MODULE 6: Grammar and Correct Usage 3.

sanpo o suru/shimasu (do stroll)

TOPICS: Verbs, Prepositions, Adverbs, 4. denwa o suru/shimasu (to make a call)
and Family Terms 5. kaimono o suru/shimasu (do purchase)
6. tenisu o suru/shimasu (to play tennis)
7. badominton o suru/shimasu (to
Verbs (masu Form) play badminton)
8. ryori o suru/shimasu (to cook)
Two parts of verbs: 9. sooji o suru/shimasu (do cleaning)
10. benkyoo o suru/shimasu (to study)
1. dictionary form – words that are 11. kekkon o suru/simasu (to marry)
12. haitatsu o suru/shimasu (to deliver)
informal.
13. shokai o suru/shimasu (to introduce)
2. masu form – words that are formal.
14. yooi o suru/shimasu (to prepare)
15. annai o suru/shimasu (to guide)
Note: In Japanese language sentence
construction, verbs are always at the end of the
Examples:
sentence.
Note: Watashi can be used to replace
any pronoun or noun.
There are two irregular verbs and they are
conjugated as follows:
1. Watashi wa sentaku
o suru/shimasu.
Irregular Verbs: (I do washing. – clothes)
Dictionary masu 2. Watashi wa shigoto o suru/shimasu.
Form Meaning Form Particle
(I do work.)
suru to do shimasu o 3. Watashi wa sanpo o suru/shimasu.
kuru to come kimasu e (I do strolling.)

4. Watashi wa denwa o suru/shimasu.

Note:
(I am making a call.)
Negative Form:
5. Watashi wa benkyo o shimasu.
(I am studying/reviewing.)
shimasu – shimasen (don’t do)
kimasu – kimasen (don’t come)
6. Watashi wa kaimono o shimasu.
(I am doing shopping.)
Positive Past Tense:
7. Watashi wa ryori o shimasu.
shimasu –shimashita (did) (I am cooking.)
kimasu – kimashita (came)
Expanded sentences:
Negative Past Tense:
de – (in, at) a particle used to
shimasu – shimasen deshita (didn’t do) indicate the place of action.
kimasu – kimasen deshita (didn’t come) ni – a particle is used to indicate
the receiver of the action.
Certain nouns are combined with verbs to
form verbal nouns. For instance, benkyoo (study) uchi or ie –
is combined with suru (to do) to form benkyoo o house kaisha –
suru which means the act of studying or simply office kooen –
“to study”. Only the verb portion is conjugated park tomodachi –
using the masu form. friend gakkoo –
school
The following are verbal nouns: depaato – department store
daidokoro – kitchen
1. sentaku o suru/shimasu (do the nihon no tabemono – Japanese food
laundry/wash)
2. shigoto o suru/shimasu (do work) 1. Watashi wa uchi de sentaku
o shimasu.
(I do washing in the house.)
 2. Watashi wa kaisha de shigoto o 2. It has no distinction as to person.
shimasu.
(I work in the office.) nomu – to drink (I, you, we, they) drink.
(he, she, it) drinks.
3. Watashi wa kooen de sanpo o
taberu – to eat (I, you, we they) eat.
shimasu.
(I do strolling at the park.) (he, she, it) eats.

4. Watashi wa tomodachi ni denwa o 3. It is divided into two groups: the u

shimasu. verbs and the ru verbs with two
(I am calling to a friend.) exceptions, suru (to do) and kuru (to
come) which are irregular verbs.
5. Watashi wa gakkoo de benkyo o
shimasu. ● Group 1 Verbs
(I study in school.)
Verbs in this group end with –u in
6. Watashi wa gakkoo de Nihongo their dictionary form and preceded by a
benkyo o shimasu. syllable ending in either a, o or u.
(I study Japanese language in
school.) ka-u – to buy ko-go – to row
to-bu – to fly nu-u – to sew
7. Watashi wa depaato de kaimono o
● Group 2 Verbs
shimasu.
(I do shopping at the
Verbs in this group end in –ru and
department store.)
preceded by a syllable ending in either –e or
–i in their dictionary form.
8. Watashi wa daidokoro de ryori o
shimasu.
ne-ru – to sleep tabe-ru – to eat
(I do cooking in the kitchen.)
mi-ru – to see deki-ru – to be able
oki-ru – to wake up oboe-ru – to remember
9. Watashi wa daidokoro de Nihon no
tabemono ryori o shimasu.
Japanese verbs may be used as they
(I cook Japanese food in the
appear in the dictionary. This dictionary form
kitchen.)
is known as plain form or non-polite form.
The plain form is used in daily conversation
10. Watashi wa daidokoro de oishii Nihon
among intimate friends only and it is never
no tabemono ryori o shimasu.
used when speaking to superiors.
(I cook delicious Japanese food in
Examples
the kitchen.)
: saji –
spoon
Examples: (the use of kimasu)
fooku – fork
ginkoo – bank
1. Doko kara kimashita ka?
(Where did you come from?)

