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Lecture 8

This document provides an overview of the design of concrete structures using the working stress method for singly reinforced rectangular beam sections. It covers key topics like the equivalent or transformed section, strain-stress diagrams, determining the neutral axis, permissible stresses in concrete and steel, calculating the percentage of steel and lever arm, and determining the moment of resistance. The goals are to analyze the behavior of reinforced concrete beams and determine the required dimensions and steel reinforcement.

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Pankaj105
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Lecture 8

This document provides an overview of the design of concrete structures using the working stress method for singly reinforced rectangular beam sections. It covers key topics like the equivalent or transformed section, strain-stress diagrams, determining the neutral axis, permissible stresses in concrete and steel, calculating the percentage of steel and lever arm, and determining the moment of resistance. The goals are to analyze the behavior of reinforced concrete beams and determine the required dimensions and steel reinforcement.

Uploaded by

Pankaj105
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES -1

Topics to be covered:
 Design of Rectangular Singly Reinforced Sections by Working Stress Method.
 Equivalent or Transformed Section
 Strain -Stress Diagram
 Neutral Axis
 Stresses in Concrete and Steel
 Dimensions of the Beam and Area of Steel
 Percentage of Steel
 Lever arm
 Moment of resistance PREPARED BY:

SHASHIKANT SRIVASTAVA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
RAMA UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, KANPUR (INDIA)
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM WORKING STRESS METHOD :

ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM WORKING STRESS METHOD :


Analysis of singly reinforced beam Working stress method : A singly reinforced beam section is shown in Figure below. To analyse
this section, it is necessary to convert it into a transformed or equivalent section of concrete.
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM WORKING STRESS METHOD :

ASSUMPTIONS IN WORKING STRESS METHOD :


Working Stress Method designing is a method used for Reinforced Concrete Designing, where concrete is assumed elastic and both
steel and concrete act together elastically when the relationship between loads and stresses is linear. The analysis of structures
using Working Stress Method is completely based on few assumptions as:
(1) The plane section before bending remains plane after bending.
(2) Bond between steel and concrete is perfect within the elastic limit of steel.
(3) Both the steel and concrete behave as linearly elastic materials.
(4) All tensile stress is taken by steel and none by concrete.
(5) The stresses in steel and concrete are related using a factor commonly known as ‘Modular ratio’ (m).
(6) The stress strain relationship of and concrete is a straight line under working loads.
(7) The factor of safety for concrete is 3 and for steel is 1.8 with respect to yield stress.

MODULAR RATIO : It is defined as the ratio of moduli of steel to the moduli of concrete. It is denoted by the letter “m”.
m=Es/Ec
The modular ratio is not constant for all grades of concrete. It varies with the grade of concrete. Es/Ec is generally not used to
calculate modular ratio for reinforced concrete designs. AS PER IS: 456-1978; m is calculated by the following formula:
m = 280/3σcbc, where, σcbc = permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending.
Grade of Concrete Modular Ratio

Calculation of Modular ratio values for different grades of concrete M15 m = 280/3×5 = 18.66

M20 m = 280/3×7 = 13.33

M25 m = 280/3×8.5 = 10.98

M30 m = 280/3×10 = 9.33


ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM WORKING STRESS METHOD :
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE :
Reinforced concrete designs make use of M15 grade concrete. The permissible stresses for different grades of concrete is
different. They are given below:

Sr. No. Concrete Grade M15 M20 M25 M30

1. Stress in compression Pure Bending 5 7 8.5 10

Stress in compression Direct Bending 4 5 6 8

2. Stress in bond (average) for plain bars 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0

3. Characteristics compressive strength 15 20 25 30

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL :


2
S. Type of Stress in Steel Permissible Stresses in N/mm High yield strength deformed
No. Reinforcement bar (HYSD) conforming to IS
Mild steel bars Medium tensile steel
1786 (Grade Fe 415)
conforming to Grade I of conforming to IS 432
IS 432 (Part I) (Part I)
1. Tension (σst or σsv) 140 Half the guaranted yield 230
(i) Upto and including 20mm stress subject to
(ii) Over 20mm maximum of 190
130 190 230
2. Compression in column 130 130 190
bars (σsc)
3. Compression in bars in beam or The calculated compressive stresses in the surrounding concrete multiplied by 1.5 times
slab when compressive the modular ratio or ssc whichever is lower=1.5mc or ssc
resistance of concrete is taken
into account
EQUIVALENT OR TRANSFORMED SECTION :

