Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez

Institute of Science and Technology

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

Research Work

In Building Design 2

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Submitted by:

Mislang, John Lester R.

BSCE 3A

Submitted to:

Engr. Jose P. Labayna

Professor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ………………………………………………………………….…. 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………… 4

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 5

PART I Plumbing Fixtures……………………………………………………. 6

Water Closet………………………………………………………………………. 7

Unsanitary Closets………………………………………………………………. 10

Urinals……………………………………………………………………………… 13

Showers……………………………………………………………………………. 16

Drinking Fountains……………………………………………………………… 19

Flush Devices……………………………………………………………………… 21

Laundry Tubs……………………………………………………………………… 24

Bath Tubs…………………………………………………………………………… 27

Kitchen Sinks………………………………………………………………………. 29

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 FOREWORD

This research deliberates the talks into the old tradition in plumbing

fixtures and the newest generation in the field of plumbing that comprise of

nine components, in addition to current work about plumbing fixtures.

The first section of this project's goal is to provide clear explanations,

pictures, and kinds regarding the specified category of toilets, lavatories,

urinals, showers, drinking fountains, flushing mechanisms, laundry tubs,

and kitchen sinks.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and first, praise and thanks be to the All-Powerful God for his

blessings that continued throughout the study that was done to complete

this research.

Sincere appreciation to our professor, Engr. My research supervisor

Jose P. Labayna for his leadership throughout this investigation.

My parents' love, support, and sacrifices in helping to pay for the

costs of this research have made me incredibly grateful.

Finally, my thanks go to all my research colleagues, my friends,

my boyfriend, and all people who supported me and help me to accomplish

this research.

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 INTRODUCTION

PLUMBING FIXTURES

A system that transports fluids for a

wide variety of purposes is plumbing. Water

distribution systems employ the plumbing

system. To transport fluids, plumbing systems

make use of pipes, valves, plumbing fittings,

tanks, and other equipment.

An interchangeable component used to

transport and drain water through plumbing is

called a plumbing fixture. Buildings are where the most prevalent plumbing

fittings are found. Any device used in a building for the distribution or

disposal of gas or water is referred to as a plumbing fixture. In order to run

water or remove wastewater, fixtures are often linked to the main water

supply line or the main drain line. Plumbing has a variety of purposes

beyond those listed above, including heating and cooling, waste disposal,

and the delivery of drinkable water. The plumbing system is the way that

water is pumped around.

In order to run water or remove wastewater, fixtures are often linked

to the main water supply line or the main drain line. Plumbing fixtures help

keep buildings secure and safe by maintaining their hygienic conditions.

Without these devices, it would be impossible to efficiently dispose of

garbage or obtain water for drinking or washing.

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 PART I

PLUMBING FIXTURES

WATER CLOSET

Water closets frequently resemble little

closets with a closing door or a sliding pocket

door inside of a bathroom. Unless it's fancy,

in which case there might also be a sink,

there will only be room for the toilet and a

paper roll.

Toilets with flushing capabilities were a

rather groundbreaking invention in the past.

They had to have new, specialized water pipes attached to them, which is

how they came to be known as "water closets." By relocating human waste

from inhabited structures and locations, the water closet contributed to an

improvement in hygiene in many areas. By preventing human waste from

entering rivers, they, along with sewage treatment systems, reduce the

spread of contagious diseases.

In essence, the terms "toilet" and "water closet" indicate the same

thing. The most often used abbreviation for a bathroom or washroom is

"WC," which stands for "water closet."

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER CLOSETS

Two-piece Toilets

Today, Asia may be the region where you will encounter this

type of toilet the most frequently. In contrast to the one-piece toilet,

which has the tank and bowl molded together as a single item, the

two-piece toilet has a separate tank and bowl. The ability to replace

the tank and bowl independently is the two-piece design's principal

benefit. You will need to buy a new tank and bowl if they are both

broken.

One-piece Toilets

The one-piece toilet looks better and

feels more contemporary. Toilets that are

one piece or two pieces perform the same

purpose. Because there are no joints or

gaps between the toilet tank and the bowl,

the one-piece toilet is easier to clean and

far more hygienic because there is nowhere

for dirt and grime to collect.