Ans. to go yomu – to read

Firipin kara kimashita.
(I came from the Philippines.)

2. Yan sen ga kimasen ka?

(Won’t you come, Mr. Yan?)

The Japanese verbs may be described as

follows:

1. In its dictionary form, it is given in the present

tense of the indicative mood ending in u.
miru – to see tatsu – to stand
kaku – to write matsu – to wait iku –
1. Firipinjin wa saji to fooku de taberu.
(Filipinos eat with spoon and fork.)

2. Watashi wa ginkoo e iku.

(I’ll go to the bank.)

For ordinary polite speech, the verbs

ending in –masu are used. The following
explanation will show how the dictionary
form of the verb is transformed into the
–masu form.

For Group 1 verbs, the present tense

of the verb is obtained by dropping the final
u and adding imasu for the affirmative form
and imasen for the negative form.
 (I generally post my letters in the
morning.)

For Group 1 verbs, the past tense is

obtained by dropping the final u of the dictionary
form and adding imashita for the affirmative and
imasen deshita for the negative form.

For verbs ending in su or tsu, the past

A closer look at the transformation from tense is formed by changing su into shi and
dictionary form to masu or masen has been added. tsu into chi and adding –mashita for the
Most Group 1 verbs follow this rule. There are, affirmative and
however, verbs belonging to Group 1 that follow a –masen deshita for the negative form.
different rule. Verbs like kasu and dasu obtain their
–masu or –masen form as the case maybe. Also, Dict.
Form Affirmative Negative
verbs ending in tsu and matsu obtain their –masu
form by changing tsu and matsu into chi and
adding –masu or kasu kashimashita kashimasen deshita
–masen to the stem. dasu dashimashita dasimasen deshita
hanasu hanshimashita hanashimasen deshita
Dictionary naosu naoshimashita naoshimasen desita
Affirmative Negative tatsu tachimashita tachimasen deshita
Form
matsu machimashita machimasen deshita
kasu - to run kashimasu kasimasen
dasu - to take out dashimasu dashimasen
tatsu - to stand tachimasu tachimasen
matsu - to wait machimas machimasen
u

Examples:

1. Yuubinkyoku e tabitabi ikimasu ka?

(Do you often go to the post office?)
Dictionary
Form Affirmative Negative

kaku kakimashita kakimasen deshita

nomu nomimashita nominasen deshita
yomu yomimashita yomimasen deshita
kau kaimashita taimasen deshita
narau naraimashita naraimasen deshita

Ans. Ans.
Iie, tabitabi ikimasen. Kaimasu yo.
(No, I don’t go often.) (I’ll buy. Of course.)
2. Osake o nomimasu ka? 5. Kami to empitsu ga arimasu ka?
(Do you drink sake?) (Do you have pencil and paper?)
Ans. Ans.
Iie, osake o nomimasen. Arimasu yo.
(No, I don’t drink sake.) (Yes, I have.)
3. Mainichi shinbun o yomimasu ka? 6. Watarashi wa taaitei asa tegami o
(Do you read the newspaper everyday?) dashimasu.
Ans.
Nihon no shinbun wa yomimasen ga Eigo no
sinbun wa yomimasu.
(I read English newspaper but I don’t
read Japanese newspaper.)
4. Atarashii hon o kaimasen ka?
(Won’t you buy a new book?)
Examples:

1. Amai mono o kaimashita ka?

(Did you buy some sweets?)
Ans.
Iie, kaimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t)

2. Kesa no sinbun o
yomimashita ka? (Did you
read this morning’s
newspaper?)
Ans.
Iie, yomimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t)

3. Kusuri on nomimashita ka?

(Did you take medicine?)
Ans.
Iie, nomimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t.)

4. Tegami o kakimashita ka?

(Did you write the letter?)
Ans.
Iie, kakimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t.)
 6. Eigo ga dekimasu ka?
5. Tomodachi ga watashi no tegami o
(Can you speak English?)
dashimasita.
Ans.
(My friend posted my letter.) Hai, dekimasu.
(Yes, I can.)
6. Eigo o hanashimashita ka?
(Do you speak English?)
Group 2 verbs form their past tense by
Ans.
dropping the final ru and adding mashita for
Hai, Eigo o hanashimashita.
(Yes, I did.) the affirmative and masen deshita for the
negative form.
Group 2 verbs with the ending of iru and eru
form their present tense by dropping the final ru and Dictionary
Affirmative Negative
Form
adding masu for the affirmative and masen for the
negative form.
miru mimashita mimasen deshita
Sentence structure: taberu tamemashita tabemasen deshita
neru nemashita nemasen deshita
Taberu tabe + masu tabe + masen okiru okimashita okimasen deshita
tabemasu tabemasen dekiru dekimashita dekimasen deshita

Miru mi + masu mi + masen

mimasu mimasen Examples:

1. Watashi wa kes rokuji ni okimashita.

(I woke up at 6 o’clock this morning.)

