7 Services

1 Technical support Review C 33

1 Match the nouns and their definitions.
1 attachment i a) an advert that suddenly appears on a
2 browser f screen without you searching for it
3 firewall g b) a connection between a computer and
4 IP address c the Internet via radio waves
5 password e c) the set of numbers which identifies
6 pop-up a every computer on the Internet
7 resolution setting h d) you can lock this on your computer to
8 security setting d stop other users from changing it
9 wireless b e) a series of letters or numbers that you
type into a computer in order to use it
f) software that allows you to access websites
on the Internet
g) a network security system used to restrict
external and internal traffic
h) you can change this to make images larger or
smaller, or in colour
i) something that you send with an
email, e.g. a document

2 For each printer problem, write a diagnosis (D) and suggest a solution (S), using the guide
words. Refer to the language box on Course Book page 53.

1 The printer always prints in colour.

Diagnosis: you have definitely checked the ‘Colour’ box. Suggestion: check the
‘Black’box
Example: You must have checked the ‘Colour box. Try checking the ‘Black’ box.
2 The printer is using a lot of ink.
D: perhaps you checked the ‘Fine ’ box on the Print Quality menu. S: check the ‘Draft’
box on the menu

3 The LED lights on the printer don’t come on.

D: it’s possible there is a loose connection. S: unplug the printer, plug it in again
_______________________________________________________________________

4 The pages come out blank, without any print.

D: it’s certain the ink cartridge is empty. S: check the level of ink remaining
______________________________________________________________________

5 There are gaps on the printed page.

D: the print head nozzles have probably become dirty. S: clean the print head nozzles
_____________________________________________________________________

6 Pages are printed in the wrong order.

D: you have definitely checked the ‘Automatic’ box on the Paper Handling menu. S:
check the ‘Reverse ’ button on the menu
_____________________________________________________________________
34 7 Services

2 Reporting to clients
1 Put the verbs in brackets into the passive. Then match the sentence halves.
Design – and – Build.
We offer a design-and-build service for all types of domestic and commercial projects.
Check our portfolio section to see photos of several recent projects.
Please -- Home Our clients Portfolio Quolity Volue Contoct Us

1 Design-and-Build was appointed F a) to allow wheelchair access,

(appoint) b) to provide all-weather practice
2 Doorways were widened A facilities.
(widen) c) to provide extra living space.
3 A false ceiling was constructed G d) to provide an ‘at home’ office
(construct) nearby.
4 The covered walkway H e) to enlarge the kitchen and dining
Was extended (extend) area.
5 Four indoor tennis courts B f) supervise the project from
Were built (build) start to finish.
6 A lift was installed (install) i g) to hide electrical wiring and
7 The house _____________________ pipework.
(extend) on two storeys h) to link the main building to the
8 A farm building ___________________ classrooms.
(convert) i) to provide disabled access to the
9 A single-storey extension upper floors.
______________________ (build)

1f\2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9

2 Rewrite the draft email as a covering letter to a client. Set out your letter like the example
in 5, Section of the Course Book, page 55..
Ann,
Pls will you draft a letter to our client at Nilsson including the details below. Enclose a print-
out of our report, which I am sending you as an attachment. I’ll be in the office on Monday.
Thanks.
Herbert Ritz,
Project Manager
Client: Mr Tom Berghaus, Nilsson pic
Contact details: Unit 38 West Business Park, Swindon SN42 6BH Subject: Quotation:
Extension at Swindon office Letter: Thanks for your letter of 31 Jan 08, inviting us to prepare
quotation for above project.
We visited the site on 1 2 Feb 08 + took measurements & photos.
Enclose report, plus outline plans and quotation.
Our fees: agreed on a job-by-job basis; can be a fixed sum / an hourly rate/ a % of project
cost.
No charge for initial visit and quotation.
If need to discuss details of report, don’t hesitate, etc.
Kind regards,
 Services 7 35
16

3 Dealing with complaints

1 Listen to the phone dialogue from a customer with a complaint. Complete the
Complaint Form.

Date and time of call 10.45 2008/02/25

Name of customer
Order number
Description of goods
Model number
Details of complaint
Solution offered □ replace □ repair □ refund □ reduce
Customer response □ accept □ reject

2 17 Match six dialogues to six of the damaged articles.

1_____ 2: _____ 3:______ 4:________ 5:_______ 6:_______

3 Reply to a letter of complaint, using the phrases in the box.

complaining about / However, /1 am pleased to inform you /1 am sorry to hear

I apologise for the inconvenience / in stock / purchase price / Please do not hesitate
Thank you for / Unfortunately, / Yours sincerely, / a full refund

Dear Ms Jensen,
1 _______________________________ your letter of 28th February
2 _______________________________ the portable TV with 18 mm-wide
screen that you purchased at our store.
3 _________________________ that the left-hand side of the case
was cracked and that the screen was broken. (4) _______________,
we do not have any similar TVs (5) ________________ as this model is
no longer made. (6)__________ , (7) _____________________ that
we will give you (8) ________________ of the (9) ________________,
4 _________________________ this has caused, especially since you
took it with you on holiday expecting to use it.
5 _________________________ to contact me if you have any
queries about the refund.
6 ________________________________ ,
Tom Bryars
Store Manager
36 7 Services

4 Word list
NOUNS (computer) NOUNS (buildings) NOUNS (complaints ) VERBS (complaints)
Attachment Beam Corner Admit
Browser OCCTV camera Detail Apologise
Code Clarification Edge Crush
Connection Client Evidence Deal (with)
Connectivity Contractor Fault Destroy
Diagnosis Parachute Front Jam
Firewall Skyscraper Gesture Offer
Image Smoke detector Goodwill Record
IP address Walkway Inconvenience Reduce
Monitor VERBS (buildings) Purchase Refund
Password Appoint Query Replace
Pop-up Expand Rear Split
Resolution setting Monitor Reduction Summarise
Security setting ADJECTIVES Refund Twist
Solution Blank Repair ADVERBS
Wireless Friendly Replacement However
VERBS (computer) Helpful Surface Unfortunately
Compress Impractical Sympathy PHRASES
Disconnect Loose In addition
Freeze Polite In stock
Interfere (with) Structural
Log (into)
Reboot
Reconnect
Reject
Uncheck

1 Complete the steps in the complaints procedure, using verbs from column 4,
1- Don’t ___________________ fault at the start.
2- ________________________ the details of the complaint on the computer.
3- ________________________ the problem to the customer.
4- ________________________ to the customer for the inconvenience.
5- ________________________ a discount off the next purchase, or
6- ________________________ the faulty article with a new one, or
7- ________________________ the purchase price in full.
8- ________________________ the next complaint.
 8 Energy
Services 7 37

1 Wave power
18
1 Complete the table. Then listen and check your answers.
Types of motion: oscillating / rotary / reciprocating / linear

Type of linear
How it moves rotates
Examples of pistons
machines

19
2 Listen to a presentation about water jetting. Underline the phrases
that you hear.

1 Our range of pumps operates a) compressions b) at pressures from 70 to 2,750 bar.

2 Pumps can operate to a maximum flow rate of a) 773 litres per minute b) 73 litres per
second.
2 Diesel units are available as a) site b) side trailers or a) road trailers b) hose traders.
3 Standard electric units can be mounted on a) skids b) skis or trailers.
4 Our accessory range includes hoses, a) nozzles b) sockets, guns and a) footballs b) foot
valves.
5 These allow a) the operation b) the operator to shut off the water jet with their foot.
6 Hoses range from 6-32 a) cm b) mm in diameter, to suit all applications.

3 20 Listen to the next part of the presentation and note the details.

Industry Application Water jetting pressure (psi)

1 Automotive Removing paint from machinery 10,000- ________________
and_________________________

2 _____________ Removing _____________, dirt

and oil , from ____________ and ______________
______________

3 ____________ Removing oil and __________ 5,000 - __________________

maintenance from roads, _____________and 10,000 - _________________
______________
Clearing blockages from drains
38 8 2Energy
Engines

1 Write the headings for the operation of a four-stroke diesel engine. Find letters for
parts in the diagrams and write them in the text.

Intake stroke _______stroke ________stroke ________stroke

Intake
Compression Combustion Exhaust

Intake stroke. Air (1) D alone is drawn into the cylinder (2)____________through the
intake port (3) ________________by the vacuum created by the descending piston
(4)________________
Compression stroke. The intake valve (5) ________________closes and the piston
ascends (6)___________Air is compressed in the top of the cylinder (7) _______ and
is heated to 700-900° C.
Combustion stroke. Diesel oil (8)__________is injected into the top of the cylinder
by the oil injector (9) _______________It mixes with the compressed air above the
piston. Combustion drives the piston downwards, and turns the crankshaft
(10) ___________
Exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve (11) _________opens. Exhaust gases
(12) ___________are pushed out of the cylinder through the outlet port (13)_______

by the rising piston.

2 Read the article about the hybrid car. Which two things make the wheels go round?

You drive a hybrid car like an ordinary car. When you slow down, the electric motor
turns into a generator, which recharges the batteries. At traffic lights, the petrol
engine switches off. Take your foot off the brake and the car starts, using only its
electric motor to provide maximum acceleration.
A hybrid car is more energy-efficient than one with a petrol engine alone. You can
travel twice as far on 1 litre of petrol than in a petrol-driven car. In addition, the
quantity of C02 that comes out of the exhaust is about 1 tonne less per year from a
hybrid. Acceleration from 0-100 kph is 10.9 seconds, which is the same as for a 2-litre
petrol engine.
Hybrid car owners pay less tax, and they have lower fuel consumption too. In
addition to all this, they get a quiet car with good performance.

3 What do these words refer to?

1 which (line 2) a) the functioning of the electric motor b)slowing down
2 its (line 3) a) the car b) the brake c) your foot
3 one (line 5) a) a car b) energy c) a hybrid car
4 that (line 7) a) 1 tonne of CO, b) the quantity of C02 c)CO,
5 which (line 8) a) the given acceleration b) the given speed
c) the given time they (line 11) a) less tax b) car owners
 c) hybrid car owners

3 Cooling and heating

Energy 8 39

1 Complete the text with words from the language box on Course Book page 62.
When a gas condenses, it becomes a-----------When a---------------------
solidifies, it becomes a______When a------------------------melts, it
becomes a______When a______________evaporates, it becomes
a _________So, for example, ice (a solid)-------------------and becomes
water (a liquid). And when water boils, the water (a liquid)----------------
and becomes steam (a gas). With cooling, the steam________and turns
to water. With freezing, the water------------and turns to ice.
2 Fill in the blanks.
1______An fan removes hot air from inside a room, (extractor/
extraction)
2 The device has an ‘On/Off switch, which permits easy------------
(operator/operation)
3 __________forms on the outside of cars during cold, damp nights.
(condenser/condensation)
4 The function of the______________is to compress the gas. (compressor/
compression)
5______________of water from the soil is greatest at midday, (evaporator/
evaporation)
6______________allows fresh food to be stored for longer, (refrigeration/
refrigerant/refrigerator)
7 A___________________is the result of an equally strong physical force in the
opposite direction. (reactor/reaction)
8 Deep-sea divers may have to spend time in a _____________chamber after
returning to the surface, ( decompressor /decompression)
3 Complete the text about an air-conditioning unit with words from the diagram
Condenser Condensing and the box. Some words are used more than once.
coils unit Evaporator
Tan coils
absorb provide reduce remove support

Air-conditioning (1) removes heat and humidity from the air and
expels it outdoors. An independent air-conditioning unit
(2)___________cooled air on demand for rooms in offices,
schools and houses. The temperature indoors (3)__________
by means of a closed system of tubes containing a refrigerant.
A strong frame outside the house (4) ________________the
condensing unit. The (5)_____________________pumps the
Compressor (6) ____________ under pressure around the condenser coils. As
Refrigerant Return tube it cools, it condenses and passes through a narrow tube, through
Blower
an expansion valve, to the (7)_inside the building.
Inside, a rotary (8)___sucks warm air from the room and blows
it over the (9)____As the refrigerant in the (10)-------------------------
changes from liquid to gas, it (11)____heat and cools the air.
The refrigerant (now a gas) flows through a larger (12)-------to
the compressor, which sends it round the (13)-------again. At the
 top of this unit, a (14)____rotates and forces air over the (15)
__________ to drive away the heat. Simultaneously, the (16)----------
inside the building forces the cooled, dehumidified air into the room.
4 Word list
40 8 Energy
WAVE POWER ENGINES (NOUNS) COOLING AND COOLING AND
(NOUNS) HEATING (NOUNS) HEATING (VERBS)
Benefit Cam Coil Absorb
Buoy Compression Compressor Compress
Energy Crankshaft Condenser Condense
Fossil fuel Cylinder Cycle decompress
Pendulum Exhaust port Evaporator Displace
VERBS Exhaust Expansion Evaporate
Oscillate Explosion Fluid Expand
Reciprocate Force High pressure Extract
ADJECTIVES (ALL) Hydrogen Operation Melt
Geothermal Ignition Principle Operate
Linear inlet Inlet Reaction Reverse
Oscillating Intake port Refrigerant Solidify
Reciprocating Intake valve Refrigeration Transfer
Rotary Internal-combustion Upthrust
ADVERBS (ALL) Engine
Anti-clockwise Piston
Clockwise Spark plug
Rapidly Stroke
Simultaneously Torsion
Top dead centre Vacuum
(TDC) VERBS
Compress
Expand
Ignite
1 Label the diagram with nouns from column 2.
5 _______ _______
2 ______________
4 _______ ______
9 ____________
3 ______ _______

8 ________
6 ___________

7 ___________
 Intake stroke of an (1)
_________ _________

D
__________
Review Energy 8 41

Section 1

1 Complete these phone dialogues using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 (connect / unplug / plug)

A: The pointer on my screen doesn’t move.
B: The mouse and keyboard might not be firmly (1) connected to the computer. Try (2)
unplugging and then (3) plugging in the connectors.
2 (have / be / compress)
A: 1 sent an email with a large attachment that bounced back to me.
B: The receiver may not (4)_____________a broadband connection.
Or the attachment might (5)________________ greater than the size
limit of their mailbox. Try (6) _______________ the attachment.
3 (interfere / change / access)
A: The wireless connection between my router and my computer has stopped working.
B: Somebody may have (7)________________ with your user settings.
You could (8) ____________________ the username and password for
(9) _____________________ your router settings.

2 Write the headings above the right sections of a Consumer Rights website. Then
underline the correct words or phrases.

a) When you are not covered d) Proving goods were faulty when
b) Goods should be of satisfactory you bought them
quality e) Examine goods and complain at
c) Your agreement is with the retailer once if they are faulty.