Wall-hung Toilets

A wall-hung toilet is the best option if

you don't have much room. The tank for

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these toilets is concealed inside the wall and they are fixed to the wall.

Therefore,

You just see the flush plate and bowl. As you might anticipate, wall-hung

toilets have an excellent, contemporary style.

Back-to-Wall Toilets

A back-to-wall toilet can be the best

option if you want a modern, space-saving

bathroom. These have the bowl of the toilet

placed securely against the wall, and the

cistern—which is typically purchased

separately—is hidden within the wall and is

only accessible through a flush panel

installed within the wall. The cistern and

pipes are also hidden, making it the pinnacle of pristine bathroom fixtures.

UNSANITARY CLOSETS

PAIL CLOSETS

Human excrement, contaminated

water, and common domestic garbage like

sweepings and cooking scraps were all

disposed of in pail closets. The privy midden

system, the pail system, and the dry-earth

system were a few of the waste disposal

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techniques that were widely used in the 19th century. The "closet" was a

tiny outhouse (privy) with a seat and a portable trash can underneath it.

The word "closet" had formerly, and in one meaning, meant "toilet." The local

administration frequently removed and emptied this bucket (pail), into

which the user would urinate. The night soil-like contents would either be

burned or composted and used into fertilizer.

Before the pail closet

Human excrement, contaminated water, and common domestic

garbage like sweepings and cooking scraps were all disposed of in pail

closets. The privy midden system, the pail system, and the dry-earth system

were a few of the waste disposal techniques that were widely used in the

19th century.

MIDDENS

The privy, which developed

from the prehistoric "fosse" ditch, was

the precursor to the midden closet.

The original structure, which was

positioned over a hole in the ground

at a public dump, essentially served

as a public outhouse.

The midden closet, which Mr.

Redgrave described as "the standard

of all that is utterly wrong" in a

speech to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1876 because it was built of

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porous materials and allowed free sewage seepage into the soil around it,

could hold all of the misery from a home or a neighborhood of homes for

months or even years.

Types

THE ROCHDALE SYSTEM

The Rochdale system was first

used in 1869. It used a wooden tub, or

pail (sometimes half of a petroleum

barrel), which was placed under the

closet seat. The pails were often

circular (to aid cleaning), and were

designed to be easily handled and of a

size that encouraged regular

collections. The top of the pail carried

a cast iron rim about 3 inches deep to receive a tight-fitting inner lid. Each

pail was secured by its lid and loaded onto a sealed 24-bay wagon to be

taken to a depot where they were emptied, cleaned and returned. While the

pail was removed from the closet, a replacement was installed in its place.

By 1875, 4,741 pails were in use, and in 1876 the number was 5,566. A

separate cart accompanied the wagon to collect other household refuse

which was collected from a separate chamber in the pail closet.

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EARTH CLOSET SYSTEM

In other locations, an earthen closet was utilized. The pail method was

developed by Henry Moule and used a metal container as well. To swiftly get

rid of any aromas, the excrement was covered with a little amount of peat,

dry earth, and ash. In more advanced systems, the powder was kept in a

container near the seat that had a small handle to control how much was

applied to the waste. A tiny scoop or shovel was regularly used to apply

these deodorizers.

URINAL

A urinal is a plumbing appliance that is only used for peeing. They are

frequently mounted on the wall, taking up considerably less room than a

standard toilet, and are positioned so that males can urinate while standing

up easily. Urinals were first patented in the 1800s, but it is thought that

they had been in use for a very long time before that. Some evidence even

suggests they were used in ancient Rome! It is approximately as

fundamental and practical as the wheel because that is a long period for a

product to be in use. Due to how practical it is, the same fundamental

design is always in use. A urinal is a specific type of toilet.With drainage and

either automated or manual flushing, it can be a container or just a wall.

Urinals can be used by women, despite the fact that men are often the ones

who use them.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF URINALS

Corner Urinal

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 Corner urinals are also known as flat back urinals designed to fit in

the corner of the wall. They are another great space-saver but can only be

used in the corner and nowhere else.

Waterless urinal

Male urinals with a pint

flush or a waterless flush are

typically meant to conserve water.

Stall urinal

Either the floor or the flange support stall urinals.