2. Kinoo eiga o mimashita.

(I watched a movie yesterday.)

3. Asa gohan o tabemamashita.

(I ate breakfast.)

4. Kirei na eiga o mimasen.

Examples: (I was not able to watch the
beautiful movie.)
1. Watashi wa maiasa hayaku okimasu.
(I wake up early every morning.) 5. Yuube nanji ni nemashita ka?
(What time did you sleep last night?)
2. Uchi de okashi o tabemasu.
(I eat cake at home.) 6. Kinoo terebi o mimasen deshita.
(I did not watch television yesterday.)
3. Nihongo ga dekimasu ka?
(Can you speak Japanese?) 7. Nihon ryori o tabemasen deshita.
Ans. (I did not eat Japanese food.)
Iie, dekimasen.
(No, I can’t.) Suffixes are used to indicate the present
and past tenses, there is no suffix for future
4. ”Balut” o tabemasu ka? tense. To show future tense, certain words
(Do you eat balut?) are used, like mashoo and deshoo. Both
Ans. describe probability or uncertainty and
Iie, tabemasen. therefore show the future tense.
( No, I don’t.)
Examples:
5. Nanji ni nemasu ka?
(What time do you go to bed?) 1. Konban kooen e ikimasoo?
Ans. (Shall we go to the park tonight?)
Kuji ni nemasu.
(I go to bed at 9.)
2. Watashi no tomodachi wa kamera o
kau deshoo.
(My friend will probably buy a camera.)
 2. Anata wa Eigo o hanashimasu ka?
3. Raishuu chichi wa Tokyo e iku deshoo.
(Do you speak English?)
(Next week, my father will probably go to
Ans.
Tokyo.)
Iie, Hanashimasen.
Nihongo o hanashimasu.
4. Ashita wa tabun ii tenki deshoo. (No,I don’t. I speak Japanese.)
(It will probably be a fine weather
tomorrow.) 3. Anata wa itsumo Baguio e ikimasu ka?
(Do you often go to Baguio?)
The negative form of the probable tense Ans.
(future) is obtained by adding deshoo to masen or Iie, tabitabi ikimasen ga Boracay e
the nai form of the verb. tabitabi ikimasu.
(No, I don’t but I often go to Boracay.)
Examples:
4. Asa nani o tabemasu ka?
1. Ashita Baguio e ikimasen deshoo. (What do you eat in the morning?)
(I shall probably not go to Baguio Ans.
tomorrow.) Taitei pan to bata o tabemasu.
(I generally eat bread and butter.)
2. Okyaku san wa uchi e kimasen deshoo.
(The visitor will probably not come to my 5. Uchi kara gakkoo made nan de
house.) ikimasu ka? (By what means do you
go from your house to school?)
3. Ano hito wa “balut” o tabenai Ans.
deshoo. (That person probably will Tokidoki aruite ikimasu, tabitabi “jeepu”
not eat balut.) de ikimasu.
(Sometimes I walk, oftentimes, I go by
4. Kotoshi atatrashii jitensha o kawanai jeepney.)
deshoo.
(I shall probably not buy a new bicycle 6. Otoosan wa maisa nani o
this year.) shimasu ka? (What does your
father do in the morning?)
DRILL: Ans.
Chichi wa wa maiasa shinbun o
A. Memorize the following by reading aloud: yomimasu. (Every morning, my
father reads the newspaper.)
Iru imasu imashita imasen deshita
Kaeru kaerimasu kaerimashita kaerimasen 7. Kanai to watashi wa itsumo
deshita Tagaytay e ikimasu.
Narau naraimasu naraimashita naraimasen (My wife and I often go to Tagaytay.)
deshita
Aruku arukimasu arukimashita arukimasen 8. Kodomosan ga doko ni asobimasu ka?
deshita (Where does you child play?)
Oyogu oyogimasu oyogimashita Ans.
oyogimasen deshita Kodomo ga ano niwa ni asobimasu.
(My child plays in that garden.)
B. Give the masu form of the following verbs:
D. Usage drill on the masu form (past
hanasu asobu tsukau naru positive/ negative). Read aloud:
matsu hairu kikufuru
1. Yuube dekakemashita ka?
C. Usage drill on the masu form (present (Did you go out last night?)
positive/negative). Ans.
Iie, dekakemasen deshita.
1. Dare ga anata no heya sooji o shimasu (No, I didn’t go out.)
ka? (Who cleans your room?)

Ans.
Watashi ga sooji o shimasu.
(I do.)
2. Kinoo otaku ni imasen deshita ka?
(Where you not at home
yesterday?)
Ans.
Iie, uchi ni imashita. (I was at home.)
3. Anata wa nani o urimashita ka? Verbs of Action
(What did you sell?)
Ans. ● masu Form
Furui terebi o urimashita.
(I sold the old television set.)

4. Dare no kasa o mitsukemashita ka?

(Whose umbrella did you find?)

Ans.
Anata no okusan no kasa o mitsukemashita.
(I found your wife’s umbrella.)