1__________________________________ (6) should / can't get a full refund. If you wait longer
If the goods were faulty when you bought them, complain than a week, you (7) must / may not get a refund.
to the retailer, e.g. the store where you bought them. If Instead you (8) can't / may be offered a replacement,
the store says you (1) might / have to contact the or a reduction, or a credit note towards your next
manufacturer, that’s wrong. purchase.
2 ____________________________________ 4 _____________________________________
Goods (2) must / may be of satisfactory quality and fit for If you take the goods back to the retailer within six
the purpose that was intended, e.g. a torch (3) could / months, the store (9) has to / shouldn’t prove they
should light up. If you asked about a specific purpose, were not faulty at the time of sale. After six months,
e.g. ‘Will this DVD player work with my brand X TV?’, you (101 have to / mustn’t prove that they were
then you (4) have to / can complain if it doesn't work in faulty at the time of sale.
that specific situation. 5______________________________________
3 ___________________________________
You (5) should / could try to examine the goods and You (11) might not / cannot complain if you
complain within a week. If you do this, you purchased the goods for the wrong purpose, or if you
knew the goods were faulty when you bought them.
42 Section
D 2 Review
1 Complete the description of the Wankel rotary engine with the parts in the diagrams.
A rotary engine is an internal combustion engine with a rotary
(1) piston. The (2) of the rotating piston open and close the
ports in the (3) wall, so no valves are needed. The triangular
piston rotates in an oval-shaped (4)

1 Intake. The rotary piston rotates. At the same time, it uncovers the
(5) _________________ This allows the (6) ___________________to flow into the cylinder.
2 Compression. The (7) _________________________rotates. At the same time, the
(8)______________________is compressed into a small space between the piston and
the cylinder wall.
3 Ignition. The compressed fuel is ignited by the two (9)_______________________
Immediately afterwards, the expanding gases drive the piston round on the power stroke.
4 Exhaust. The piston rotates. Simultaneously, it uncovers the
(10)_____________This lets the (11) _____________________escape.
5 The triangular piston creates three (12) ____________________So, there are three
ignitions for each rotation of the piston.
6 The rotary engine has only two moving parts, the (13) ___________________and the
(14) __________________So, higher rotation speeds are possible.

2 Rewrite the sentences in paragraphs 1-6 as single sentences. Use when/as and which. Do not use
the words in italics.
Example: 1 As the rotary piston rotates, it uncovers the inlet port, which allows the air and fuel
mixture to flow into the cylinder.

3 Find words in the puzzle to match these definitions.

F E X P A N S I O N V A L V E G C K Y B O
X L P Q I Z T R J A S E T O F C O I L S T
E V A P O R A T O R K C O M P R E S S O R
C O N D E N S E R X M U B T Q A H N T R H
G E D E C O M P R E S S W U E L T W R B G
1 take in, for example, heat or moisture
2 2 lower the pressure of something 7 a device that decompresses the refrigerant
3 increase in volume in the coils
4 a high-pressure pump that compresses the 8 a machine with an electric motor and rotating
refrigerant blades that moves the air around
5 a set of coils that gives out heat to the 9 a fluid that can evaporate and condense
surrounding air 10 a system of pipes bent into a U-shape many
6 a set of coils that extracts heat from the times
surrounding air
9 Measurement
Review D 43

1 Sports data

1 Describe the purpose of measuring instruments, using one of the example structures and
the words in brackets. Use the vocabulary from 4, Section 1 of the Course Book, page 69.

Examples: a) You use a thermometer to measure temperature in degrees Celsius.

b) A thermometer is used for measuring temperature in degrees Celsius.
c) A thermometer measures temperature in degrees Celsius.
d) You measure temperature in degrees Celsius with a thermometer.

1 (you measure / tyre pressure gauge) You measure air pressure in psi with a tyre pressure
gauge.
2 (is used / kilopascals) __________________________________________

3 (you use / distance)____________________________________________

4 (scales / measure)____________________________________________
5 (you measure / Watts)_______________________________________
6 (you use / stop watch) ______________________________________
7 (measures / speed)_______________________________________
8 (is used / height above sea level)__________________________
9 (you measure / beats per second)_______________________________

2 Complete the details about car service intervals with words from the box.
after always every intervals less than over

If the annual kilometrage (the distance travelled in a year in kilometres) is (1) less than
15,000, an Oil Change Service should be carried out at (2) ___________of 12 months.
An Inspection Service (3)______________________includes an Oil Change Service.
If the annual kilometrage is (4)____________________30,000, the Inspection Service
must be carried out (5) ______________________30,000 km, and not after 12 months.
A brake fluid change is required (6)______________________________24 months.

3 Read the schedule for servicing petrol engine vehicles. Underline the right verbs.

What is included in a service

Oil Change Service In addition (every 30, 000 km)

1 Oil filter lubricated / renewed. 7 V-belt checked and torsioned / loosened
2 Engine oil changed / inspected. if necessary.
3 Brake pad thickness renewed / checked, in addition (every 60,000 km)
Inspection Service (in addition) 8 Spark plugs tightened / renewed.
4 Door check straps cleaned / lubricated. 9 Air filter renewed / topped up.
5 Exhaust system inspected / cleaned. 10 Air filter housing cleaned / replaced.
6 Coolant in radiator topped up / measured.
 2 Sensors
44 9 Measurement
21
1 Note the answers to these questions about car safety tests.
1. How safe were the cars in 1997?
2. What safety features did they have in 1997?
3. What do you mean by ‘marginal?
4. Is one-star better or worse than five-star?
5. Are cars safer now than they used to be?
22- 24
2 Listen to three parts of an interview about car safety. Fill in the tables.

1997 Airbags

Model None Driver’s Dual Safety rating (circle)

1 Hydra poor / marginal / acceptable / good
2 Lindos poor / marginal / acceptable / good
3 Paxos poor / marginal / acceptable / good
4 Syros poor / marginal / acceptable / good

2000 Airbags

Model None Driver’s Dual Safety rating (circle)

1 Lorca * / * * / * * * / ****
2 Pamplona * / * * / * * * / ****
3 Malaga * / * * / * * * / ****
4 Zamora * / * * / * * * / ****
2007 Number of small car models tested: &
Models with front, side and head airbags:
Models with driver’s airbag only:
Models with three-star safety rating:
Models with four-star safety rating:
Models with five-star safety rating:

3 Write noun combinations for the phrases.

1 forces that squeeze one side of a material and stretch the other bending
forces
2 forces that squeeze or press together___________________________
3 forces that stretch or pull apart_____________________________
4 forces that twist_______________________________________
5 forces that slide in opposite directions ________________________
6 a crash test of a heavy goods vehicle___________________________
7 a dummy used for testing the impact of a crash from the side
_________________________________________
8 a sensor which measures acceleration in a single direction
________________________________________

3 Positioning
Measurement 9 45
1 Read the text. Choose the best words/phrases for the gaps.

What is a lidar speed gun?

Lidar stands for ‘light detection and ranging’. A lidar speed gun sends out
a very short burst of infrared laser light. It is used by the police to
calculate speeds.
How does the lidar system work?
Light from the gun travels at (1) _________300 million metres
per second and is reflected back to the speed gun by the vehicle. The
gun calculates the time taken for the return trip
of the signal and divides it in two. (2) __________, it can calculate
its distance from the car.
How does the speed gun calculate the speed of an approaching
vehicle?
Because the speed gun takes (3) ____________1,000 samples per
second, it can compare the change in distance between the samples and
(4) ____________ calculate the speed of the vehicle.
How accurate is the lidar system?
Since it takes (5) _____________300 measurements in a third of
a second, the measurement of a vehicle’s speed is very
accurate. (6)____________, the cone of light that comes from the
speed gun is very narrow. Even at a range of 300 metres, the cone of
light is no more than 1 metre in diameter.
(7)___________, a specific vehicle can be targeted by the police
from long range.
c) approximate
1 a) nearly b) exact c) For example
2 a) In other words b) In addition c) more than
3 a) in addition b) for instance c) nearly
4 a) more than b) in this way c) in addition
5 a) just over b) for example c) In other words
6 a) However b) In addition b) That is c) For instance
7 a) In this way

2 Replace the phrases using the word(s) in brackets.

An airport radar control system sends out a burst of high-frequency radio waves, which lasts less
than a microsecond. The radar system then turns off its transmitter, turns on its receiver and
listens for an echo. For each aircraft in the area, the Air Traffic Controller can monitor:
1. their location (where ) where they are
2. their altitude above sea level (how) how high _______________________
3. their air speed (how fast / fly) ________________________
4. their rate of descent (how fast / descend)____________________
5. their rate of ascent (fast / ascend)_________________________
6. their separation distance from other aircraft (how far apart) ______________
 _____________________
7. their flight path (which direction / fly ) _____________________
8. their distance from the airport ( how far away )
______________________________________________

4 Word list

46 MEASUREMENT
9 SENSORS (NOUNS) POSITIONING
Measurement ADVERBS
(NOUNS) (NOUNS
altimeter accelerometer burst almost

altitude bass volume Global Positioning approximately

athlete chest System (GPS) exactly
barometer data latitude just over
chain deflection lidar system just under
compete deformation longitude more than
cyclist dial nautical mile nearly
false start dummy ping wirelessly
filter environment pinger ADJECTIVES
heart rate monitor gauge radar system atmospheric
heart beat impact satellite precise
kilopascal load sea level quick-release
lubricant rib transmission standard

odometer sensor VERBS worn

power output shear approach PHRASES
saddle strain multiply for example
scales tension orbit for instance

stop watch torsion reflect in addition

tachometer VERBS subtract in other words
tennis ball service bend VERBS(OTHER) such as

wear convert apply that is

Web Log detect ensure

wheel rim squeeze lubricate

slip

1 Complete these descriptions using words from the Word list.

1. An altimeter measures altitude in metres above ______________It
measures the air pressure in units called ____________________
2. A GPS system calculates your position, or in other words your ___________
And_________ It measures the_______ times from at least three
______ which________ the Earth at an ____________ of 11,000
________ __________.
3. A radar gun at tennis competitions uses the __________________ ______________
 The radar gun is pointed at the tennis player and takes many readings ____________________as the
tennis ball __________From this it calculates the speed of the
__________ _____________ _______________.
4. A radar system can ___________planes in flight as they _____________ the
airport. The ______________transmits a short _______________________of
high-frequency radio waves. When the signal is ___________________ back to the
10 Forces
receiver, the system can measure the speed of the ___________________ plane and
its distance from the airport.

1 Properties Measurement 9 47

1 Choose the right test from the box. Make sentences, using the past tense and the given
words.

compressive-strength / drop / elasticity / frame / impact-resistance / heat- resistance /

tensile strength

1. aim / see / forks / bend / when / struck with force

The aim of the frame teat waa to aee whether the forka would ber\d when they were
struck with force.
2. purpose / find out / material / deform or break / when / pulled apart
________________________________________________________________
3. aim / discover / material / bend or break / when / hammered with force
________________________________________________________________
4. objective / find out / material / crack or deform / when / compressed
________________________________________________________________
5. purpose / discover / materials / break / when / stretched
_______________________________________________________________
6. aim / find out / materiel! / deform or melt / when / heated to 120 degrees Celsius
_______________________________________________________________
7. objective / see / laptops / crack / when / dropped from a height of 60 cm
________________________________________________________________

2 Complete the crossword.

1. You can’t scratch or cut it. It’s__________

1
2 2. You can bend it and it doesn’t break. It’s _________
3 3. You can form it into a new shape, which it
4 keeps. It’s _______________
5 4. Opposite of hard.
6 5. You can’t bend it. It’s__________
7 6. After you deform it, it returns to its original
8 shape. It’s____________
9 7. It doesn’t deform or break when you compress
10 it. It’s strong in____________
11 8. It breaks if you strike or drop it. It’s_________
12 9. It doesn’t stretch or break when you pull it. It’s
13 strong in _____________
10. It doesn’t break when you drop or strike it. It’s____
11. Opposite of strong.
12. It doesn’t break or deform when you twist it. It
Vertical word : It doesn’t burn or deform when you
Has ____________strength.
heat it. It’s ____________
13. It doesn’t deform or break when you pull it
 apart. It has __________strength.

48 10 2 Forces
Resistance

1 25 Underline the stressed syllables. Then listen and check.

1 break a ble 2 in au di ble 3 por ta bie
4 re sis tant 5 e las tic 6 un mo vea ble
7 un bend a ble 8 wa ter proof 9 com bus ti ble
10 cor ro sion

2 26 Listen to four radio adverts. Tick the product descriptions.

1 digital camera 2 diver’s watch 3 home safe 4 biker’s helmet

Portable
non-portable
non-combustible
unbreakable
waterproof
heat-resistant
corrosion-resistant

3 27 Choose signpost phrases from the box for a presentation about flood defences.
Then listen and check.
a) My objective in this talk has been to f) I’d like to finish by
b) As you can see in this photo g) the next graph indicates that
c) Let’s move on to h)As shown on the first graph
d) The main aim of this presentation is to i) I’d like to start by
e) That brings me to
Phrase Presentation notes
1 d discuss denser to__________ of flooding + examine topic of_________

2 3 main causes of flooding: 1)_______________ in._____________:

2) tides from.___________; 3)________________of southeast England

3 1970sbanks of River Thames raised by_____________ Below London

____________of flood defeux.es. Above London, ______of river banks
raised.

4 Thames Barrier huge ____________flood barrier built in _________

5 10 __________gates,_____________ + supported between, concrete

_______when closed, barrier can withstand pressure of__________

6 2001 IPCC report predicts annual rise of --------- = rise of

 ___________ by end of

7 1253-200& sea levels rose by _____________average = rise of

>_____________by end of century
 8 ___________factors -> flooding, + ___________effects +__________
methods of flood prevention

9 map of areas of London below______________ by_____________

4 Listen again and complete the presentation notes in Exercise 3.

2 Results Forces 10 49

1 Choose the right words/phrases of cause and effect.

Global warming will happen faster

Increased carbon emissions since 1850 have raised the percentage of CO, in the atmosphere, which (I) causes/
results global warming. The forest fires in Asia, Europe and the USA in 2007 increased carbon emissions further. (2)
S o / A s atmospheric temperatures rise, this is causing the ice at the poles to melt much faster than we once thought.
We now understand how and why icecaps melt so fast. (3) As / Therefore meltwater runs down to the base of the
icecaps, parts of them slip and fall into the sea as icebergs. Pools of water form on the surface. (4) Since/ So this
makes the ice darker, (5) it therefore /so absorbs more heat. This is already happening in Greenland and West
Antarctica.
(6) Since/As a result of these changes, the icecaps will melt faster than expected. The rising sea level will (7) lead /
result in drowning many of the world's most crowded cities. In addition, this could (8) lead/bring to much higher rises in
global temperature, (9) then /because less heat from the sun is reflected back into space by the reduced icecaps.
About 3.5 million years ago, temperatures increased to 2-3 degrees above today’s level. (10) As a result /Therefore,
sea levels rose by 25 metres, which is far above the present forecast of 59 centimetres.
So, how can we reduce carbon emissions? One study recommends linking the electricity networks of Europe, North
Africa and Iceland with high voltage DC cables. This would provide a greater choice of renewable power. (11) As a
result/Because, every country in the network could (12) then /as use hydroelectricity from Scandinavia and the Alps,
geothermal power from Iceland and electricity from new solar thermal power plants in the Sahara.