EQUIVALENT OR TRANSFORMED SECTION :


As per the assumption, all the tensile stresses are taken by steel and none by concrete i.e., concrete in the tensile zone is cracked.
So, the concrete area below the neutral axis is neglected and the effective area or the equivalent area of the section in terms of
concrete is shown in Figure below. The equivalent area is equal to the area of concrete in the compression zone and an additional
concrete area mAst of concrete corresponding to steel area, Ast
STRAIN -STRESS DIAGRAM :

STRAIN DIAGRAM :
As per the assumption of elastic theory, the strain distribution is linear, with value zero at the neutral axis to maximum at the top and
bottom fibre. The strain diagram for the given R.C.C. section is shown in Figure below.

STRESS DIAGRAM :
As per the assumption (4) of the elastic theory the stress-strain relationship is linear for concrete. So, the stress diagram is also a
straight line with value zero at neutral axis and varying linearly with the distance as shown in Fig.ure below.
Maximum permissible stress at the top most fibre in concrete = σcbc
Maximum permissible stress in steel = σst
Maximum stress in equivalent concrete area at the level of steel = σstm
NOTE:
1. The suffix cbc in σcbc stands for permissible stress in concrete in bending compression.
2. The suffix st in σst stands for permissible stress in steel in tension.
NEUTRAL AXIS :

NEUTRAL AXIS (N) :


Neutral axis lies at the centre of gravity of the section. It is defined as that axis at which the stresses are zero. It divides the section
into tension and compression zone. The position of the neutral axis depends upon the shape (dimensions) of the section and the
amount of steel provided. The position of neutral axis of any rectangular section can be found by the following two methods :
STRESSES IN CONCRETE AND STEEL ARE KNOWN :
Let us consider the R.C.C. section shown in Fig. 2.4(a) the stress σc in concrete’s top most fibre and σs in steel reinforcement are
known. Then from stress diagram:

From Similar Triangles :


If the stresses in concrete and steel are permissible then equation for n is written as:
This neutral axis, corresponding to permissible values of stresses of concrete and steel is called as critical neutral axis nc .
nc =kd where k is the neutral axis depth factor.
Now we have,
On rearranging, we get :

Putting m=280/ 3σcbc in the above equation for k, we can see that k does not depend upon grade of concrete. It depends upon grade
of steel only.
NEUTRAL AXIS :
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL (Pt ) :

PERCENTAGE OF STEEL (Pt ) :


The percentage of steel in R.C.C. sections means the area of steel (Ast) expressed as percentage of total area of concrete.
LEVER ARM :
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (MR) :
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (MR) :
Moment of resistance is the resistance offered by the beam against external loads. As there is no resultant force acting on the beam
and the section is in equilibrium, the total compressive force is equal to the total tensile force. These two forces (equal and opposite
separated by a distance) will form a couple and the moment of this couple is equal to the resisting moment or moment of resistance
of the section.
Total compression = C = acting n / 3
from top
Total tension = T= σst . Ast
acting at centroid of steel reinforcement.
Moment of resistance = C . a or T.a

Putting n = kd in the equation

The factor k, j and R are constant for a given type of steel and concrete and do not depend upon the beam dimension. These are
DESIGN METHODS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS:
Design Methods for Singly reinforced Sections:
Let,
b = breadth of a rectangular beam
d = effective depth of a beam
x = depth of neutral axis below the compression edge
Ast = cross-sectional area of steel in tension
σcbc = permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending
σst = permissible stress in steel
m = modular ratio
Neutral axis : Neutral axis is denoted as NA.
We will follow a simple two step procedure. C=T
Step One: C = area x average compressive stress
Given that: = (b.x) X (σcbc + 0)/2
Dimensions of the section (b and d) = bx (σcbc/2)
Permissible stresses in concrete and steel (σcbc and σst) T = area x tensile stress
Modular ratio (m) = Ast x σst
From the above diagram, the formula is as follows: Therefore, bx (σcbc/2) = Ast x σst —————-equation 2
σcbc/(σst/m) = x/(d – x) ——————————– equation 1 Calculation of NA can be done from eq. 1 and the area of
From the above equation 1, the value of x can be determined. steel from equation 2.
Step two: The area of tensile steel is expressed as a percentage
To find area of steel (Pt) of the effective section.
Equating total compressive force (C) to total tensile force (T) Pt = Ast x 100/bd
@ shashikant.fet@ramauniversity.ac.in or shashikantchitransh3@gmail.com

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