 folds

     Thus, area of the tympanic membrane is larger than that of


    the stapes foot plate in the cochlea.

     This 17 fold difference in area times (multiplied by) the 1.3


    fold ratio of the lever system causes about 22 times as
    much total force to be exerted on the fluid of the cochlea as
    is exerted by the sound waves against the tympanic
    membrane
    Therefore, 2 steps in Impedance matching are:

    1. Forces collected over the ear drum are now concentrated


    over a smaller area, thus increasing the pressure at the
    oval window

     Total sound force is increased by 22 times.


    2. Lever action of middle ear bones

     Arm of incus is shorter than arm of malleus

     Tympanic membrane act as fulcrum

     Tensor tympani muscle act as effort arm

     Malleus, incus & stapes act as weight arm

    “If the effort arm is far, force is increased ”


     In the absence of the ossicular system and tympanic
    membrane, sound waves can still travel directly through
    the air of the middle ear and enter the cochlea at the oval
    window.

     However, the sensitivity for hearing is then 15 to 20


    decibels less than for ossicular transmission equivalent to
    a decrease from a medium to a barely perceptible voice
    level.
    ATTENUATION REFLEX
     It is characterized by involuntary contraction of
    tensor tympani and stapedius muscles, in response to
    a loud noise.
     Has a latent period of 40 to 80 millisecond.
     When both the muscles contract, manubrium of
    malleus moves inward and stapes is pulled outward.
     These two actions result in stiffness of auditory
    ossicles, so that the transmission of sound is
    decreased.
    SIGNIFICANCE OF ATTENUATION
    REFLEX
    i. Tympanic reflex protects the tympanic membrane
    from being ruptured by loud sound.

    ii. It also prevents fixation of footplate of stapes, against


    oval window, during exposure to loud sound.

    iii. It helps to protect the cochlea from damaging effects


    of loud sounds. Contraction of tensor tympani and
    stapedius during exposure to loud sound develops
    stiffness of the auditory ossicles so that, the
    transmission of sound into cochlea is decreased
    INNER EAR
     Also called Labyrinth (Maze)
     Made up of 2 parts one within the other:
     Bony labyrinth
     Membranous labyrinth
     Bony labyrinth contains Perilymph
     Membranous labyrinth is present inside these channels
    of bony labyrinth
     Membranous labyrinth contains
    Endolymph.
    COMPONENTS OF LABYRINTH:

    1. Cochlea
    2. Semicircular canals
    3. Otolith organs

    Otolith organs
    STRUCTURE OF COCHLEA
     Cochlea is a coiled tube, 35 mm long
     Consists of 3 tubes side by side in each turn:

    1. Scala vestibuli
    2. Scala media
    3. Scala tympani
    REISSNER’S PERILYMPH
    MEMBRANE
    OVAL WINDOW

    SCALA VESTIBULI

    SCALA MEDIA

    SCALA TYMPANI

    ROUND WINDOW
    BASILAR
    ENDOLYMPH
    MEMBRANE
    Sound vibrations move from faceplate of
    stapes into oval window
    From oval window into Scala Vestibuli
    Stapes, thus moves inward and outward
     Inward movement cause the fluid to move
    in Scala vestibuli and Scala media
     Outward movement cause the fluid to
    move backward
     Reissner’s membrane do not obstruct sound
    movement from Scala vestibuli to Scala media

     On the surface of basilar membrane lies Organ of


    Corti
    ORGAN OF CORTI
     Organ of corti rests upon the basilar membrane.
     It extends throughout the cochlear duct, except for a short
    distance on either end.
     Roof of the organ of Corti is formed by gelatinous
    tectorial membrane.
     Organ of Corti is made up of sensory elements called hair
    cells and various supporting cells.
     All the cells of organ of Corti are arranged in order from
    center towards the periphery of the cochlea.
    COMPONENTS OF ORGAN OF CORTI:

     Tectorial membrane
     Hair cells (Inner & Outer)  RECEPTORS
     Pillar cells (Rods of Corti) SUPPORTING
    CELLS
     Tunnels of Corti
     Reticular lamina
     Nerve fibers
    NERVE INNERVATION OF COCHLEA:
     Afferent neuron that innervates hair cells form the
    auditory division of 8th CN  Vestibulocochlear
    Nerve
     7th CN Facial Motor Nerve: Tensor tympani
    muscles
     5th CN Trigeminal Motor nerve: Stapedius
    muscles
    AUDITORY PATHWAY
    Afferent fibers from 8th cranial nerve

    Ends in Dorsal & Ventral Cochlear nuclei located in upper part of


    Medulla

    Fibers synapse & 2nd order neurons pass mainly to opposite side
    of brain stem to terminate in Superior Olivary nucleus

    Pass through lateral leminiscus nucleus into inferior colliculus


    and synapse again

    Fibers now pass to medial geniculate nucleus to synapse again

    Fibers finally enter in Primary Auditory cortex located in


    Superior Gyrus of temporal lobe
    H
    D
    VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
     Two components are:

     3 Semicircular canals (Anterior, Posterior &


    lateral)

     2 Otolith organs (Utricle & Saccule)

     Together they provide constant feedback to the


    cerebellum about head movement
     The Otolith organs are sensitive to changes in the
    position of the head with respect to gravity (linear
    acceleration in vertical or horizontal plane)
    e.g. Walking in a row or moving in lift

     Send messages to the brain about body movement in


    a straight line (backwards/forwards or
    upwards/downwards)
     Also about where the head is in relation to gravity
    e.g. Tilting, leaning or lying down
     Sensory epithelium is called Macula
     Contains Supporting cells & Hair cells
     Surrounded by Otolithic membrane
     Membrane contains crystals of Calcium Carbonate-
    Otoliths/ Ear dust/ Otoconia
    S
    s
    S
    s
     Processes of hair cells are in the Macula

     Afferent nerve fiber here is Vestibular division of C-8


    nerve

     These crystals are displaced during head movements


    to stimulate tiny hairs, which transmit the message
    via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum.
     The Semicircular canals
    are sensitive to angular
    accelerations.
    e.g. Nodding, rotating

     Receptor structure is
    Crista ampularis
     Located on Ampulla
    (expanded end of each
    membranous canals)
     Crista contains hair cells & supporting
    (sustentacular) cells surrounded by Cupula
    (Gelatinous partition)

     Processes of hair cells are embedded in ampulla

     Afferent nerve fiber here is Vestibular division of


    C-8 nerve
     Canals are stimulated by the weight of the fluid
    they contain & the pressure it exerts varying with
    the head position.

     Movement of fluid inside the canals caused by


    head movement stimulates tiny hairs that send
    messages via the vestibular nerve to the
    cerebellum.
    BALANCE MAINTAINANCE

    You might also like