2 Answer the questions.

1. What causes global warming?
2. When did the increase in carbon emissions start?
3. Are the icecaps melting faster or slower than forecast?
4. What name is given to the water that comes from melting snow and ice?
5. Why does water absorb more heat than ice?
6. How do large icecaps act against global warming?
7. Will sea levels rise more or less than the earlier forecast?
8. What three kinds of energy can be produced in Africa, Europe and Iceland?

3 Use verbs from the box in their right form to complete the text.
flatten harden harden heat lengthen sharpen sharpen sharpen soften

How swords are made

First a piece of steel is (1) heated and (2) ____________________in a
furnace. The steel becomes red hot at about 650 to 820 degrees Celsius and orange at
just under 1,000 degrees Celsius.
After the piece of steel is (3)______________________________, it is
(4)______________and (5)___________________________by hammering into
the basic sword shape.
Next, the piece of steel is (6)_________________________at one end to create
the sword tip.
Finally, before the grinding and polishing stage, the blade must be
 annealed, or (7) ___________________, so that it is easier to
(8) ___________After the blade is (9)___________________________, it must
be (10) _______________________again. It is therefore placed in a hot salt
bath for a period of time. At the end of this stage, it is put in a quench tank, which cools
the blade rapidly and also (11)_________________________it.

4 Word list
50 10 Forces

PROPERTIES PROPERTIES RESISTANCE RESULTS (NOUNS)

(NOUNS) (ADJECTIVES) (ADJECTIVES)
aim compressive breakable bio-gas
bending destructive combustible carbon
compression elastic inaudible (1) carbon emission
compressive plastic moveable earth
deformation tensile non-combustible hull plate
ductility RESISTANCE non-portable hydrogen
elasticity (NOUNS) perishable iceberg
flexibility cross brace resistant Richter scale

impact-resistance damper scratch-proof rivet

investigation damping unbreakable rivet head
load earthquake unmoveable shock
newton graph waterproof slag
objective high-rise building ADVERBS RESULTS (VERBS)
plasticity impact apart darken
procedure isolation PHRASES FOR U fail
rigidity joint CAUSE & EFFECT flatten
shearing shear wall as forge
tensile strength single brace as a result harden
tension truss and so install

torsion RESISTANCE because lengthen

yield point (VERBS) since lighten
PROPERTIES isolate therefore sharpen
(VERBS) resist shorten

deform RESULTS soften

hammer (ADJECTIVES) straighten (€>)
indicate earthed strengthen
specify live weaken
withstand neutral widen

1 Find adjectives in the Word list that mean the opposite.

 1 audible 2 breakable 3 combustible 4 moveable 5 portable
2 Find verbs in the Word list that mean the opposite.
6 bend 7 darken 8 narrow 9 shorten 10 soften 11 succeed 12 weaken

E Review
Forces 10 51

Section 1
1 Read the text about sonar and tick the right columns in the table.

active sonar passive sonar

How sonar® works
Active sonar sends out a burst of sound, or ‘ping’, which travels through the water, reflects off the target
and returns to the ship.
To find out the distance to the target, the sonar system measures the time from transmission to reception.
Since the system knows the speed of sound in water, which is 1,500 metres per second, it can calculate
the distance.
To measure the bearing of the object, i.e. in which direction it is, a multibeam system is used. The
echoes that are reflected back are processed by computer to locate the target, but cannot identify it.
However, in war, the sound of a ping made by a submarine immediately shows the enemy its own
location, which may be dangerous.
These days, fishing vessels use active sonar to detect and locate fish, since sound waves travel
differently through fish than through water. When active sonar is used to measure the depth of water
between the vessel’s transducer and the seabed, this is known as ‘echo sounding’.
Passive sonar listens to sounds generated by the target. A computer system helps the operator to
identify the vessel type, its distance, course and speed, and even the ship itself. Computer-assisted
displays are similar to aboveground radar displays.
Passive sonar has several advantages. It is silent. It has a greater range than active sonar. It allows the
user to identify the target. However, it requires expensive equipment and is more costly than an active
sonar system.
(1)
sonar = sound navigation and ranging

Features Active sonar Passive sonar

1 Transmits and receives signals
2 Receives signals only
3 Used to find out distance to target and its bearing
4 Used to identify a vessel
5 Used for fishing and measuring the depth of the
water
6 More expensive, but works at longer distances
 7 Noisier, and more dangerous to use in a war

52 Section
E 2 Review
1 Match the words with their definitions.
break breaking point clamp crack deform secure withstand yield point
1. to change shape deform
2. the point where a material breaks__________
3. to resist ______________
4. the point where a material deforms_____________
5. to separate into two or more pieces____________
6. to hold firmly___________________
7. to break so that surface lines appear_____________
8. a tool for holding something firmly__________________

2 Complete the engineer’s report with verbs from the box and ‘should’.

lengthen straighten strengthen widen

1. Road improvements are recommended for this
accident ‘black spot’.
2. The road is too narrow and has sharp corners. It
should be ____________and________
3. The side walls on the bridge are not strong
enough. They ________________
4. The approach roads on both sides are too short
and steep. Therefore they
_____________________

3 Match the cause and effect. Then combine the sentences using the word/ phrase
in brackets.
Example: 1 The old cables were taken out, and new wiring was installed last year,
and as a result the number of electrical accidents has fallen to zero.

1 The old cables were taken out, and new wiring was a) The air-sea rescue team were able to locate its
installed last year, (and as a result) position very quickly.
2 Concrete horizontal decks were placed under the b) The company will start to manufacture the sports
floors five years ago. (and so) car early next year.
3 All our diesel engines were replaced two years ago c) We have decided to use titanium instead of
with hydrogen engines. (As a result) aluminium.
4 The frame of the new bike has failed the compression d) The number of electrical accidents has fallen to
and rigidity tests. (Therefore) zero.
5 The captain of the damaged sailing boat had a GPS e) The building resisted yesterday’s earthquake at
system on board. (Since) 8.4 on the Richter scale.
6 The crash-testing of the new model was f) Carbon emissions in the city have gone down by
100 percent successful. (As) over 50 percent.

4 Underline the stressed syllables.

de form de struc tive e las tic e mis sion flex i bil i ty

 in di cate i so late i so la tion ob jec tive re sist
ri gid ri gi di ty spe ci fy ten sion tor sion with stand

11 Design Review E 53

1 Working robots
1 Complete the text with words trom the box.
compressed dangerous different electric mechanical mobile remote
repeated specific
Robots are machines that are guided by (1) mechanical and electronic
means. They carry out functions that may be (2)______________, heavy-duty,
unhealthy, or ones that are (3) ________________ many times. Robots run on
(4)____________motors, (5)__________________air, sensors and computer
systems. Some are fixed, and others are (6)________________________
Some robots are operated by (7)_________________control, as in undersea or
space exploration. Other robots are set up to do their tasks by a ‘teach-and-
repeat’ method. For example, an operator teaches a robot a (8)____________
job by moving the robot’s arm through the (9) positions. The
positioning data is recorded and stored in the robot’s computer memory.

2 Write the headings above the six texts about working robots.
a) Painting b) Handling c) Welding05
d) Palletising® e) Finishing f) Cutting
(1)
joining two pieces of metal together
(2)
placing heavy things on a large wooden frame for storage

1 2

Car assembly plants have used robots for This was an early application of robots, as the
many years as this process produces process produces harmful, flammable fumes
dangerous fumes and bright lights. Robot as the paint evaporates. The robots have
arms have to carry a weld gun that can weigh quite thin arms as they don’t have to carry
over 100 kg. much weight.
3 4

Robots are a good choice as the process can With a six-axis robot, you can finish parts in
involve dangerous technologies. The robot all kinds of materials. The robot holds either
holds either the part or the cutting tool. the part or the tool. You can also use a
multipurpose tool at the end of the robot arm.
5 6
 As an example, a robot picks up bags of
Robots have the power and speed for this cement and places them on a pallet. It counts
kind of job. They can move car parts, eggs, the bags and knows where the next one must
chocolates, bottles of drinks, and loads up to be placed. Simpler four- or five-axis robots
120 kg. They can perform at rates of 150 picks can be used, e.g. for palletising foods or
per minute. building materials.

54 11 Design
2 Eco-friendly planes
1 Complete the text with words from the box.

drag engines engines friction gravity lift lift pressure thrust thrust
weight wing wing

During flight, air flows over the top of the curved (1) wing faster and with less
pressure than the air flowing under the wing. The greater (2) _______________of
the air under the wing creates (3) ________________If the lift is greater than the
earth’s (4)________________, the plane will fly. Moveable slats at the front of the
(5)________________ , and moveable flaps at the rear and underside increase the
wing surface area at take-off and landing. In this way, they increase the
(6)________________force at slow speeds.
Drag is caused by (7)______________ as the plane moves through the air.
(8)__________slows the plane. To keep the plane moving forwards, the plane
uses propellers or jet engines. These turboprop or turbojet (9)______________
provide (10) _______________________, which pushes the plane forwards.
In a glider, there are no (11)________________which push the air backwards.
In other words, there is no forwards (12) _______________ Lift is provided by air
passing over its wings. It also uses a rising current of warm air (thermal) to
help it ascend. If the lift is less than the (13)____________________of the glider, the
glider will lose altitude.

2 Read the text about an eco-friendly plane. Complete the table with ‘YES/NOL
The design brief for the F11 came from a need for a small business aircraft. By the 1990s,
business travel in Europe had serious problems. Business jets were too expensive. They
needed long runways, so they could only use the main airports. Because business people had
to take scheduled flights, they wasted a lot of time. First, they had to travel to a major airport.
Then there were frequent delays at the airport and in the air.
A survey showed that 97 percent of business people travel only in groups of 1-3, so clearly
there was a need for a small air taxi. It also showed that there were 5,000 small airfields in the
US and 2,000 in Europe. In addition, 90 percent of the population in the USA and the UK live
within a 20-minute drive of their local airport.
The proposed aircraft had to fly slowly enough to land on small airfields, but fast enough to
compete with airlines (650 kph). The solution was a six-seater aircraft, with a turboprop
engine, since safety rules now allowed passenger aircraft to have a single engine. Over 300
wing designs were examined before developing one with reduced drag and lower fuel
consumption.
 Comparative survey results business jet airline turboprop taxi
Point-to-point travel (near client’s
base) NO
Reasonable prices
Need long runway
Delays when using major airports

Design 11 55

3 Free-flying sails
1 28 You are going to listen to a talk about a catamaran ferry. Put the
signpost phrases from the box in the correct place in the table. Then listen
and check.
a) Let’s talk about performance data. f) Finally, I should mention some disadvantages.
b) I’d like to start by asking you a question. g) That brings me to the design.
c) I’d like to move on to the dimensions. h) The aim of this talk is to ...
d) I’d like to finish by showing you this graph. i) So, was there a problem with the design?
e) Now let’s look at the load. j) Let’s turn to some of the advantages.

Phrase Presentation notes

1 h Aim: examine difference between monohull ferries and multi-hull ferries..
2 Question: How old Is the catamaran design? First used by fishermen ____________
_______________in ago. Later, design spread through______________
3 TWO _________, joined together by a ___________. sporting /commercial catamarans
built for past ___________, e.g. large ferries: two bulls, each powered by __________
4 Catamaran aesign ___________________ and __________Their ___________is better
Go fastest when waves are small.

5 Dimensions._____________ long; _________wide; depth of __________in the water.

6 Load. KSS 1500. __________________ passengers and ________________ cars

HSS 900 _______________. passengers and __________________cars.
7 Performance, data. HSS 1500. In-service speed ______________________ max. HSS900
is___________________________
8 Problem Materi.nl. used for the ___________________ a type of ____________
9 Disadvantages __________cost. More expensive to build a ______-----ferry than a
___________ferry. Also __________________costs.
10 Graph. Compares fuel costs. More expensive to run1 _____________ ferry than to run 7
________________ferries. Fuel costs certain to ___________, not ____________in

future.

2 Listen again and fill in the gaps in the notes in Exercise 1.

3 Match the nouns in the box with nouns of the same meaning.
 aim brief client components data dimensions drawback issue
operation signpost

NOUS (robots )
1 parts _________________ NOUNS6(planes) NOUNS (kites)
working _____________________ VERBS (robots)

2 disadvantage _________
advantage 7 measurements _______________
atmosphere balloon conduct
3 facts _________________
convention 8 question ____________________
consumption bookmark improve
4 objectives ____________ 9 indication ___________________
disadvantage design brief bow suggest
5 customer _____________ 10 instructions _______________
drawback drag capsule
11 VERBS (planes)
frequency environment cargo combine

4 Word girder friction click wheel consume

list 56 11 Design
majority fuselage client emit

participant gravity cruise control expel

survey greenhouse gas data perform

TV remote issue diesel oil reduce

weakness jet turbine helium taper

lampshade horse power trigger

H ADJECTIVES (all)

ambitious lift jack

I VERBS (kites) S
automatic noise level living quarters maximise
compact pollution mast mention

current resource mooring bit propose

curved strut polymer scroll

eco-friendly technology routing untie

environmental thrust stablility

industrial wingspan stainless steel

leather wingtip supertanker

multi-functional touchscreen
ADVERBS (all)
multi-touch arguably traction kite

navigational permanently trimming

noisy smoothly USB connector

non-renewable technically USB docking port

pressure-resistant upwards voicemail

voice-activated
 1 Complete the sentences with verbs from the Word list.
1. We should ____________ a survey.
2. The design must be________________
3. They need to _______________noise levels.
4. ____________ the cable from the mooring bit now.
12 Innovation
5. A long wingspan should ________________lift.
6. Planes ________________________greenhouse gases.
7. Ships_________________ a lot of diesel oil.
1 Zero8.emission
I’ll now __________________ some advantages.
Design 11 57
1 Add the headings in the box to the sections. Then underline the right verbs to
complete the press release about a hybrid car.
Advantages Components Need Problems Solution Technology

1. Need. Greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. C02 and nitrous oxide, must be
(1) reduced / improved to avoid global warming. Petrol engines (2) absorb /
consume too much fossil fuel.
2. ______________ Electric-only vehicles can be (3) used / generated, but their
batteries are too heavy and their range is too limited.
3. ________________ Hybrid cars (4) propose / combine a petrol engine and an
electric motor into one system. The motor (5) performs / provides high torque in the
low rpm range, while the engine (6) delivers / propels extra power at the higher rpm
range.
4. ______________The hybrid car is (7) based / solved on two technologies, the
gas/petrol engine, and the electric motor, with generator and battery.
5. _______________ Hybrids (8) withstand / emit less C02 than petrol vehicles.
The engine can (9) run / transmit on gas, petrol or bio-fuel. The battery (10)
recharges / generates itself, so no extra electrical cables are needed.
6. __________________The battery is (11) suspended / positioned between the
two rear wheels. The generator and inverter/converter are (12) located / mounted
beneath the floor and provide power for the electric motor. They also recharge the
battery when required. The petrol engine and the electric motor are (13) located /
mounted onto the chassis. The power split device is placed next to the engine. This
transfers part of the power (14) consumed / produced by the engine to drive the
wheels, and the rest to the generator, either to (15) recharge / maximize the battery
or to (16) power / increase the electric motor.