5. Atarashii eigakan o mimashita ka?

(Did you see the new movie house?)
Ans.
Iie, mimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t see it.)

6. Satoosan ga kimashita ka?

(Did Mr. Sato come?)
Ans.
Iie, kimasen deshita.
(No, he didn’t come.)

7. Doko e ikimashita ka?

(Where did you go?)
Ans.
Gakkoo I ikimasita.
(I went to school.)
8. Ame wa moo yamimashita ka?
(Has it stopped raining already?)
Ans.
Iie, masa futte imasu.
(No, it is still raining.)
9. Rajio no tenki yohoo o kikimashita
ka? (Did you hear the weather
forecast on the radio?)
Ans.
Iie, kikimasen deshita.
(No, I didn’t.)
10. Anata wa nani o kakimashita ka?
(What did you write? )
Ans.
Tegami o kakimashita.
(I wrote a letter.)
11. Anata wa kese nani o nomimashita ka?
(What did you drink this morning?)
Ans.
Koohii o nomimashita.
(I drank coffee.)

12. Watashi wa SM depaato de nani o

shimashita ka?
(What did you do at SM department
store?)
Ans.
Kaimono o shimashita.
(I did some shopping at SM Department
Store.)
 To change the dictionary form into the –te
form, simply follow the rules given below:

1. For verbs ending in –eru and –iru, change

ru to te.

iru – ite taberu – tabete

miru – mite ireru – irete
2. For verbs ending in –u, change u to
tte. kau – katte iu – itte
omou – omotte au – atte

3. For verbs ending in –su, change su to shite.

dasu – dashite kasu – kashite

hanasu – hanashite nakusa –
nakushite
4. For verbs ending in –gu, change gu to

ide. isogu – isoide oyogu – oyoide

nugu – nuide sawagu – sawaide
5. For verbs ending in –ku, change ku to ite.
kaku – kaite naku – naite
kiku – kiite hataraku – hataraite

6. For verbs ending in –bu, –mu, –nu,

replace them with nde.

yomu – yonde shinu –

shinde nomo – nonde yobu –
yonde

7. For verbs ending in –tsu or –ru, change

the last syllable to tte.

8. For irregular verbs.

suru – shite kuru – kite

The –te form has various uses some of

which are given below:

1. –te imasu (progressive)

Examples:

a. Doko de hataraite imasu ka?

(Where are you working?)

b. Chichi wa terebi o mite imasu.

(My father is watching television.)

c. Gakusei wa hon o yonde imasu.

(The student is reading a book.)
 ● Group 1 Verbs
2. –te kudasai (request)
yoma + nakute or naide
yomu – yomanakute (not reading)
a. Mado o akete kudasai.
yomanai de (without reading)
(Please open the window.)
● Group 2 Verbs
b. Denwa o kakete kudasai.
mi + nakute or nai de
(Pleae make a call.)
miru – minakute (not seeing)
minai de (without seeing)
c. Kore o misete kudasai.
(Please show me this.)
Examples:
d. Doozo pen o kashite kudasai. 1. Kinoo kanai wa asa gohan o
(Please lend me your pen.) tabenai de ichiba e dekakemashita.
(Yesterday my wife went to
3. –te arimasu (condition of things) market without eating
breakfast.)
a. Kokuban ni e ga kaite arimasu.
(A picture is drawn on the blackboard.)
2. Yuube chichi wa terebi o
minakute nemashita.
b. Hon ga tana no ue ni narabete arimasu. (Last night my father slept
(The books are arranged on the shelf.) without watching television.)
c. Isu ga tonari no heya no hakonde 3. Doozo watashi o matanai de kudasai.
arimasu. (The chairs are carried to the (Please do not wait for me.)
adjoining room.)
4. Otenki ga warui kara ikanakute mo
4. –te mo ii (permission) ii desu. (As the weather is bad, you
need not go.)
a. Kono jibiki/jisho o karite moo ii desu ka?
(May I borrow this dictionary?)
5. Samui kara akenakute mo yoroshii
desu. (Since it is cold, you need not
b. Mado o akete mo ii desu ka?
open the windows.)
(May I open the window?)
● te Form
c. Onegai shite mo ii desu ka?
(Will you do me a favor?)

d. Kore o itadaite mo ii desu ka?

(May I take this?)

5. –te + verb (compound)

a. Gakusei wa kyooshitsu kara dete

yukimashita.
(The students went out of the
classroom.)

b. Jochuu wa shinbun o motte kimashita.

(The maid brought the newspaper.)

c. Kinoo tomodachi to isho ni Kobe kara kaette

kimashita.
(My friend and I came from Kobe
yesterday.)

The negative –te form is obtained by adding

nakute, or nai de to the stem of a Group 2 verb and
to the stem of a Group 1 verb.
 Examples:

a. Buta niku ga suki desu. (I like pork.)

b. Sakana wa kirai desu. (I dislike fish.)
c. Buta niku wa suki desu ga sakana wa
kirai desu. (I like pork but I don’t like fish.)
d. Kudamono no naka de mango ga ichiban
suki desu. (Among fruits, I like mango
best.)