Flat back urinal

Many bucket urinals today

are classified as flat back

urinals since they are made to

screw into a flat bathroom wall.

Sensor urinal

You will often see this kind of urinal in busy

areas like shopping centers and airports for good

reason – the sensor flushes automatically after every

use and saves time this way.

Squatting urinal

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 A squatting urinal is so short that it is nearly a part of the floor it

mounts on. Mainly for women, it is designed to evade urine splashing in a

complete squat position.

Trough style Urinal

The moniker "trough

urinal" refers to how they

resemble animal feeders. They

are a terrific cheap solution

when saving on your plumbing

costs and space, and are

typically used in business

restrooms.

Child Urinal

Except for their design, children's urinals are very similar to other

urinal varieties. Most have cartoonish shapes and brilliant colors, which

draw kids to utilizing them.

Against-the-wall urinal

The against-the-wall or slab urinal has a

drain located at the foot level or the

underneath foot level. The user has to guide

their streams against the backing surface, and

gravity guides the streams to the floor where

the drain gathers them.

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FOUR TYPES OF URINALS ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS USED

1. Ceramic Urinals

2. Stainless Urinals

3. Wood caved polished urinal

4. Polypropylene Urinal

SHOWERS

In a shower, one can bathe while being sprayed with water that is

normally warm or hot. There is a drain in the floor inside. Most showers

have an adjustable showerhead nozzle, temperature, and spray pressure.

While more elaborate showers feature a showerhead attached to a hose with

a mounting bracket, simpler showers simply have a swiveling nozzle that

points down at the user. A plastic shower curtain or door can be used to

install a shower in a tiny shower stall or bathtub. Due to its efficiency

compared to a bathtub, showering is popular in Western culture.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOWERS

Electric shower

Since they have their own

heating system and can be quickly

and easily installed, these are a

popular option. All they need is

access to cold water.

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 Power shower

These are frequently confused for

electric showers. Although they seem

identical, they use a built-in pump to

increase pressure along with both hot and

cold water sources. best for homes with

gravity feeds.

Manual mixer shower

These require little water pressure, are

simple to install, and manually combine hot and cold water supply.

Thermostatic mixer shower

These contain a thermostatic valve to

guard against scorching and maintain a

constant temperature in your shower. For

families with children, it is perfect. sufficient

water pressure is necessary.

Digital shower

Similar to the previous but

more sophisticated. The water

temperature can be precisely

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controlled, and some even have smartphone controls. sufficient water

pressure is necessary.

Smart shower

These are a component of the

revolution in smart homes. For

complete control and accessibility at all

times, you may integrate them with

devices like Alexa and your phone.

DRINKING FOUNTAINS

Leading experts from all around the world have invented drinking

water fountains, which have the same function as water dispensers. Thus,

the objective of water fountains is to guarantee that long-term hydration

needs are satisfied. They are usually found in the public and health sectors,

including the leisure and educational sectors, and are especially prevalent in

areas with high traffic or population density. It is a low-maintenance water

retrieval technique that connects to the main water supply and continuously

supplies you with clean, high-quality drinking water. Drinking water

fountains are excellent since they are little maintenance and have a long

lifespan.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRINKING FOUNTAINS

Spouting

The most dramatic fountains, known as

spouting ones, have pipes that shoot water into

the air, creating a spectacular plume-like effect.

This type of fountain is easy to add to an existing

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water feature, like a pond or swimming pool, because it only requires a

submersible pump.

Cascading

A fountain with cascades is more

subdued. Cascading fountains typically use

numerous levels so that water softly spills

from one to the next instead of utilizing a pipe

to spray it. These fountains are self-

contained, which means that all of the

necessary piping is stored inside the unit.

Pondless

A modern take on conventional water features is a pondless fountain.

The water source for a pondless fountain is underground, as opposed to a

spouting or cascading fountain, which draws from a visible water source like

a pond or lower basin. It may be deployed in smaller spaces and requires

less maintenance than other types due to its design. A pondless fountain

typically has a subdued, modern appearance and works great as a feature in

the front or backyard.

Wall

If you have a tiny backyard, a wall

fountain is a good option because it doesn't

take up as much room as a spouting or

cascading fountain. You can choose

between a wall-mounted model that is self-

contained and hangs directly on the wall,

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or a freestanding model with a flat back and a connected basin that you

position flush against a fence or wall in your yard.