2 Label the diagram with words from the box.

battery battery
drive wheels drive wheels
engine engine
generator generator inverter/converter electric motor
inverter/converter power split device reduction gear
electric motor
power split device
reduction gear
 2 Technological change
58 1
12 Write the words/phrases in the box on the right lines.
Innovation

abacus boiler compass crane crank and rod hydraulic jack

pulley and belt robot spectacles wedge wind turbine windmill

1. Tools: abacue______________________________________
2. Simple machines: _______________________________________
3. Heavy machine tools: _____________________________________
4. Self-running machines: ____________________________________

2 Match words from Exercise 1 with these definitions.

1. a machine that can use tools and is controlled by a computer robot
2. a machine that turns in the wind and generates electricity, or grinds corn
_________________
3. a machine that is used to provide heating or hot water _________________
4. a rod attached to a wheel which rotates when the rod moves backwards
and forwards _______________________
5. a frame with two lenses worn over the eyes to help you see_____________
6. a large tall machine used by builders for lifting very heavy things
___________________
7. a hand-held device used for calculating ________________
8. an instrument that shows directions and the north point _______________
9. a machine that turns in the wind and generates electricity_____________
10. a machine with a wheel over which a belt, rope or chain passes
____________
11. a piece of wood or metal with one thick edge and one pointed edge
________________
12. a tool for lifting a heavy weight off the ground and supporting it in the air
_________________

3 Write a paragraph about a waterwheel, using the guide words.

earliest - waterwheel - made - Greece
corn -2,000 years ago / made - wood /
consisted - horizontal wheel - rotated –
when - stream of water - hit - paddles /
flour force - water - made - wheel - attached
millstone axle - rotate /
axle - attached - waterwheel - one end
-circular millstone - other /
millstone - rotated - grind - corn - flour
/ Later - vertical waterwheels - used /
These - could - built - greater size - with
waterwheel -greater power /
Example: The earliest waterwheel was
made in Greece 2,000 years ago.
 axle

paddles
Stream of water

3 Vehicle safety Innovation 12 59

1 29 Listen to the interview between a TV journalist and a car safety expert.

Delete any questions on the list that the journalist doesn’t ask.

Questions about tyre sensors

1. name of invention: ____________________________________________
2. name of inventor: ____________________________________________
3. function or purpose: ____________________________________________
4. need: ________________________________________________________
5. technology / principle:____________________________________________
6. main parts / features:____________________________________________
7. location of parts: _______________________________________________
8. operation / how they work:_______________________________________

9. advantages:__________________________________________________
10. disadvantages : _______________________________________________

3 Listen to the interview again. Note the main points of the expert’s answers in
the checklist.

4 Complete the sentences about the functions of sensors with verbs from the box.
activate allow contain detect ensure give prevent provide report send

1. Current vehicles contain 50-100 sensors and this number is continually growing.
2. These sensors ______________vehicles to listen and react to the environment
around them.
3. Electronic sensors _________________ that new vehicles are the safest cars on
the road.
4. Quick-reaction crash sensors ________________ the airbags and the tension on
the seatbelt.
5. Outside temperature sensors _______________ a signal when there is a risk of ice.
6. Engine management system sensors ________________ information on exhaust
gas quality.
 7. Seat occupancy detectors __________________the passenger seat airbags from
opening in the event of an accident if the seat is empty or if a child’s seat is fitted.
8. Acceleration sensors_______________ if the vehicle is lifting off its vertical axis
and if it needs to apply the brakes to one, two or three wheels.
9. Height sensors __________________ approaching vehicles and automatically adjust
the headlamps to prevent oncoming drivers from being blinded.
10. When combined with the Global Positioning System (GPS), sensors
__________________ the driver his or her location.

60 4 12Word list
Innovation

NOUNS (zero NOUNS NOUNS (simple VERBS (all)

emission) (technological machines)
change)
air conditioner abacus cam and follower accelerate
capacitor align crank and rod craft
deceleration ancestor gear cruise
fossil fuel axe lever focus
fuel cell balance scales pulley and belt gain
luggage space bead rack and pinion harvest
methane calculation ratchet and pawl idle
nitrous oxide cart screw position
output compass wedge recover
startup copper wheel and axle release
torque craftsman NOUNS (drilling) split
ultra-capacitor flint derrick tame

zero-emission harness drill bit | ADJECTIVES (all)

NOUNS (vehicle hydraulic jack drill string accurate
safety) lens fibre-optic cable automotive
career lever irrigation compressed
diploma magnetic pole laser lightweight
factsheet mallet mining magnetic
invention manufacture percussion drilling mass-produced
inventor pan rotation mathematical
journalist pencil tripod productive
press release pulley rotary
principle pyramid
 scythe
spectacles
windmill

1 Find words from the Word list that mean the opposite.
1. Decelerate ________________________________
2. grip _____________________________________
3. hand-craft _____________________________
4. heavy weigh __________________________
5. input _____________________________
6. lose _____________________
F Review
7. pollution ______________

Section 1 Innovation 12 61

1 Complete the dialogue about using SAT NAV (satellite navigation) for car journeys.

advantages could could disadvantages drawbacks improve should strength

suggest suggest weakness would

A: So what are the main (1) advantages of using SAT NAV?

B: Well, its main (2) __________________ is that you can listen to the directions if you
are travelling alone.
A: So would you say it has any (3) ________________or (4) ___________________?
B: Yes, its main (5) ________________is that SAT NAV routes don’t include height
restriction details. If you are driving a high vehicle, you may end up on a narrow road
with a low bridge in front of you, where you can’t turn round. It happens all the time.
A: So, how (6) _______________you (7)___________that it (8) ____________be
improved in future?
B: Well, I would (9) ______________ that all SAT NAV routes (10)____________
include data like low bridges and narrow roads. Meanwhile, if you are
travelling with a passenger, you (11)_________________ask them to map-read
for you.
A: Really? Why not use the latest technology?
B: Because it needs to be (12)____________ Did you hear about the results
of a recent test for three car-teams? The car that followed an Internet website was
slowest, the SAT NAV team was second fastest, and arrived eight minutes after the
winners, who were using a map!

2 Complete the description of the HotCat catamaran with phrases from the box.
a) An important advantage is that b) As a result c) On each side of the
d) One disadvantage of this design e) The boat performs best when
f) The design uses g) The result is that h) This design makes i) This means that

(1) (f) four aluminium alloy beams to connect the twin hulls, and a trampoline fits inside
the beams tensioned by a rope. The two-part aluminium and carbon fibre mast is
supported at the base by a cup-shaped shoe riveted onto the centre of the forward beam.
A downhaul rope tensions the mainsail, and an outhaul rope flattens the bottom edge of
the mainsail along the horizontal
boom. (2) _____, the HotCat is extremely lightweight, which reduces drag and
allows for high performance speeds. (3)______the upwind hull skip across the
surface of the water and reduces resistance. (4)______mast, there are steel
 wires which support the crew’s harnesses. (5) ______the crew can lean out to
counterbalance the effect of the wind. (6) _______the HotCat can be pulled up
onto the beach. (7) ________sailing at right angles to the wind. It doesn’t sail so
well into the wind, or with the wind directly behind it. (8) _________is that the
bow of the downwind hull may dip into the waves in rough seas and so the
boat may turn over. (9) ________, in this situation, it is impossible for a single
sailor to raise the boat back into an upright position.

62
Section
F
2Review
1 Write the questions for an interview with an engineer about laser drilling.
1. start / investigate) When did people first start to investigate laser drilling?
They first started to investigate laser drilling in 1997.
2. (kind / lasers)___________________________________________________
They used powerful lasers from a discontinued military programme.
3. (effect / laser beam) ______________________________________________

It splits the rock, or melts it.

4. (how / split) ______________________________________________________
The laser beam heats up moisture in the rock. The moisture turns to steam which
breaks the rock.
5. (split / more efficient / melt) __________________________________________
Yes, it’s much more efficient than melting it.
6. (energy / require) __________________________________________________
No, the same amount of energy is used to split different kinds of rocks.
7. (what / research) ___________________________________________________

We’re studying multi-beams, using different beams in a single hole.

2 Match the applications (1-4) and the descriptions (a-d) to these tools.
A pulley (4 / ) B wheel and axle ( / a)
C rack and pinion ( / ) D ratchet and pawl ( / )
1 car seatbelt 2 car steering 3 dentist’s drill 4 lift / elevator

a) Inside the tool, a very small turbine is b) A cable is attached to a car at one end
driven by compressed air at speeds of and a counterweight at the other end,
up to 800,000 rpm. A drill shaft is which balances the weight of the car plus
attached to the turbine at one end and the passengers. At the top of the building,
to a drill bit at the other which rotates the cable passes over a pulley which is
and cuts into the tooth. driven by an electric motor.

c) When the steering wheel is turned, it d) A sudden stop makes the clutch within
rotates the steering column and the the belt housing rotate. This moves a
pinion attached at the other end. The pawl which locks the ratchet attached to
pinion moves a rack to the right or left. the belt shaft. The pawl prevents the
Each end of the rack moves a track rod ratchet from turning, and locks the belt in
connected to one of the wheels. position.
 3 Insert one of these phrases where possible in the text. Use each phrase once.

That are that are that is that is which are which is which was which were

The BOP UW7 is a blowout preventer developed by a team of engineers at Drilling

Solutions pic. A blowout preventer (BOP) is a large valve fitted to the top of a well. It is a
device designed to prevent oil or gas in the ground from rushing up the drill pipe. By
closing this valve, usually operated by remote control, the drilling crew can regain control
Unit 1 Action
of the flow of oil or gas. 4 The driver starts the engine by turning the key in
the lock.
The BOP UW7 contains several new components 5 You invented to improve
have started operations
the charging in
process by
Dialogue 1
underwater drilling sites. These include components designed to fit tightly around the
plugging in the adapter and switching it on.
A: How do you start this?
underwater drill pipe. Others include cutters fitted
6 The withstore
hardened steel
protects shearing
goods surfacesa
by attaching
B First you fill it with fuel and connect this cable here.
that can cut through the drill pipe in a severe blowout. Drilling
magnetic Solutions
strip to them.recommends that
Dialogue 2 Audioscript
Then you start the motor by pressing this button.
all BOPs are inspected and tested at regular intervals
7 The salesagreed by thedeactivates
person local Safetythe
passing them over a scanner.
Officer.
strips by
A : How does this work?
8 A thief will activate the alarm by carrying unsold
B : It’s quite simple. First you fix it firmly onto the wall of Review F 63
goods between the transmitter and receiver.
your house. Probably you need to put it near the front door
02 Unit 2 Work
or the windows. Then you connect it to a power supply
inside the house.
A So. how does it work?
[I = Interviewer; L = Laura Verdi]
5 A person coming near the house turns on the light by
I: I’ve read through your CV.
activating the motion sensor.
L: There are a few changes since I sent it to you. I got
Dialogue 3
married last month so I’ve changed my surname.
A : Can you tell me how to use this?
I: So it’s not Laura Muti but...?
B : Sure. First you need to charge the battery and insert
L: Laura Verdi. That’s V-E-R-D-I.
the card here. Then you switch it on by pressing this
I: Right, I’ve got that. And you’ve applied for the post
button. Then take the photograph.
of Computer Technician.
Dialogue 4 04
L: Yes, but I see from your website that you are also
A How does the driver start it?
advertising for a Supervisor.
B: They sit in the seat and check that the gear lever is in
I: That’s correct. Do you want to apply for the post of
the ‘P’ position. That means ‘Parked’. Then the driver
Supervisor too?
starts the engine by turning the key in the lock there.
L: Yes.
A: .And how do they drive c 'f ?
I: Very well. We’ll talk about that job in a minute.
B The driver presses the brake pedal and moves the gear
When exactly did you start your job at Wiggins?
lever to the ‘D’ position. That means ‘Drive’.
L: In January 2004. So I’ve been there four years now.
Dialogue 5
I: And you say that you do computer upgrades,
A How do you use this?
such as installing new software, installing memory cards,
B: Easy! Plug the adapter into the wall socket and switch
anu-virus systems and so on.
on the electricity supply. Then, plug your mobile into the
L: Yes, but in addition, I now do site visits. 1 visit some of
lead that comes out of the adapter.
our bigger clients’ offices. I upgrade the computer
Dialogue 6
systems in their offices.
A: So how does this system work?
I : So is that more responsibility and more pay?
B; The store protects high-value goods by attaching a
L; Yes, that’s right. But they still call me ‘Computer
magnetic strip to them. When the goods are sold, the
Technician’.
sales person deactivates the strips by passing them over a
1: And why do you want to leave Wiggins?
scanner. A thief will activate the alarm by carrying unsold
L: It’s too far to travel. I’d prefer to work in Swindon,
goods between the transmitter and receiver when he
where I’m living now. By the way, Wiggins recently
leaves the shop. The still- active tag sets off the alarm.
changed its name. It’s now called ‘SuperLink’. That’s S-
U-P-E-R-L-I-N-K.
1. You start the motor by pressing this button.
2. A person coming near the house turns on the light 1 Do you want to apply for that post too?
by activating the motion sensor in the light. 2 When exactly did you start your job at Wiggins?
3. You switch it on by pressing this button. 3 So is that more responsibility and more pay?
4 Why do you want to leave Wiggins?