To make something is expressed by ga

hoshii desu.

Examples:

a. Jidoosha ga hoshii desu.

(I want a car.)
b. Atarashii shatsu ga hoshii desu.
(I want a new shirt.)
c. Nani ga hoshii desu ka?
(What do you want.?)

To want to do something or to wish to do

something is expressed by –tai desu. By
attaching –tai to the stem of verbs, we obtain
the desiderative form. The object of the
desiderative verb may be followed by o or ga.

miru – mitai yomu – yomitai

suru – shitai kau –

kaitai Examples:

a. Shoosetsu o yomitai desu.

(I wish to read a novel.)

b. Osake ga nomitai desu.

(I want to drink sake.)

c. Dare ni hanashi ga shitai no desu ka?

(To whom do you wish to speak?)

DRILL:

A. Express the following in English:

1. Enpitsu ga kaitai desu.

2. Denwa ga kaketai desu.
3. Kaimono ga shitai desu.

● tai Form

The Wants and Don’t Want verb:

Verbs (tai Form)

To like something is expressed by suki and

to dislike is expressed by kirai. Desu generally
follows the verb in the desiderative form; it
makes the sentence polite.
shiru know shiritai shiritakunai
akeru open aketai aketakunai
oshieru teach oshietai oshietakunai
erabu choose erabitai erabitakunai
kawaku dry kawakitai kawakitakunai
kiru wear kitai kitakunai
shimeru close shimetai shimetakunai
tsukareru tired tsukaretai tsukaretakunai
yameru stop yametai yametakunai
homeru praise homeritai homeritakunai
kimeru kimetai kimetakunai
decide
kowareru kowaretai kowaretakunai
break
wakareru wakaretai wakaretakunai
separate
dasu dashitai dasitakunai
yaburu take out yaburitai yaburitakunai
hiku tear hikitai hikitakunai
play
mitsukeru instrumen mitsuketa mitsuketakunai
oeru t find i oetai oetakunai
ireru finish iretai iretakunai
tsuku put in tsukitai tsukitakunai
okuru arriv okuritai okuritakunai
e
send

Verbs of Existence:

To Have / To Exist:

Dictionary masu
Form Meaning Form Particle

aru existence arimasu o

of a thing,
place or
event

iru existence imasu o

of a
person or
animal
with life

Examples:

aru and iru – casual form

arimasu and imasu – formal form

Present positive form:

arimasu – arimasen
imasu – imasen

Past positive form:

arimasu – arimashita
imasu – imashita
Past negative form: b. ga imasu

sensei – teacher
arimasu – arimasen deshita
Cruz san – Mr./Mrs. Cruz
imasu – imasen deshita
1. Sensei ga imasu.
ga – a particle used for verbs of existence; it is the
(There is a teacher.)
indicator of the subject.
2. Cruz san ga imasu.
aru or arimasu is used if the subject is a thing, a
(Mr./Mrs. Cruz is here.)
place or an event.
3. Sensei ga imasen.
iru or imasu is used if the subject is a person or an
(There is no teacher.)
animal.
4. Cruz san ga imasen.
Examples:
(Mr./Mrs. Cruz is not there/here.)
a. ga arimasu
Both arimasu and imasu (or orimasu)
hon – book mean “to exist” or “be in a particular place”.
mondai – problem Arimasu is used for non-living things and
resutoran - restaurant imasu is used for persons and other living
things or things that have life.
1. Hon ga arimasu.
(There is a book.) Examples:

Watashi wa hon ga arimasu. a. Neko ga imasu.

(I have a book.) (There is a cat.)
b. Onna no hito ga imasu.
Watashi wa atarashii hon ga arimasu. (There is a woman.)
(I have a new book.) c. Kokuban ga arimasu.
(There is a blackboard.)
Note: Watashi can be replaced to any pronoun d. Isu to teiburu ga arimasu.
(There is a chair and a table.)
or noun which is referring to “I”.
e. Otoko no ko ga imasu ka?
(Is there a boy?)
2. Mondai ga arimasu.
(There is a problem.)
Arimasen is the negative expression of
Sensei wa mondai ga arimasu. arimasu; orimasen is the negative
(The teacher has a problem.) expression of imasu or orimasu.

Sensei wa takusan na mondai ga arimasu. ga – a particle used for verbs of existence;

(The teacher has a lot of problems.) it is the indicator of the subject .