FLUSH DEVICES

A first flush device is an addition to your water tank's rainwater

harvesting system, often known as a water diverter or a first flush diverter.

In order to ensure that the water collected in your water tank is pure and

transparent as nature intended, this add-on allows you to screen away

leaves, bird droppings, dirt, and other impurities that are brought in from

your roof when the rain first starts. Your typical first flush water diverter

operates in a comparatively straightforward manner. Instead, water falls into

the first flush device when it enters the line that goes to your water tank.

The apparatus resembles a long chamber that can hold all of the first flush

rainfall, which is contaminated with debris, bacteria, and other substances

from your roof. A little ball that will float on the water is within the chamber,

but it is too big to fit through the top aperture.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLUSH DEVICES

Standard Flush Valve

A common flush valve is included on

most toilets. Simple 2-inch flush valve and

flapper that rises when the toilet lever is

depressed. Low-flow toilets and certain

older toilets with huge tanks may have

standard flush valves.

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 3-Inch Flush Valve

A larger flush valve allows for a quicker

flow of water into the bowl and down the

drain. A 2-inch and a 3-inch flush valve's

flushing capacities can differ

significantly, and the bigger valve can

flush better and use less water. There are

several excellent toilets with 3-inch flush

valves that only use 1.28 gallons per flush.

Tower-Style 3-Inch Flush Valve

Similar to the 3-inch flapper-style

flush valve, the 3-inch tower flush valve

features a 3-inch aperture in the tank

where water enters the bowl. The tower-

style valve, however, allows water to flow

out of the tank unhindered (360-degree

flow), which can result in a faster flush

while a flapper partially blocks the valve

opening.

4-Inch Flush Valve

The 4-inch flush valve is the largest of

the flush valves and typically includes a

piston that moves up to let water evacuate

the tank at 360 degrees. This type of flush

valve delivers the water into the bowl faster

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than any other type of valve, producing great flushing power with very little

use of water.

Dual-Flush Valve

With a dual-flush valve,

you can use the same valve for

both a partial and a complete

flush. Some dual-flush valves

have a handle that you can

push up or down to get a partial

flush or a complete flush,

respectively.

LAUNDRY TUB

A larger and deeper version of a kitchen sink is a laundry tub.

Although it provides the area needed to thoroughly soak and clean items, it

is frequently utilized for other purposes as well. These tubs come in a wide

variety of designs, substances, forms, and dimensions. Laundry tubs with a

single sink are typically supported by four legs and have a broad piping

system. Large pots and pans, houseplants, pets, and many other things can

all be cleaned with it. Laundry sinks are bigger and deeper than standard

kitchen and bathroom sinks.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAUNDRY TUB

Free Standing Tubs

This kind of tub requires less room than

a wall-mounted tub, but it still needs

room on the floor. Porcelain, stainless

steel, marble, fiberglass, cast iron, and

granite are just a few of the materials

used to make free-standing bathtubs.

Wall Mounted Tubs

Although this tub doesn't require

much space for installation, it does need

some sort of wall support. The size of

the basin and the substance used to

make the tub determine the price of a

wall-mounted laundry tub.

Apron Tubs

Basins mounted to the wall are this

kind of tub. You have the option of a

single or double basin. Typically, granite,

cast iron, porcelain, and stainless steel

are used to create apron tubs.

Molded-In Tubs

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 This tub is formed as a part of the countertop and is easy to clean and

maintain. However, if the sink becomes damaged, you will need to replace

the entire countertop. Molded-in tubs are made from granite, marble, and

fiberglass

Self-Rimming Tubs

This laundry tub is installed by

dropping it into a hole in the

countertop. Self-rimming tubs are easily

installed. It is usually made of stainless

steel, porcelain, and cast iron.

What are Laundry Tubs Made Of?

Stainless steel- laundry tubs made from stainless steel will not stain.

Stainless steel tubs have a little give so anything you drop inside it is less

likely to break.

Enameled Cast Iron- Enamel cast iron laundry tubs are scratch, stain, and

chip-resistant.