1 1st syllable stressed: engine, mechanism, operator,

03 technical.
05
06
2 2nd syllable stressed: electrical, electron, mechanical, I: It’s November 2007 and I’ve just made the journey
technician. from Paris to London. It took me only two hours and fifteen
3 3rd syllable stressed: electrician, electricity, engineer, minutes. How fast do the trains go?
occupation. D: Eurostar trains can now travel at a speed of up to 298 kph.
Unit 3 Comparison I: That’s faster than it used to be.
D: Yes, when the Channel Tunnel opened in 1994, trains on the
English side had to use the existing rail link from Folkestone to
1. The nearest star that can be seen with the naked eye is Waterloo. The journey time then between London and Paris was
called Alpha Centauri. It’s 4.36 light years away and can two hours and fifty-five minutes. Things speeded up a bit in 2003,
be seen from the southern hemisphere. However, the when Stage 1 of the High-Speed Link opened.
nearest star to Earth is 4.24 light years away. Its name I: So how long has Stage 2 of the project taken?
is Proxima Centauri and it is so faint that you cannot see D: It’s taken over 11 years. Engineers have worked for more than
it with the naked eye. 100 million hours, building over 60 kilometres of tunnels. The twin-
2. 64 deepest part in the
The Audioscript
world’s oceans is in the Pacific bore tunnels - that’s two tunnels running side by side - pass under
07
Ocean, at a place called the Marianas Trench. A seven miles of surface railway track.
Japanese ship sent down an unmanned probe to the I :And you used a tunnel drill like the one in this
bottom of the ocean there, to a depth of 10,911 metres. photo.
3. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness was created in D: In fact we used seven of them. The ground under London and
1812. It ranges from talc, which is number one on the the southeast was so hard that we wore out six of them.
scale, to diamond which is number ten. Silver is I:That must have been expensive.
between 2.5 and 3. Iron is between four and five. Glass D: Yes, at a cost of S10 million each, that means we spent S70
is between six and seven. So silver is the softest of the million on tunnel drills.
three materials and glass is the hardest. I: I think I now understand the size of the project.
4. The most common of these three gases in the D: Good! Between Folkestone and London your train has just
atmosphere is nitrogen. After that comes oxygen. travelled through 32 kilometres of tunnel and crossed over 150
Hydrogen is less common than oxygen and is the least bridges.
common of these three gases. I:Thanks for all that information.
5. So far the hottest temperature recorded on Earth was at
a place called A1 Azizyan in Libya. The temperature
reached a record 58° Celsius.
6. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was in 1. You must be very pleased with the successful completion
1983. A temperature of -89° Celsius was recorded at a of the project.
place called Vostok in Antarctica. 2. The French built their high-speed link 13 years ago and
now we’ve just finished ours.
3. Eurostar trains can now travel at a speed of up to 298
1. The nearest star that can be seen with the naked eye is kph.
called Alpha Centauri. It’s 4.36 light years away and can 4. The
10 twin-bore tunnels pass under seven miles of surface
be seen from the southern hemisphere. railway track.
2. A Japanese ship sent down an unmanned probe to the 5. Did you use a tunnel drill like the one in this photo?
deepest point on the seabed at a place called the 6. The ground under London was so hard that we wore out
Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean. six of them.
3. The 08 Mohs scale of mineral hardness was created in 7. It means we spent S70 million on drills.
1812. It ranges from talc, which is number one on the Unit 5 Descriptions
scale, to diamond, which is number ten. Silver is the
softest of the three materials and glass is the hardest.
4. The most common of these three gases in the
atmosphere is nitrogen. Hydrogen is less common than 1. The front of the building is made up of two very large
oxygen and is the least common of these three gases. wedges, which is unusual. In the centre, between the two
Unit 4 Processes wedges, there is a large open space, which is triangular.
The windows in the building are all square or rectangular.
From the front of the building there are good views over
[I = Interviewer; D = Director] the river.
An interviewer talks to the Communications Director of 2. The windows in this building are all square or
the High-Speed Rail Link project. rectangular. At the bottom of the building are pointed
I :You must be very pleased with the successful
completion of the project. arches for the entrances to the building. There is a single
D: You’re right. The French built their high-speed link 13 years large balcony at the front, on the first floor. Higher up, the
ago and now we’ve just finished ours. front of the building divides into three triangular parts,
with the sides
 11

09

6 Take the second turning on the right.

of the triangles rising in steps. There is a small pointed dome 7 You’ll pass a garage on your left.
at the top in the centre, supported by eight thin columns. 8 Turn right at the T-junction.
3. This is a rectangular town house, which fits between two
1.
others. All the windows are rectangular, and they all
have balconies. Some of the balconies are rectangular
with rounded corners. The others are triangular with Directions 1
rounded corners. Remember, you’ll be driving on the left. On the motorway, you’ll
4. Some of the windows in this building are rectangular.
2. see a slip road for Swindon Business Park. Don’t take that one.
Others are in the shape of rounded or pointed arches. Go on about two kilometres further and take the second slip road.
Steps lead up to the main entrance, which is in the form That one is also marked Swindon Business Park. Follow the slip
of three arches. The top part of the clock tower is very road. It’ll15
go through an underpass under the motorway.
thin and reaches high into the sky. Now, there are two sets of traffic lights along this road. Turn right
at the second set... yes, the second set. Go straight ahead
Audioscript 65at the
roundabout. Then you’ll see some shops on your right. Opposite
fl = Interviewer; E= Expert] the shops, you’ll see our office on the left. Turn left and drive
Picture D round to the Visitors’ Car Park at the back.
I: Where is this building exactly? Directions 2
E: it’s in Copenhagen, in Denmark. It was completed in 1999. Go along the motorway. Take the first slip road on your left. It’ll
I: And what is it exactly? be marked Swindon Business Park. Follow the slip road down a
E: It’s a 12
library. It’s the Royal Danish Library. short hill and you’ll come to a T-junction. Turn right here, yes
I: And the name of the architect? right... and go under the bridge. This is an underpass under the
E: The company that designed the building is Schmidt, Hammer motorway. Go a little further. At the first crossroads, go straight
and Lassen. ahead. Then you’ll see a park on your right. At the second
I: Schmidt, Hammer and ...? crossroads, turn left. You’ll see our office on the corner on the
E: Lassen. I’ll spell the names for you. S-C-H-M-l-D-T, H-A-M-M- left. Drive into the Visitors’ Car Park at the front.
E-R, and L-A-S-S-E-N. Unit 7 Services

Picture C
I: What about this building? [P = Peter; C = Customer]
E: It’s a town house in Barcelona, in Spain. It was completed P: Good morning, Customer Service. My name’s Peter. How can
between 1898 and 1899. I help you?
1: And why is this house famous? C: Yes, good morning. I’m ringing up to complain about a DVD
E: The architect was Antoni Gaudi. player I bought online from you.
I: Could you spell that name please? P: Oh, I’m 16 sorry to hear that. What’s the problem?
E: Yes. A-N-T-O-N-l, G-A-U-D-I. C: It just doesn’t work. It’s never worked since I took it out of the
box.
Picture A P: Does the LED come on when you switch it on?
E: This building is a hospital in Barcelona. Or rather, part of a C: Yes.
large hospital called Sant Pau. That’s S-A- N-T, P-A-U. P: And can you put a DVD in?
I: Thanks. Is the architect famous too? C: Yes.
E: Oh yes. It was designed by the architect Montaner. That’s M- P: And when you press ‘Play’, what happens?
O-N-T-A-N-E-R. It was completed in 1930. C: The disk goes round, but the screen is blank.
I: Thank you very much. P: Well, I do apologise for that. There must be
something wrong with the machine. What model is the DVD
player?
Two-dimensional adjectives: triangular, rectangular, C: It’s ... let me see. It’s a 2086 model.
semi-circular, circular, square. P: And could l have your name please?
Three-dimensional adjectives: conical, cylindrical, C: Yes, my name is Antonia Rostock, That’s R-O-S-T-O-C-K.
dome-shaped, hemispherical, cubic, spherical. P: And do you have the order number at hand?
C: Yes, it’s order number 386502/08.
Unit 6 Procedures
13 P: Good, I’ve got that. Right, Ms Rostock, can I just summarise
the problem? You’ve told me that the DVD player that you bought
online from us doesn’t work and has never worked. Is that right?
5 1. Go
Go straight
straight ahead
ahead at
at the
the crossroads.
crossroads.
2. Turn left at the second set of traffic lights.
6 3. Turn
At the roundabout, take theofthird
left at the second set traffic lights.
exit.
7 4. At the roundabout, gotakedown
the third
the slip
exit.road and join the
8 motorway.
At the roundabout, go down the slip road and join the
5. 14Come out of the station car park and turn left.
motorway.
Come out of the station car park and turn left.
C: Yes, that’s right. B Oscillating motion is found in machines like clocks and
P: Well, 1 can tell you that we’ll replace your DVD player. You’ll watches. The pendulum of a clock oscillates from side to side. As
receive a replacement by courier by the end of next week. Are it swings, it rocks the anchor, which advances the escape wheel
you still at the same address, in Liverpool? by one tooth at a time. So the escape wheel rotates in short
C: Yes. steps, and controls the driving wheel and the hands of the clock.
P: Good. We’ll collect the faulty player from you at the same time. C The pistons of diesel and petrol engines move in a
C: That’s great news. reciprocating motion. They move upwards and downwards in the
P: And
66 we’ll give you a £5Audioscript
discount off your next purchase. cylinders. The pistons of a steam engine also reciprocate, but
C: Good! I’ll accept that. Thank you. move horizontally.
The blades of many cutting machines have a reciprocating
action, for example, a hand-held saw.
[CS = Customer Service; C = Customer] D Electric motors provide rotary power to lots of machines, tools
Dialogue 1 and devices. The hard-disk drive in a computer rotates. Other
CS: Can I help you? examples with rotary motion include fans, outboard motors and
C: Yes, 17
you can. Look at my case! The surface is burnt. Look at circular saws. A chain saw has a band of steel teeth, which is
that burn mark! And the lock is jammed. driven round and round by the motor.
Dialogue 2
CS: How can I help you?
C: My case got damaged during the flight. 1. Our range of pumps operates at pressures from 70 to
CS: I’m sorry to hear that. Could you show me? 2,750 bar.
C: That’s not difficult! Look, the handle is all crushed and twisted. 2. Pumps can operate to a maximum flow rate of 773 litres
And the top is dented, see - there! per minute.
19
And it’s scratched. 3. Diesel units are available as site trailers or road trailers.
Dialogue 3 4. Standard electric units can be mounted on skids or
CS: How can I help you? trailers.
C: You’ve just delivered a desk to our showroom. 5. Our accessory range includes hoses, nozzles, guns and
At SRN Office Stores. The problem is, it’s badly damaged. The foot valves.
top surface is very badly scratched. And the front right-hand leg 6. These allow the operator to shut off the water jet with
is bent. their foot.
Dialogue 4 7. Hoses range from 6-32 mm in diameter, to suit all
CS: Can 1 help you? applications.
C: I’ve got a complaint. You’ve just delivered a desk to our office.
It’s damaged. The bottom drawer is jammed and it’s dented.
CS: Dented? Now I’m going to talk about some applications of water jetting in
C: Yes. As you look at the front of the desk, it’s dented on the three industries. I’m going to give you a few examples; of course,
left-hand edge. there are many more.
Dialogue 5 Let’s look at this first slide, the automotive industry, so we’re
20
CS: This is EasyHire. We’ve got a problem with the hire car talking about the manufacture of cars, lorries, buses and so on.
which you returned last night.
C: Oh really? As one example, we can use water jetting to remove paint from
CS: Yes. The windscreen is cracked at the bottom corner, on the machinery and conveyors. Because it’s hard to remove paint, we
passenger’s side. And the driver’s door is jammed. We can’t may use pressures from 10,000 psi up to 40,000 psi. Yes, that’s
open it. forty thousand, four-oh. Let’s look at a second industry, the
Dialogue 6 construction industry, so the construction of buildings, roads,
CS: Hello. This is EasyHire. We’ve got a problem with the hire bridges and so on. In this industry, we can use water jetting for
car which you returned this morning. removing concrete, or dirt, or oil from all kinds of vehicles and
C: Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. What’s the problem? mixer trucks. We don’t need a high pressure for this; 5,000 psi
CS: One of the front sidelights is broken. And the will be high enough.
driver’s door is badly dented. We’ll have to replace the door. A third industry is highway maintenance, so the maintenance of
Unit 8 Energy roads, bridges and so on. Two applications here: the first is the
removing of oil and mud from roads, bridges and flyovers. For
this we use a pressure of between 5,000 and 10,000 psi. The
The motion of a rocket is linear. Jet engines force the rocket in a second application is for clearing blockages from drains. For this
single forwards direction. we need a higher pressure, say between 10,000 and 14,500 psi.

18
 17

improved so much. All but two of the cars that we tested got a
five-star rating. The two models that didn’t get five stars had a
four-star rating. And all the cars had airbags.
Do you have any questions about these sample applications? I:All of them?
Unit 9 Measurement T: Yes, all eight of them. One of the cars had only one airbag for
[I = Interviewer; T = Technician] the driver.
I: 1 see. And the other seven?
T: They all had front, side and head airbags.
1 1: How safe were the cars that were tested in 1997? T: Unit 10 Forces
Compared with today, they were much less safe.
2 I: What safety features did they have in 1997?
T: They had
21 very few. Almost none of the cars had airbags. 1. break a ble
3 1: What do you mean by a ‘marginal’ safety rating? T: 2. in au di ble
‘Marginal’ means ‘not very satisfactory’, or in 3. pflr ta ble Audioscript 67
other words, ‘not very good’. 4. re sis tant
4I: Is one-star better or worse than five-star? 5. e las tic
T; One-star is the lowest safety rating. Five-star is the highest 6. un m£) vea ble
safety rating today. 7. un bend a ble
5I: Are cars safer now than they used to be? 8. 25yga ter proof
T: New cars are safer now, because they are 9. com bus ti ble
stronger and have more safety features. 10. cor rjQ sion