Note: Sensei can be replaced to any pronoun Examples:

or noun which is referring to a
“teacher”. a. Koko ni kurui inu ga imasen.
(The black dog is not here.)
3. Resutoran ga arimasu.
(There is a restaurant.) b. Soko ni onna no ko ga imasen.
(There is no girl here.)
Santos san wa resutoran ga arimasu.
(Mr. Santos has a restaurant.) c. Mizu ga arimasen.
(There is no water.)
Santos san wa ookii resutoran ga arimasu.
(Mr. Santos has a big restaurant.) d. Hey no kagi ga arimasen.
(The room key is missing.)
Note: “Mr. Santos” can be replaced to any
pronoun or noun which is referring to Mr. Arimashita is the past tense of arimasu;
Santos. imashita or orimashita is the past tense of
imasu or orimasu.
Examples: d. Gakusei wa choomen o motte
imasen deshita.
a. Senshuu no nichiyoobi ni paati ga (The student did not have a notebook.)
arimashita.
(There was a party last Sunday.) e. Ano hito wa kasa to jitensha o
motte imasu. (That person has an
b. Watashii no kuni no uta ga arimashita. umbrella and a bicycle.)
(There were songs from my country.)
f. Watashi wa pen o motte imashita
c. Kinoo Sato san ga gakkoo ni imashita ka? soshite anata wa kami o motte
(Was Mr. Sato in school yesterday?) imashita.
(I had a pen and you had some paper.)
d. Soko ni isha ga orimashita ka?
(Was there a doctor?) When an exact number is asked for,
the expressions ikutsu and iku (or nan)
Arimasen deshita is the past negative followed by the numerative and the noun
expression of arimasu; imasen deshita or are used.
orimasen deshita is the past negative
expression of imasu or orimasu. Examples:

a. Ringo ga ikutsu desu ka?

(How many apples are there?)
Examples: c. Kinoo kare wa jibiki/jisho o motte imashita.
(Yesterday he had a dictionary.)
a. Soko ni haisha wa orimasen deshita.
(There was no dentist there.)

b. Terebi wa arimsen deshita.

(There was no television.)

c. Kinoo wa Santos san wa imasen deshita.

(Mr. Santos was not around yesterday.)

d. Banana wa arimasen deshita.

(There was no banana.)

The expression orimasu, orimashita, orimasen,

and orimasen deshita are more polite than imasu,
imashita, imasen, and imasen deshita. Orimasu is
used for persons only while imasu is used for both
persons and animals.

Arimasu and motte imasu have the same

meaning but arimasu is often used in daily
conversation. Motte imasu has the following
conjugation:

motte imasu (I, you, they) have

motte imasen (I, you, they) don’t have
motte imashita (I, you, they) had
motte imasen deshita (I, you, they) didn’t have

Examples:

a. Watashi wa hon o motte imasu.

(I have a book.)

b. Pen o motte imasen.

(I don’t have a pen.)
Ans.
Nijuu go
arimasu.
(There are
25.)

b. Nan nin no hito ga imasu ka?

(How many persons are there?)
Ans.
Hito ga nijuusan nin
imasu. (There are
23 persons.)

c. Nan nin no gakusei ga imasu

ka? (How many students are
there?)
Ans.
Gakusei ga juuhachi nin
imasu. (There are 18
students.)

d. Anata wan an sai

desu ka? (How old
are you?)
Ans.
Juuroku sai desu.
(I am 16 years old.)

e. Okyakusama ga nan nin

imashita ka? (How many
visitors were there?)
Ans.
Kyaku ga juu go nin
imashita. (There were
15 visitors.)

The expression o motte kite kudasai

means “please bring”. This expression is
used when you are requesting somebody to
bring something to you. The person to whom
the request is addressed will say motte
kimasu (“I bring”) or totte kimasu (“I fetch)”
for affirmative and motte kimasen (“I don’t
bring”) and totte kimasen (“I don’t fetch”) for
negative answers.
 b. Watashi no tsukue no shita niwa nani
Examples:
mo arimasen.
(There is nothing under my desk.)
a. Shinbun o motte kite kudasai.
(Bring me a newspaper, please.)
c. Shita ni oite kudasai.
(Please put it under.)
b. Hai, motte kimasu.
(Yes, I’ll bring it.)
● no naka ni (in, inside)
c. Iie, motte kimasen.
a. Hako no naka ni kagi ga arimasu.
(No, I will not bring it.)
(There is a key inside the box.)
d. Watashi no kasa o totte kite kudasai.
b. Watashi no pen wa ano hikidashi no
(Please fetch my umbrella.)
naka ni haitte imasu.
(My pen is inside that drawer.)
e. Hai, totte kimasu.
(Yes, I’ll fetch it.)
c. Kono koopu o todana no naka ni
irete kudasai.
f. Iie, totte kimasen.
(Please put this cup inside
(No, I’ll not fetch it.)
the cupboard.)
DRILL:
● no mae ni (in front of)
Practice the following conversation.
Replace the underlined word with those below: Note: When mae is followed by desu, ni
is dropped.
A: Asoko ni nani ga arimasu ka?
B: Kasa ga arirmasu. a. Rustan depaato wa Intercontinental
Hoteru no mae ni arimasu.
Isu kaban teibury jibiki (Rustan’s Department Store is
booshi tsukue kokuban hon located in front of the
Intercontinental Hotel.)
Prepositions
b. Watashitachi no kyooshitsu no mae ni
To show the location of objects, the preposition niwa ga arimasu.
of location is used together with the verb imasu or (There is a garden in front of
arimasu. The most common prepositional phrases our classroom.)
end in ni to indicate location.
c. Rizal Kooen no mae desu.
● no ue ni (on, above or top) (It is in front of Rizal Park.)