Solid surfacing- laundry tubs made from solid surfacing are durable, stain-

resistant, and have a warm appearance. It can withstand a wide variety of

tasks aside from soaking and washing clothes.

BATH TUBS

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 Bathtubs are bathroom fixture basics—containers that hold water for

immersive bathing. They also provide a relaxing place to unwind, but there

are several different types that all serve unique purposes. The most common

bathtubs seen in residential homes include drop-in tubs, freestanding tubs,

alcove tubs, and corner tubs.

For many homeowners, a soothing bath provides unmatched comfort—and if

this fixture is a must-have in your home, it's important to choose the right

type for your space. Freestanding options include luxurious styles like

clawfoot tubs, while corner tubs offer plenty of extra space with added

features like jets and whirlpools. On the other hand, small bathtubs like

drop-in and alcove options may be more suitable when space is tight, and a

drop-in tub even provides extra surface space for soaps and accessories.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATH TUBS

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 Free-Standing Bathtubs

Except for the floor, free-standing bathtubs

are not attached to any walls or other

surfaces. These bathtubs come in a variety

of designs, such as the traditional clawfoot

tub, but you can also choose free-standing

tubs with sleek, contemporary styles.

Alcove Bathtub

Alcove bathtubs are frequently used in

homes as tub/shower combos since

they fit inside a three-sided enclosure

made specifically for the tub.

Drop-In Bathtub

A shell that slides into a ready deck is

called a drop-in bathtub. The bathtub's

interior is finished, but the exterior is not

because the deck covers it.

Corner Bathtubs

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A bathtub with two sides supported by walls is called a corner bathtub.

They are frequently triangular in

design, but can be built in a variety of

sizes and shapes to fit into corners.

They are typically big enough to hold

one to two more bathers.

KITCHEN SINKS

An essential component of a kitchen is the sink. The washing of prepared

foods, veggies, and dishes is done at the kitchen sink. A kitchen sink is not

only utilized for food preparation; it also improves the aesthetics of your

kitchen. A sink is a plumbing appliance with a bowl shape that is used for

hand washing, dish washing, and other tasks. Sinks have a tap (faucet) that

can provide both hot and cold water, as well as a spray feature for expedited

rinsing. A drain to remove used water is also included, and this drain may

have its own strainer, shut-off device, and overflow prevention system.

Additionally, sinks may come with a built-in soap dispenser. Many sinks are

built into or next to counters, particularly in kitchens.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF KITCHEN SINKS

Top-Mount, Drop-In, or Self-Rimming Sink

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 The top-mount or drop-in kitchen sink,

which is the most popular kind, is installed

from above. A hole is cut into the counter

material, and the sink is fitted from above

using a template provided by the sink

manufacturer. These sinks are sometimes

referred to as rimmed or self-rimming sinks because the edge of the sink

forms a rim.

Undermount Sink

In contrast to top-mount sinks, undermount

sinks use specialized clips to secure the sink

to the underside of the counter.

Double Basin/Bowl Sink

Dual basin kitchen sink configurations,

which are the most common, allow for

washing on one side and rinsing or

drying on the other. Double basin sinks

are incredibly versatile and cover all sink

functions, including washing, rinsing

Single

Basin/Bowl Sink Glow

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Farmhouse (apron) sinks and in-counter sinks both fall under the basic

category of single basin kitchen sinks. The basin of this style of sink is not

separated.

Farmhouse or Apron Sink

Large single-basin sinks known as farmhouse

or apron sinks stand out thanks to its front

wall, which serves as both the front of the sink

and the front of the counter. The installation

style that has the sink level and integrated

into the counters is the most common.

Drainboard Sink

Sinks with drainboards combine a small

basin with a counter-level drainboard on

opposite sides.

Low

Divider

Double Basin

Sink

A low divider kitchen sink is a double

basin sink, but the divider stops

halfway up rather than reaching to the level of the top of the sink.

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 Island, Bar, or Prep Sink

Considerably smaller than primary

kitchen sinks, bar (or prep) sinks are

used either for bartending operations

or for supplementary food

preparation. Bar/prep sinks are

almost always single basins and are

usually no more than about 15 inches

square or in diameter (round).

Corner Sink

Double basins that are positioned at right

angles to one another make up a kitchen

corner sink.

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