I: How safe were the cars that you tested in 1997? 1. The digital camera fits easily into your hand and weighs
T: Compared with today, they were much less safe. They had only 125 grams. It withstands corrosion and should last
very few safety features. For example, almost half of the cars for years.
22 airbags. Out of these four small cars, one of them
didn’t have 2. The diver’s watch is for specialist divers and is
didn’t have an airbag. waterproof up to 60 metres. It’s also very tough and
I:Which one was that? won’t break. Corrosion? Not a problem. Just rinse the
T: The Lindos had no airbag. watch
25 after diving in salt water.
I:What about the other three? 3. If you want to keep your documents and valuables safe
T; Well, the Hydra and the Syros both had a single airbag for the at home, why not get a home safe from our range?
driver. And the Paxos had dual airbags, so better than average. Each model is very strong and very heavy, so burglars
I: And did it have the highest safety rating? won’t be able to carry it out of your house. It also
T: No, in fact it didn’t. The Paxos was rated ‘acceptable’. The protects the contents from fire and heat and resists
Syros was rated ‘good’. The Hydra was rated ‘marginal’ and the corrosion.
Lindos was rated ‘poor.’ 4. We sell a large range of helmets for cyclists and bikers.
Our bikers’ helmets are very strong. They don’t burn,
they don’t break and they withstand corrosion.
I; Tell me about the results for 2000.
T: As you can see, they were still selling a few cars without
airbags. So the Lorca, for example, had no airbag. The main aim of this presentation is to discuss the danger to
I:And what
23 about the other three? London of flooding, and to examine the causes. We’ll also
T: The Pamplona and the Malaga both had dual airbags. examine the topic of flood defences. I’d like to start by listing
The Zamora just had one driver’s airbag. three main causes of possible flooding: (1) the rise in sea levels;
I:What about their safety ratings? Were they better (2) the combination of high tides and surge tides coming from the
than in 1997? northeast; (3) the sinking of southeast England.
T: Yes, generally. As you can see, we changed to a star rating, Let’s move on to flood defences. In the 1970s, the banks of the
25
with one-star the lowest and four-star the highest safety rating. River Thames below London were raised by two metres. About
I:And did any of these four cars get a four-star rating? 32 kilometres of flood defences were improved in this way.
T: Yes, the Malaga had a four-star rating and the Pamplona had Above London, approximately 80 kilometres of river banks were
three stars. The Zamora had two stars and the Lorca had a one- raised.
star rating. That brings me to the Thames Barrier, a huge moveable flood
barrier that was built in the 1970s.
As you can see in this photo, the barrier consists of ten moveable
I:Tell me about the results for 2007. gates, which are pivoted and supported between these concrete
T: Well, by 2007 a five-star rating had become the highest rating piers. When closed, the barrier
because safety standards had
24
can withstand a pressure of 9,000 tonnes. The problem,
however, is that this barrier will not be enough to prevent cost. It is always more expensive to build a multihull ferry than
future flooding, because sea levels are rising. As shown on a monohull ferry. Then there was the question of running
the first graph, in 2001 an IPCC report predicted an annual costs.
rise of less than 2 mm. This forecast a rise of just over 40 cm I’d like to finish by showing you this graph, which compares
in sea levels by the end of the twenty-first century. the fuel costs of the two types of ferry, monohull and multi-
However, the next graph indicates that sea levels are rising hull. There’s a huge difference! It’s more expensive to run one
faster than we expected. Between 1993 and 2006, sea levels multi-hull ferry than it is to run seven monohull ferries.
rose by 3.3 mm per year on average. This would result in a So, the most important factor today is fuel consumption. Fuel
rise of nearly
68 90 cm by the end of the century.
Audioscript
costs are certain to rise, not fall, in future. So, I don’t think we
My objective in this talk has been to list the factors that could shall see the construction of any more multi-hull ferries.
cause flooding, to examine the possible effects, and to Thank you.
discuss methods of flood prevention.
I’d like to finish by showing you this map of the areas of Unit 12 Innovation
London that will be below sea level by the year 2100. If we do
nothing, all these areas will flood.
1: Hello and welcome. This week, we have an expert
Unit 11 Design
on car and lorry sensors, Hans Anklam. Welcome, Hans. So
let’s talk about the new tyre sensor which your company has
developed.
29 First of all, what is it exactly?
Good morning everyone. SE: It’s a Tyre Pressure Monitoring System, or TPMS for
The aim of this talk is to examine the difference between short.
monohull ferries and multi-hull ferries, or catamarans. I: And what’s it for? What does it do exactly?
I’d like to start by asking you a question. How old is the SE: It monitors the pressure and temperature of your tyres.
catamaran 28design? The answer is that it was probably first 1: Why do we need this new sensor?
used by fishermen in southern India about 1,500 years ago. SE: The first reason is to prevent road traffic accidents. 20
Later the design spread through southeast Asia. percent of accidents are caused by tyre failure.
And that brings me to the design of the catamaran. It has two In addition, a survey showed that 20 percent of cars had tyres
hulls, which are joined together by a frame. that were under-inflated.
In the West, people have built sporting and commercial I: So, using these sensors will help reduce accidents?
catamarans for the past 100 years. And now they are also SE: Yes, definitely.
used as very large ferries, like the one on this slide. Each of I: And what technology or principle is this sensor
the two hulls is powered by one engine. based on?
All right, now let’s turn to some of the advantages of the SE: It makes use of electronic sensor technology, and also
catamaran design. First, they’re lighter and faster. Also, wireless data display.
because multi-hulls are wider than monohulls, their stability is I: So the main component is a sensor?
better. The catamaran goes fastest when the waves are SE: That’s right. It’s placed directly onto the wheel inside the
small. Now I’d like to move on to the dimensions of these tyre, with a clamp-in or snap-in fitting.
ferries. If you look at this next slide, you can see the largest 1: So, tell me about its operation. How does it work?
catamaran ferry in use today. SE: The system consists of four valve-mounted tyre pressure
It’s approximately 126 metres long, just over 40 metres wide, sensors, and one central radio frequency receiving unit, which
and has a depth of 4.8 metres in the water. is powered by batteries.
Right, so now let’s look at the load that this ferry can carry. The information is transmitted by wireless to the display in
First, the HSS 1500. It can carry over 1500 passengers and front of you, where you can see the pressure and temperature
375 cars. Next, the HSS 900. As its name suggests, it can data.
carry 900 passengers and just over 200 cars. 1: And it’s easy to install, you say?
Let’s talk about performance data. How fast can it go? When SE: Yes, because there are no wires. And the battery lasts for
in service, the HSS 1500 travels at over 75 kph, although it ten years, or 100,000 miles.
can reach a maximum speed of over 110 kph. The HSS 900 Right! Could you sum up the advantages of this new tyre
is a little slower. pressure monitoring system?
So, was there a problem with the catamaran design? No. But SE: Of course. Number one, it reduces tyre failure and
there was a problem with the alluminium alloy used for the resulting accidents. Two, it helps reduce tyre wear. And three,
hulls. it helps to reduce fuel consumption.
Finally, 1 should mention some more disadvantages of the I: Really?
multi-hull ferry. An important one was the build SE: It’s a fact. And we all know how much a tankful of petrol
costs these days.
 3 Method
1 A5 B4 C3 D2 E6 FI
1 Action 2
1 Teamwork 1. You start the motor by pressing this button.
1 socket 2 nozzle 3 flap 2. A person .oming near the house turns on the light
4 mechanic 5 wheelgun 6 hose by activating the motion sensor.
7 crew 8 jack 3. You switch it on by pressing this button.
Vertical word: teamwork
2
Answer key 4. The driver starts the engine by turning the key in
the lock.
5. You start theAudioscript 69
charging process by plugging in the
1. Drive the fuel tanker to the plane.
2. Open the fuel flap under the wing. adapter and switching it on.
3. Push the nozzle into the fuel socket. 6. The store protects goods by attaching a magnetic
4. Switch on the pump. strip to them.
5. Pump fuel into the plane’s fuel tanks. 7. The sales person deactivates the strips by passing
6. Switch off the pump. them over a scanner.
7. Remove the fuel nozzle. 8. A thief will activate the alarm by carrying unsold
8. Close the fuel flap. goods between the transmitter and receiver.
9. Clean any spilled fuel off the plane. 3
3 1. How much does the robot weigh?
1. The car leaves the pit lane. 2. How tall is the robot?
2. The driver closes the fuel flap. 3. How does the robot stay upright on the bike?
3. They tighten the wheel nuts. 4. What helps the robot ride in a straight line?
4. They lower the car to the ground. 5. Where is the camera?
5. Someone switches off the fuel pump. 6. How does the robot follow the correct road?
6. They put on the new wheels. 7. How does the robot receive instructions?
7. They bring out the new wheels. 8. Where is the wireless receiver?
2 Training 4 Word list
1 B: I’ve switched it on. 1 wheel-gun 2 front/rear 3 air pressure
B: I’m lifting it up now. 4 outboard motor 5 emergency stop
B: I’ve taken them out. 6 accelerator 7 visor 8 water heater
B: I’m putting them in now. 9 chest
B: I’ve pushed them in. 2 Work
B: I’ve pressed ‘Return’.
1 Routines
B: I’m waiting. I’m still waiting! Ah! I think it’s
1 a) second picture b) first picture c) third picture
finished.
2
A: Good! Now you can turn/switch off the printer,
1. What is Sven doing today?
or print a document.
2. He trains sub-sea engineers.
2 1 S: How are you getting on? 3. He’s operating the main crane.
T: Just a minute. I’ve taken apart the alarm. 4. He maintains the pumps.
S: Good. Have you checked the wiring? 5. He’s conducting a fire drill.
T: No, not yet. I’m still checking it. 6. What does Eric usually do?
2 S: How is the work going? 3
T: Hang on. I’m still cleaning the spark plugs. 1. The Electrician
S: Have you put on the new tyres yet? 2. The Maintenance Supervisor
T: Yes, I’ve put them on. 3. The Derrick Man
3 S: How are you getting on? 4. The Crane Operator
T: Just a minute. I’ve taken off the handles. 5. The Derrick Man
S: Have you painted the doors yet? 6. The Driller
T: No, I’m still painting them. It’s almost finished. 7. The Assistant Crane Operator and the Roustabout
4 S: How is the work going?
T: I’m still fitting the new hard disk. It’s almost
finished.
S: Have you installed the memory card yet?
T: No, not yet. I’ll do it next.
 2
1. Do you want to apply for that post too?
2. When exactly did you start your job at Wiggins?
3. So is that more responsibility and more pay?
4. Why do you want to leave Wiggins?
3
1. 1st syllable stressed: engine, mechanism,
operator, technical.
2 Plans 2. 2nd syllable stressed: electrical, electron, mechanical,
1 technician.
1. is going out 3. 3rd syllable stressed: electrician, electricity, engineer,
2. are they going to do? occupation.
70 Answer key
3. are going to inspect
4 Word list
4. is going? 1 Crane operators 2 Electricians
5. are they going to stay 3 Drillers 4 Engineers
6. want to finish 5 Safety Officers 6Site Managers
7. need to inspect 7 Roustabouts
8. intend to come Review Unit A
9. hope to start Section 1
1. He’s replacing the spark plugs. B
2 steel mesh barriers, lightweight safety nets 2. They’re carrying some batteries. K
3. She’s rotating the wheel. 1
3 Dear Peter,
4. They’re examining the generator. C
Thanks for your email. 5. She’s stripping off the old paint. E
With reference to your enquiry about steel mesh 6. He’s activating the alarm. J
barriers, 1 confirm that 1 have found a company 7. She’s inserting a key. L
that supplies a good product. I attach some pages 8. She’s running a training course. F
from their website. Do let me know if you think this 9. He’s raising the car. A
system is suitable. 10. She’s stepping on the alarm pad. G
CurriculumThe
Vitae
same company also supplies and fits safety 11. He’s putting on a fire suit. D
Personal nets. As you are aware, it is important to fit the 12. She’s receiving a mobile signal. H
safety nets correctly.
information
2 bring out - take away loosen - tighten
Surname / Could
First you please
Verdi,let me know if you need prices
Laura lower - raise put in - take out
name(s) before Friday?
put on - take off start - turn off
Regards,
Desired Jay (1) Computer technician switch off - switch on
employment
New job 1
(2) Supervisor 3
1 turn off 2 raise 3 take off
Work experience
4 loosen 5 take out 6 put in
Dates From January 2004 to 2008 7 tighten 8 put on 9 lower
10 switch on 11 start
Occupation or position Computer technician
held Section 2
1
Main activities and Do computer upgrades; install
1 position 2 CV
responsibilities software, memory cards, anti-
3 personal information 4 education
virus systems, etc.
5 qualifications 6 training
Do site visits. Upgrade clients’
7 business sector 8 skills
computer systems.
9 work experience 10 job title
Name and address of SuperLink, Unit 12, 11 job description 12 interview
employer Delly End Industrial Estate 13 employer 14activities
15 responsibilities
Type of business or Information Technology
sector
2 Thanks for your email. With regard to the Safety Conference
Reason for leaving wants to move to Swindon; it’s next week, I’d like to confirm that I plan to attend. Sorry for the
present/last too far to travel to present short notice. 1 attach the PowerPoint slides that you requested.
employer company; now living in This is also to let you know that I’ll email you the Executive
Swindon. Summary by Friday at the latest.
As you may know, Marco Burgos has been ill for the past
month. I am sorry to tell you that he is
 going into hospital for an operation. Fortunately, his 3 Equipment
deputy, Pedro Granada, will take part in the Forum
1 lb 2c 3b 4b 5c 6b
instead. I would appreciate it if you could forward this
email to the person responsible for printing the 2
Conference Programme. 1. The nearest star that can be seen with the
Do let me know if you need any further information. naked eye is called Alpha Centauri. It’s 4.36 light years
Kind regards, away and can be seen from the southern hemisphere.
Kurt Brandt. 2. A Japanese ship sent down an unmanned probe to the
deepest
Answer key point on the seabed at a place 71called the
Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean.
3 Comparison 3. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness was created in
1812. It ranges from talc, which is number one on the
1 Limits scale, to diamond, which is number ten. Silver is the
1 softest of the three materials and glass is the hardest.
1. 35 minutes. 4. The most common of these three gases is nitrogen.
2. A crossing by tunnel. Hydrogen is less common than oxygen and is the least
3. Containers, unaccompanied trailers, large abnormal common of these three gases.
loads.
4. Journeys are quicker; loading and unloading takes less
3
1. Sherakhan is the least expensive of the yachts.
time; there are more frequent train journeys than ferry
2. Oceanco 702 is not as expensive as Alysia.
departures; the trains are not affected by the weather.
3. The second longest yacht is O’Mega.
5. Bad weather can cause delays or cancellation of ferry
4. Alysia is the second fastest of the yachts.
departures.
5. Fewer guests can stay on O’Mega than on Alysia.
2
6. There are fewer crew members per guest on Alysia
1. Lorries must not be heavier than 44 tonnes.
than on Oceanco 702.
2. Lorries must not be longer than 18.75 metres.
3. Lorries must not be higher than 4.2 metres. 4 Word list
4. Lorries must not be wider than 2.6 metres. 1 trailer 2 luggage 3 cubic capacity
5. The length limit depends on the individual ferry. 4 roof rack 5 4x4 6 steel rim wheel
6. The height limit for lorries on all ferries is 4.8 metres. 7 wheelbase 8 clearance 9 cab
7.
8.
The width limit for lorries on all ferries is 6.7 metres.
The weight limit for standard lorries is 44 tonnes.
4 Processes
1 Infrastructure
2 Products 1 Channel tunnel opens: 1994
Rail Link Stage 1 opens: 2003
1 If 2c 3a 4g 5d 6b 7e
Rail Link Stage 2 opens: 2007
2 Sample answer
London-Paris (2002): 2 hours, 55 minutes
1. Would you like me to put you through to our Sales
London-Paris (2007): 2 hours, 15 minutes
Department
Stage 2 took 11 years
2. shall 1 send you a catalogue?
Manpower: 100 million hours
3. Could you give me your name and address, please?
Number of tunnel drills used: 7
4. Is that B for Bravo or P for Peter?
£70 million @ cost per drill: £10 million
5. And your address, please?
A train travels through 32 kms of tunnels and over
6. Could you spell ‘Wyatt’, please?
150 bridges
7. Would you mind repeating the post code?
8. Could I take a phone number? 2
1. You must be very pleased with the successful
3 Sample answer completion of the project.
2. The French built their high-speed link 13 years ago
1. Which one would you like to order, the 150 or the 200?
and now we’ve just finished ours.
2. The larger one, the 200 model.
3. Eurostar trains can now travel at a speed of up to 298
3. I’d like the larger one, please.
kph.
4. I’d like the red and cream one.
4. The twin-bore tunnels pass under seven miles of
5. Right, I’ll take the more expensive one, the one at
surface railway track.
€525. 5. Did you use a tunnel drill like the one in this photo?
6. The ground under London was so hard that we wore
out six of them.
7. It means we spent £70 million on drills.
3 Antifreeze is used to prevent the water in the radiator from
freezing.
Rust is prevented from building up in the radiator system by the
use of antifreeze.
Also, the boiling point of the water in the cooling system is 2 At the beginning: first After this: next, then
increased. At the same time: meanwhile, simultaneously At the end:
First the bonnet of the car is opened. finally, lastly
Then the cap to the reservoir is unscrewed. Review Unit B
Next the antifreeze is poured into the reservoir.
At this stage, a funnel is used to avoid spilling antifreeze onto Section 1
the car. 9
Finally, after pouring in the correct amount, the cap is screwed 1. faster
back on. 2. more
2 Manufacturing 3. higher
1 IE 2A 3C 4D 5F 6B 4. more often
2 5. larger
1. First, all the ingredients are weighed and mixed 6. larger
72 Answer key 7. more
together in large tubs. Cream, milk and sugar are used
to make ice cream. 8. greater
2. First, the mix is heated to 82° C to kill off bacteria. 9. safer
Then the mix is cooled rapidly to 4° C. 10. faster
3. Next, flavours and colours are added to the mix. 11. more powerful
4. Then the mix is pumped through a special barrel 12. better
freezer. Simultaneously, a lot of air is whipped into it. 13. more expensive
Up to half the volume of ice cream is air. 14. over
5. At this point, fruits, nuts or biscuit pieces are added to 15. less
the semi-frozen mixture. 16. better
6. Finally, the ice cream is packed in tubs and put into a 2
blast freezer at -30° to -40° C. So the tubs of ice cream 1. Letter: If your item fits inside the blue area, i.e. is
are frozen to make them harder. less than 240 x 165 mm, is no thicker than 5 mm and
weighs under lOOg, it is classed as a Letter.
3 Communications 2. Large Letter: If your item fits inside the grey area, i.e. is
1 less than 353 * 250 mm, is no thicker than 25 mm and
1 antennas 2 downlink weighs under 750g, it is classed as a Large Letter.
3 uplink 4 radio 3. Packet: If your item fits inside the white area, i.e. is
5 computer 6 puffer jets more than 353 x 250 mm or is thicker than 25 mm or
6 pressurised tank weighs over 750g, it is classed as a Packet.
8 ring of rechargeable batteries Section 2
9 solar panels 10 bus (=frame) 1
11 ain .rocket nozzle 1 which weigh 13 are fed
2 lb 2a 3a 4b 5a 6b 7a 2 are transported 14 which
3 3 are loaded 15 are waxed
1. The first artificial satellite was a metal ball, 4 which is 16 to
which measured 1 metre across and weighed 83 kg. 5 is pressed 17 First
2. It had four long antennas, which sent radio signals 6 which 18 is made
back to Earth. 7 by 19 is fitted
3. The first creature in space was a dog called Laika, 8 Next 20 are fed
which spent ten days in orbit in 1957. 9 is glued 21 are
4. In 1968, Apollo 8, which orbited the Moon, sent photos 10 is trimmed 22 Finally
back to Earth. 11 cut 23 are banded
5. The first man on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who 12 After this 24 transported
landed there in 1969. 2
6. The first tourist in space was a man called Mark 1. Satellites are put into orbit round the Earth by
Shuttleworth, who paid $20 million for his trip. rockets.
7. Two Mars Rovers, which landed in 2003, sent back 2. Electricity is provided by cells on the solar panels.
information about the planet to Earth. 3. A satellite’s orbit is changed by the rocket at the base
4 Word list of the satellite.
4. Weather pictures all over the world are collected by
1. conveyor belt, drive shaft, hydraulic cylinder, drain
dozens of satellites in orbit.
plug, assembly line, air conditioning, filler cap. laser 5. Weather photos are transmitted back to Earth by radio
guide, paint shop, PC monitor, satellite dish, feed horn, signals.
communications satellite, DTV card 6. Images from survey satellites are used by computers
to update maps.
 2 The Zoomba Vacuum Cleaner is a rechargeable robot
that/which cleans floors automatically.
3 The Garage Parking Sensor is a sensor system
that/which fits to your garage wall and helps you to
park safely.
4 The Ticko mini helicopter is a radio-controlled toy
that/which flies for up to 10 minutes.
5 Street Gliders are two-wheeled devices that/ which fit
on the heels of your shoes.
6 The Extendable Window Cleaner is a tool that/ which
5 Descriptions extends up to 3.5 metres and allows you to clean high
Uses windows from the ground.
1 3
1. Chisels are for cutting out pieces of wood. 1. A sales person is a person who takes an order.
2. Jump leads are used for carrying an electrical current 2. Answer
An inventor
key
is someone who designs new devices.
73
from a charged battery to a flat one. 3. Entrepreneurs are people that set up new businesses.
3. Carburettors are designed to mix fuel with air. 4. Investors are people who put money into a new
4. The two thick fins at the rear of a ship act as business.
stabilisers. 5. The Internet is a system that connects PC users and
5. Lightning conductors are designed to carry electricity websites.
down the side of a building in a thunderstorm. 6. Websites are systems which allow you to access and
6. The impeller on a jet ski acts as a propeller and download information.
pushes the craft through the water. 7. Technicians are people who service and repair
2 A: 3, 4, 9,10. 12 B: 1, 6, 8 C: 2, 5, 7, 11 equipment.
3
1. Several of them tied together can function as 4 Word list
a rope. digital-sonar, transmit, overboard, consist,
2. You can split it and sow seeds in it. alarm pod, hydrophone, helm unit, submerge,
3. You can cover a container of rubbish with it. transducer, hull, dashboard, relay, visible, audible,
4. Several of them can act as protectors on the sides of a via, navigate.
boat.
5. You can put one over your bed to keep out insects.
6. It can be used for covering furniture. 6 Procedures
2 Appearance 1. Safety
2. Id 2f 3b 4a 5g 6e 7c
1 ID 2B 3C 4A
3
1. All fork-lift trucks should be maintained by a
2 Building A Building C Building D
specialist contractor.
2. Safe operating instructions should be provided for
City Barcelona Barcelona Copenhagen each type of fork-lift truck.
3. Unqualified operators should not be allowed to drive
Country Spain Spain Denmark
hospital town house library fork-lift trucks.
4. Vehicles must not be left unattended with the engine
Type of
running.
building
5. Trucks need to be parked overnight in designated
Year 1930 1898-1899 1999 areas with the brakes on.
Architect Montaner Antoni 6. A battery-powered truck needs to be put on charge at
Gaudi the end of each working day.
Schmidt, Hammer
3 1 triangular 2 conical 3 rectangular 7. A truck must not be taken on the highway without the
& Lassen
6 cylindrical 5 semi-circular 6 dome-shaped warehouse manager's permission.
7 hemispherical 8 circular 9 square 8. Levels of oil, water and antifreeze need to be checked
10 ubic 11 spherical at the start of each working day.
3
4 Two-dimensional adjectives: triangular, rectangular, semi- 1. If you hear the fire alarm, stay calm.
circular, circular, square. Three-dimensional adjectives: conical, 2. When the fire alarm sounds, the building must be
cylindrical, dome-shaped, hemispherical, cubic, spherical. evacuated immediately.
3. Stop work at once and switch off all machines.
3 Definitions 4. Do not stop to gather your personal belongings.
1 IE 2B 3C 4A 5F 6D 5. Do not use the lift.
2 1 The Ultrasonic Distance Meter is a portable 6. Do not re-enter the building until a Fire Officer gives
instrument that/which allows you to measure large rooms. the all-clear.
 7 If you discover a fire, break the glass on the nearest
fire alarm.
8 Only use a fire extinguisher if
you have received fire extinguisher training.
the fire is very small.
by doing this you will not place yourself in any danger.
9 All aisles, stairways, escape routes and fire exits must
be kept clear of blockages and rubbish.
10 Fire doors should not be wedged open.