Examples: ● no ushiro ni (behind, at the back of).

a. Watashi no booshi wa sono isu no ue ni Note: When ushiso is followed by desu, ni

arimasu. is dropped.
(My hat in on that chair.)
a. Ano kuruma no ushiro ni
b. Denki wa teiburu no ue ni sagatte imasu. takushii ga arimasu.
(An electric light is hanging above the (There is a taxi behind that car.)
table.)
b. Gakkoo no ushiro desu.
c. Kono roosoku o sono dai no ue ni oite (It is behind the school.)
kudasai.
(Please put this candle on that stand.) c. Gakkoo no ushiro ni ookii
tatemono ga arimasu.
● no shita ni (under, below) (There is a big building behind
the school.)
a. Tsukue no shita ni neko ga imasu.
(There is a cat under the desk.) ● no soba ni (beside, surrounding)
 b. Nihon dewa jidoosha wa
a. Toshokan no soba ni kyooshitsu ga
michi no hidarigawa o
rimasu.
hashirimasu.
(There is a classroom beside the
(In Japan, motor cars travel on the
library.)
left side of the street.)
b. Tomodachi ga watashi no soba ni suwatte
c. Watashi no kuni dewa, hantai desu.
imasu.
(In my country, it is the opposite.)
(A friend is sitting beside me.)

c. Isu wa tsukue no soba ni arimasu. ● migi – right

(There is a chair beside the desk.) ● migigawa – right side

a. Tsugi o migi e magatte kudasai.

● no tonari ni (next to)
(At the next (corner) please turn right.)
a. Watashi no tonari ni onna no hito ga tatte
b. Firipin dewa jidoosha wa michi no
imasu.
(A woman is standing next to me.) migigawa o hashirimasu.
(In the Philippines, motor cars
b. Tonari no heya ni dare mo imasen. travel on the right side of the
(There is nobody in the next room.) street.)

c. Watashi no kuni demo onaji desu.

● no chikaku ni (near)
(It is the same in my country.)
a. Kookoo no chikaku ni byooin ga
● mae de – in front of
arimasu. (There is a hospital near the
● soko de – there, that place
high school.)
a. Gakkoo no mae de matte
b. Mado no chikaku ni watashi no tsukue ga
kudasai. (Please wait for me
arimasu.
(My desk is near the window.) in front of the school.)

b. Soko de tomete kudasai.

● no aida ni (between)
(Please stop there.)
a. Manila wa Kalookan to Pasay no aida ni
● koko de – here, this place
arimasu.
(Manila is between Kalookan and
a. Koko de matte kudasai.
Pasay.)
(Please wait here.)
b. Watashi no heya to tonari no heya no aida ni
b. Koko de terebi o kaimashoo ka?
otearai ga arimasu.
(Shall I buy television here?)
(There is a toilet between my room and
the next room.)
● massugu ni – straight on
c. LRT densha wa Monumento to Baclaran no
a. Massugu itte kudasai.
aida o hasitte imasu.
(Please go straight on.)
(The LRT train runs between
Monumento and Baclaran.)
b. Takushii wa sono michi ni
massugu hashirimasu.
Expressions of location and direction of motion
(The taxi travels straight along
are used when giving instructions to taxi drivers
the street.)
and to those who ask for directions to a particular
place.
● senro no ue – on the railroad
● umi no ue ni – over the sea
● hidari – left
● hidarigawa – left side a. Densha wa senro no ue o hashirimasu.
(The train runs on the railroad track.)
a. Tsugi no kado o hidari e magatte kudasai.
(Please turn left at the next corner.) b. Fune wa imi no ue o hashirimasu.
(The ship travels over the sea.)
 ● made – until, as far as
● chi no shita – underground
● sora no ue – above the clouds
a. Itsu made Firipin in imasu
ka? (How long will you
a. Chikatetsu wa chi no shita o hashiru densha
stay in the Philippines?)
desu.
Ans.
(The subway train runs underground.)
Hachigatsu made imasu.
(I’ll stay until August.)
b. Hikooki wa sora no ue o tobimasu.
(The airplane flies above the clouds.)
b. Eki kara uchi made arukimasu.
(I walk from the station to my house.)
● tochu de – on the way
DRILL:
a. LRT densha wa tochuu de juuhachi no eki ni
tomarimasu. A. Dialogue: Practice the
(On the way, the LRT train stops at 18 following conversation with a
stations.) partner.
b. Tochuu de Nihongo no benkyoo o A: Sumimasen. Kusuriya wa doko desu
shimashoo. ka?
(Let’s learn Japanese on the way.)
B: Eigakan no mae ni arirmasu.
● man-mae – just in front of A: Ginkoo wa doko ni arimasu ka?
● man-naka – in the middle of B: Ginkoo wa eigakan no soba ni arimasu.