2 Emergency
1 4 Word list
1. If a diver’s position is not known, they must be 1
located immediately.Answer key
74 1 first aid 2 scuba diver 3 safety issue
2. If a diver is trapped underwater, they should be freed 4 recovery position 5 evacuation procedure 6 artificial
with a knife. respiration 7 cardio-pulmonary resuscitation 8 chemical
3. If a diver’s oxygen is low, an extra air cylinder should
be provided.
spill 9 wetsuit
4. If a casualty is not buoyant, their wetsuit should be 10 hand truck
inflated. 2
5. If a casualty is slightly injured, first aid should be given 1 locate 2 attended to 3 attract 4 towed
in the boat. 4 recommended 6 authorised 7 be strapped 8 overload
6. If a casualty is not breathing, artificial respiration must 9 be stacked 10 be handled
be carried out at once. 11 be inflated
7. If a casualty is seriously injured, the rescue services
must be phoned. Review Unit C
Section 1
2 Do get permission from the landowner before you visit a cave
on their property. 1 1 generator 2 transmitter 3 carburettor
Do use underwater lines so you don’t get lost. 4 protractor 5 stabiliser 6 conductor
Do wear a helmet and a wetsuit. 7 receiver 8 propeller
Don’t wear a drysuit. 2 lg 2e 3h 4f 5a 6b 7d 8c
Don’t attach your air bottle to your back. Section
3 2
1 operated 2 unable 3 equipment
Don’t dive with a buddy. 1 4 display 5 detect 6 functions
3 1. 7 must be transported,
display must be locked
8 programmed 9 consists
1theirs 2 them 3 they have taken 2.10 towed,
labelledmust
with not11
becontrols
used 12 by means of
4 they pass 5 theirs 3. must be displayed
4. is required, is allowed
5. must be converted, must be inspected
3 Directions 6. must be carried
1 7. may be carried, must be secured
1. Go straight ahead at the crossroads. 8. is permitted, is authorised
2. Turn left at the second set of traffic lights. 9. loaded, must not be left
3. At the roundabout, take the third exit. 10. should be avoided
4. At the roundabout, go down the slip road and join the 11. should be carried out, are loaded, has to be refuelled,
motorway. should be carried out, turned off
5. Come out of the station car park and turn left. 2 Sample answer
6. Take the second turning on the right. Leave the port by Gate A. You’ll come to a crossroads. Turn left
7. You’ll pass a garage on your left. at the crossroads. Then you’ll go into an underpass under the
8. Turn right at the T-junction. highway. Continue past the Leisure Centre until you come to a
T-junction near the sea, Turn right here. Take the first turning on
2 Directions 1. Destination A Directions 2: Destination C the right.
On this street there are three sets of traffic lights. Go straight
3 Remember, you’ll be driving on the left. On the motorway, ahead at the first two sets of traffic lights. Then you’ll pass a big
you’ll see a slip road for Swindon Business Park. Take this slip cinema on the left. At the third set of traffic lights, turn right.
road. When you come to the roundabout, take the second exit. Take the second exit at the first roundabout, and the fourth exit
That’ll take you across a flyover over the motorway. at the second roundabout.
At the other end of the flyover, you’ll come to a T-junction. Turn After that, take the third turning on the left. If you come to the
left at the T-junction. Go along this road and you’ll see a large beach, you’ve gone too far. Do a U-turn and go back and take
Leisure Centre on your right. Just a bit further, you’ll see our the first turning on the right. Stay on this road. In 35 kilometres,
office on the left. Turn left here and you’ll see a sign to the you’ll come to the mine.
Visitor’s Car Park.
 3 Dealing with complaints
1
Date and time of call 10.45 2008/02/25
Name of customer Antonia Rostock
Order number 386502/08
Description of goods DVD player
Model number 2086
7 Services Details of complaint doesn’t work
Solution offered replace; £5 discount off next
1 Technical support
purchase
1 li 2f 3g 4c 5e 6a 7h 8d 9b
2 Sample answers Customer response accept
1. You must have checked the ‘Colour’ box. Try 2 IB 2C 3F 4D 51 6H
checking the ‘Black’ box. 3 1 Thank you for 2 complaining about
2. You might have checked the ‘Fine’ box on the 3 I am sorry to hear 4 Unfortunately
Print Quality menu. You could check the ‘Draft’ 5 in stock 6 However
box on the menu. 6 I am pleased to inform you
3. There could be a loose connection. Why don’t 7 aAnswer
full refund
key 9 purchase price 75
you unplug the printer and plug it in again? 10 I apologise for the inconvenience
4. The ink cartridge must be empty. You could 11 Please do not hesitate
check the level of ink remaining. 12 Yours sincerely
5. The print head nozzles may have become dirty.
Try cleaning the print head nozzles.
4 Word list
6. You must have checked the ‘Automatic’ box on 1 1 admit 2 record 3 summarise
the Paper Handling menu. Why don’t you check 4 apologise 5 offer 6 replace
the ‘Reverse’ button on the menu? 7 refund 8 deal with
8 Energy
2 Reporting to clients 1 Wave power
1 A B C D
1 If was appointed
2a were widened 1 Type of linear oscillatin reciprocatin rotary
3g was constructed motion g g
4h was extended 5b were built 2 How it moves oscillates moves rotates
6i was installed moves forwards from side upwards
7c was extended to side and
downwards,
8d was converted or
9e was built horizontally
2 3 Examples rockets, clocks, pistons in electric
of jet watches petrol, motors,
machines engines diesel and disk drives,
Mr Tom Berghaus steam fans,
engines; outboard
Nilsson pic cutting motors,
Unit 38 West Business Park machines; circular
Swindon SN42 6BH hand-held saws, chain
21 February 2008 saw saws
Dear Mr Berghaus, 2 lb 2a 3a, a 4a 5a, b 6b 7b
Quotation: Extension at Swindon office 3 Industry Application Water jetting
Thank you for your letter of 31 st January 2008, inviting us
pressure (psi)
to prepare a quotation for the above project.
We visited the site on 12th February 2008 and took 1 Automotive Removing paint 10,000 -
measurements and photos. I have pleasure in enclosing from machinery and 40,000
our report, including outline plans and our quotation. conveyors
Our fees are agreed on a job-by-job basis. This can be a 2 Construction Removing concrete, 5,000
fixed sum, or an hourly rate, or a percentage of the project dirt and oil, from
cost. There is no charge for the initial visit and quotation. vehicles and mixer
If you need to discuss the details of the report, please do trucks
not hesitate to contact us. 3 Highway Removing oil and 3 -
Kind regards, maintenance mud from roads, 10,000
Yours sincerely, bridges and flyovers
Herbert Ritz Clearing blockages 10 -
Herbert Ritz from drains 14,500
Project Manager
 2
2 Engines 1. As the rotary piston rotates, it uncovers the
1 Intake stroke, compression stroke, combustion stroke, inlet port, which allows the air and fuel mixture to flow
exhaust stroke into the cylinder.
ID 2A 3C 4B 5E 6G 7F 81 9H 10J 11L 12K 13M 2. As the piston rotates, the mixture is compressed into a
2 petrol engine, electric motor small space between the piston and the cylinder wall.
3 la 2a 3a 4b 5a 6c 3. When the compressed fuel is ignited by the two spark
plugs, the expanding gases drive the piston round on
4 Cooling and heating
the power stroke.
1. When a gas condenses, it becomes a liquid. 4. As the piston rotates, it uncovers the outlet port, which
When a liquid solidifies, it becomes a solid. When lets the exhaust gases escape.
a solid melts, it becomes a liquid. When a liquid 5. As the triangular piston creates three chambers, there
evaporates, it becomes a gas. So, for example, are three ignitions for each rotation of the piston.
76(a solid) melts and
ice Answer key
becomes water (a liquid). 6. As the rotary engine has only two moving parts, the
And when water boils, the water (a liquid) piston and the drive shaft, higher rotation speeds are
evaporates and becomes steam (a gas). With possible.
cooling, the steam condenses and turns to water. 3 1 absorb 2 decompress
With freezing, the water solidifies and turns to ice. 3 expand 4 compressor
2 1 extractor 2 operation 5 condenser 6 evaporator
3 Condensation 4 compressor 7 expansion valve 8 fan
5 Evaporation 6 Refrigeration 9 refrigerant 10 a set of coils
7 reaction 8 decompression 9 Measurement
3 1 removes 2 provides 1 Sports data
3 is reduced 4 supports 1
5 compressor 6 refrigerant 1. You measure air pressure in psi with a tyre
7 evaporator 8 blower pressure gauge.
9 evaporator 10 evaporator coils 2. A barometer is used for measuring pressure in
11 absorbs 12 return tube kilopascals.
13 condensing unit 14 fan 3. You use an odometer to measure distance in
kilometres.
15 ondenser coils 16 blower
4. Scales are used for measuring weight in kilograms.
4 Word list 5. You measure power output in Watts with a power
1. 1 internal-combustion engine 2 cam 3 intake monitor.
port 4 intake valve 5 spark plug 6 piston 6. You use a stop watch to measure time in seconds.
7 crankshaft 8 cylinder 9 exhaust valve 7. A tachometer measures speed in kilometres per hour.
8. An altimeter is used for measuring height above sea
level in metres.
Review Unit D 9. You measure rate of heart beat in beats per second
Section 1 with a heart rate monitor.
1. 1 connected 2 unplugging 3 plugging 2 1 less than 2 intervals 3 always
4 have 5 be 6 compressing 4 over 5 after 6 every
7 interfered 8 change 9 accessing 3 1 renewed 2 changed 3 checked
4 lubricated 5 inspected 6 topped up
2. lc 2b 3e 4d 5a 7 torsioned 8 renewed 9 renewed
3. 1 have to 2 must 3 should 10 cleaned
4 can 5 should 6 should 2 Sensors
7 may 8 may 9 has to 1
10 have to 11cannot 1. Compared with today, they were much less safe.
Section 2 2. They had very few. Almost none of the cars had
airbags.
1. 1 piston 2 edges
3. ‘Marginal’ means ‘not very satisfactory’, or in other
3 cylinder 4 housing words, ‘not very good’.
5 inlet port 6 air and fuel mixture 4. One-star is the lowest safety rating, so much worse
7 piston 8 mixture than five-star. Five-star rating is the highest safety
9 spark plugs 10 outlet port rating today.
11 exhaust gases 12 chambers 5. New cars are safer now, because they are stronger
13 piston 14 drive shaft and have more safety features.
 1997 Airbags 3 The aim of the impact-resistance test was to
2 discover if the material would bend or break when
Model None Driver’s Dual Safety rating
it was hammered with force.
1 Hydra √ marginal
4 The objective of the compressive-strength test
2 Lindos √ poor was to find out whether the material would crack
3 Paxos √ acceptable or deform when it was compressed.
4 Syros √ good 5 The purpose of the elasticity test was to discover
whether the materials would break when they
2uUU Airbags were stretched.
Mode! None Driver’s Dual Safety rating 6 The aim of the plasticity test was to find out
whether the material would deform or melt when
1 Lorca √ *
*** it was heated to 120 degrees Celsius.
2 Pamplona √ 7 The objective of the drop test was to see whether
Answer key 77
3 Malaga √ **** the laptops would crack when they were dropped
4 Zamora √ ** from a height of 60 cm.
1. 1 hard 2 flexible 3 plastic 4 soft 5 rigid
2007 Number of small car models tested: 8 6 elastic 7 compression 8 brittle 9 tension
10 tough 11 weak 12 torsional 13 tensile
Models with front, side and head airbags: 7 2 Resistance
Models with driver’s airbag only: 1 1. 1 break a ble 2 in au di ble
Models with 3-star safety rating: 0 3 por ta ble 4 re sis tant
Models with 4-star safety rating: 2 5 e las tic 6 un mp vea ble
Models with 5-star safety rating: 6 7 un bend a ble 8 wa ter proof
1. bending forces 9 com bus ti ble 10 cor ro sion
2. compression forces 2 1 digital 2 diver’s 3 home 4
3. tension forces camera watch safe biker’s
4. torsion forces helmet
5. shear forces portable √ √ √
6. a heavy goods vehicle crash test
7. a side impact crash test dummy non-portable √
8. a single direction acceleration sensor non-combustible √ √
3 Positioning unbreakable √ √ √
1. la 2a 3c 4b 5a 6b 7a waterproof √
2. 1 where they are
1. how high they are above sea level heat-resistant √
2. how fast they are flying √ √ √ √
corrosion-
3. how fast they are descending resistant
4. how fast they are ascending
5. how far apart they are from other aircraft 3 Id 2i 3c 4e 5b 6h 7g 8a 9f
6. which direction they are flying in 4
7. how far away they are from the airport 1. discuss danger to London of flooding + examine
4 Word list topic of flood defences.
1. altitude, sea level, kilopascals 2. 3 main causes of flooding: 1) rise in sea levels; 2) tides
2. latitude, longitude, transmission, satellites, orbit, from north-east; 3) sinking of southeast England.
altitude, nautical miles 3. 1970s banks of River Thames raised by 2 metres.
3. lidar system, approaches, tennis bail service Below London 32 km of flood defences. Above
4. detect, approach, radar system, burst, reflected, London, 80 km of river banks raised.
approaching 4. Thames Barrier, huge moveable flood barrier built in
1970s.
10 Forces 5. 10 moveable gates, pivoted + supported between
1 Properties concrete piers. When closed, barrier can withstand
1. The aim of the frame test was to see whether pressure of 9,000 tonnes.
the forks would bend when they were struck with force. 6. 2001 1PCC report predicts annual rise of < 2mm. =
2. The purpose of the tensile strength test was to find out rise of > 40 cm by end of century.
whether the material would deform or break when it 7. 1993-2006 sea levels rose by 3.3 mm average = rise of
was pulled apart. < 90 cm by end of century.
8. list factors flooding, + examine effects + discuss
methods of flood prevention.
9. map of areas of London below sea level by 2100.
3 Results resisted yesterday’s earthquake at 8.4 on the Richter scale.
3 All our diesel engines were replaced two years ago
1 1 causes 2 As 3 As
with hydrogen engines. As a result, carbon emissions
4 Since 5 therefore
in the city have gone down by over 50%.
6 As a result of 7result 8 lead
4 The frame of the new bike has failed the compression
9 because 10 As a result
and rigidity tests. Therefore, we have decided to use
11As a result 12 then
titanium instead of aluminium.
2 1 Increased percentages of C02 in the
5 Since the captain of the damaged sailing boat had a
atmosphere.
GPS system on board, the air-sea rescue team were
21850 3 Faster 4 Meltwater
able to locate its position very quickly.
5 It is darker
6 As the crash-testing of the new model was 100%
6 They reflect heat from the sun back into space
successful, the company will start to manufacture the
7 More
sports car early next year.
8 Solar, hydroelectric and geothermal energy
4
3 1 78
heated 2 softened
Answer key 3 heated
4lengthened 5 flattened 6 sharpened deform destructive elastic emission flexibility
7softened 8sharpen 9 sharpened indicate isolate isolation objective resist
10 hardened 11hardens rigid rigjdi ty specify tension torsion withstand
4 Word list
1 inaudible 2 unbreakable 3 non-combustible
4 unmoveable 5 non-portable
6 straighten 7 lighten 8 widen 9 lengthen 10 harden
11 Design
11 fail 12 strengthen 1 Working robots
Review Unit E 1. 1 mechanical 2 dangerous 3 repeated
4 electric 5 compressed 6 mobile
Section 1 7remote 8 specific 9 different
1 Features Active Passive 2 lc 2a 3f 4e 5b 6d
sonar sonar
1 Transmits and receives signals /
2 Eco-friendly planes
1 1 wing 2 pressure 3 lift 4 gravity
2 Receives signals only y 5 wing 6 lift 7 friction 8 Drag 9 engines 10 thrust
3 Used to find out distance to target / y 11 engines 12 thrust 13 weight
and its bearing
4 Used to identify a vessel business
y Comparative survey results jet airline turboprop
taxi
5 Used for fishing and measuring the y
depth of the water Point-to-point travel (near NO NO YES
6 y client’s base)
More expensive, but works at
longer distances Reasonable prices NO YES YES
7 Noisier, and more dangerous to use y Need long runway YES YES NO
in a war YES YES NO
Delays when using major
Section 2 airports

1 deform 2 breaking point 3 withstand

4 yield point 5 break 6 secure 3 Free-flying sails
7 crack 8 clamp 1 lh 2b 3g 4j 5c 6e 7a 8i 9f lOd
2 The road is too narrow and has sharp corners. 2
It should be widened and straightened. 1. Aim: Examine difference between monohull
3 The side walls on the bridge are not strong enough. ferries and multi-hull ferries.
They should be strengthened. 2. Question: How old is the catamaran design? First used
4 The approach roads on both sides are too short and by fishermen in southern India,
steep. Therefore they should be lengthened. 1,500 years ago. Later, design spread through
southeast Asia.
1. The old cables were taken out, and new wiring 3. Two hulls, joined together by a frame.
was installed last year, and as a result the number of Sporting/commercial catamarans built for past 100
electrical accidents has fallen to zero. years, e.g. large ferries: two hulls, each powered by
2. Concrete horizontal decks were placed under the one engine.
floors five years ago, and so the building 4. Catamaran design. Lighter and faster. Their stability is
better. Go fastest when waves are small.
5. Dimensions: 126 metres long; 40 metres wide; depth
of 4.8 metres in the water.
 6 Load: HSS 1500. 1500 passengers and 375 cars.
3 Vehicle safety
1 These questions are not asked: 2, 10
HSS 900. 900 passengers and 200 cars.
1. Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS).
7 Performance data: HSS 1500: in-service speed 75
2. It monitors the pressure and temperature of tyres.
kph, 110 kph max. HSS 900 is slower.
3. To prevent road traffic accidents, caused by tyre
8 Problem: Material used for the hulls, a type of
failure. Because about 20 percent of cars have tyres
aluminium alloy.
that are under-inflated.
9 Disadvantages: Build cost. More expensive to build a
4. It uses electronic sensor technology, and wireless data
multi-hull ferry than a monohull ferry. Also running
display.
costs.
5. A sensor.Answer key 79
10 Graph: Compares fuel costs. More expensive to run
6. The sensor is placed directly onto the wheel inside the
one multi-hull ferry than seven mono-hull ferries.
tyre.
Fuel costs certain to rise, not fall, in future.
7. The system consists of four valve-mounted tyre
pressure sensors, and one central radio frequency
3 1 components 2 drawback 3 data 4 aim receiving unit, powered by batteries. The information is
5 client 6 operation 7 dimensions 8 issue transmitted by wireless to the display in front of the
9 signpost 10 brief driver, which shows the pressure and temperature
data.
4 Word list 8. It reduces tyre failure and resulting accidents.
1 1 conduct 2 improved 3 reduce 4 Untie It helps reduce tyre wear. It helps reduce fuel
5 maximise 6 emit 7 consume 8 mention consumption.
12 Innovation
1 Zero emission 3 l contain 2 allow 3 ensure 4 activate
1 1Need 2 Problems 3 Solution 5 send 6 provide 7 prevent 8 report
4 Technology 5 Advantages 6 Components 9 detect 1 0 give
1 reduced 2 consume 3 used
4 combine 5 provides 6 delivers 4 Word list
7based 8 emit 9 run 1 accelerate 2 release 3 mass-produced
10 recharges 11 positioned 12 located 4 lightweight 5 output 6 gain
13 mounted 14 produced 15 recharge 16 power 7 zero-emission
2 1 battery 2 inverter/converter
3 electric motor 4 drive wheels Review Unit F
5 reduction gear 6 engine Section 1
7 power split device 8 generator 1 advantages 2 strength 3 drawbacks
2 Technological change 4 disadvantages 5 weakness 6 would
7 suggest 8 could 9 suggest 10 should
1 11 could 12 improved
1. Tools: abacus, compass, wedge, spectacles.
2. Simple machines: crank and rod, pulley and belt. 2 If 2b 3h 4c 5i 6a 7e 8d 9g
3. Heavy machine tools: crane, hydraulic jack. Section 2
4. Self-running machines: boiler, windmill, robot, wind 1. When did people first start to investigate laser
turbine. drilling?
2 1 robot 2 windmill 3 boiler 4 crank and rod 2. What kind of lasers did they use?
5 spectacles 6 crane 7 abacus 3. What effect does the laser beam have?
8compass 9 wind turbine 10 pulley and belt 4. How does it split the rock?
11 wedge 12 hydraulic jack 5. Is splitting more efficient than melting?
3 Sample answer 6. Is more energy required to split different kinds of
The earliest waterwheel was made in Greece 2,000 rocks?
years ago. It was made of wood. It consisted of a 7. What are you researching now?
horizontal wheel, which rotated when a stream of water
hit the paddles. The force of the water made the wheel
2 A/4/b; B/3/a; C/2/c; D/l/d
and the attached axle rotate. The axle was attached to 3 a blowout preventer which was developed
the waterwheel at one end and to a circular millstone a large valve that is fitted
at the other. The millstone rotated to grind corn into a device that is designed this valve, which is usually operated
flour. features which were invented components that are designed
Later, vertical waterwheels were used. These could be cutters that are fitted intervals which are agreed
built to a greater size, with greater power.
80 Answer key