a. Yuubinkyoku wa gakkoo no man-mae ni A: Byooin mo arimasu ka?

arimasu. B: Iie, byooin wa arimasen.
(The post office is just in front of the
school.) B. Practice the following conversation.
Replace the underlined phrases with
b. Michi no man-naka ni ookii ki ga arimasu. those below.
(In the middle of the stree there is a big
tree.) A: Toshokan wa doko desu ka?
B: Ano byooin no tonari ni arimasu.
● mukoogawa – across
● kochiragawa – this side ginkoo no mae kookoo no
soba gakkoo no naka eigakan
a. Michi no mukoogawa deshita. no usiro hoteru no soto kyookai
(It was across the road.) no chikaku

b. Hi ga kochiragawa niwa utsurimasen Adverbs

deshita.
(The fire didn’t come across this side.) Adverbs are used to modify verbs. Since
they modify the verb, they are placed before
● ma-ushiro – just behind the verb not after. The following adverbs are
commonly used:
a. Ginkoo wa kooen no ma-ushiro ni arimasen.
(The bank is just behind the park.) ● kurai or gurai – approximately, about

b. Uchi no ma-ushiro ni ike ga a. Yon in urai kimasita.

arimasu. (Just behind the house, (About four persons came.)
there is a pond.)
b. Dono kurai irimasu ka?
● kara – from (About how much do you need?)

a. Doko kara kimashita ka? ● taihen or hijoo ni – very

(Where did you come from?)
Ans. a. Uchi wa taihen kirei desu.
Firipin kara kimashita. (The house is very beautiful.)
(I came from the Philippines.)
b. Ima hijoo ni isogashii desu.
(I’m very busy now.)
 a. Jissai ni soo iimashita.
● mada – still, yet
(He actually said so.)
a. Mada kyaku wa koko ni imasu ka?
b. Ano hito wa jissai ni kusuri o nomimashita.
(Is the visitor still here?)
(That person actually took medicine.)
b. Mada wakarimasen.
● teinei ni – carefully
(I don’t know yet.)
a. Teinei ni hakonde kudasai.
● sugu – soon
(Please carry it carefully.)
a. Sugu shite kudasai.
b. Teinei ni tsutsunde kudasai.
(Please do it soon.)
(Please wrap it carefull.)
b. Sugu kaerimasu.
● tashika ni – certainly
(I’ll return home soon.)
a. Tashika ni o-taku e ukagaimasu.
● taitei – generally
(I will certainly visit you tomorrow.)
a. Taitei watashi wa hayaku nemasu.
b. Tashika ni shimasu.
(I generally go to bed early.)
(I will certainly do it.)
b. Kono hen wa taitei shizuka desu.
● shizuka ni – quietly
(This place is generally peaceful.)
a. Minasan wa shizuka ni
● itsumo – always
kyookai e hairimashita.
(Everybody entered the church quietly.)
a. Sono kissaten wa itsumo konde imasu.
(That coffee shop is always crowded.)
b. Doozo, shizuka ni yonde kudasai.
(Please read quietly.)
b. Kono tokei wa itsumo ate imasu.
(This watch always gives exact time.)
● kari ni – temporarily
● moo – already
a. Kari ni hoteru ni sunde imasu.
(I live at the hotel temporarily.)
a. Moo jikan desu.
(It’s already time.)
b. Kono denwa o kari ni tsukatte kudasai.
(Please use this telephone temporarily.)
b. Moo osoi desu ne?
(It’s already late, isn’t it?)
● no aida ni – during
● mata or moo ichido – again
a. Rusu no aida ni dare ka
kimashita ka? (Did anybody
a. Moo ichido itte kudasai.
come during my absence?)
(Say it again, please.)
b. Yasumi no aida ni nani o shimashita ka?
b. Dewa, mata ashita.
(Well, see you again tomorrow.) (What did you do during vacation?)

c. Doozo, mata irasshai. ● hijoo ni – unusually, very

(Please come again.)
a. Kono kompyuuta no nedan wa hijoo ni
d. Mata kimasu. takai desu.
(I come again.) (The price of this computer is
unusually high.)
Adverbs with the preposition ni; this is
equivalent to “ly” in English, like actually, b. Sono uchi wa hijoo ni yasuku
fortunately, etc. uremasita. (That house was cold
at an unusually low price.)
● jissai ni – actually
 Examples:
● metta ni – seldom (negative)
1. “Sino ka ba? Ano ang
a. Kare wa mettani eiga o mimasen.
pangalan mo?” (Filipino,
(He seldom sees a movie.)
familiar)
b. Watashi wa mettani soko ni ikimasen.
2. “Sino po sila? Ano po ang pangalan nila? “
(I seldom go there.)
(Filipino, formal)
● tama ni – seldom (affirmative)
The most common way of expressing
politeness is by using prefixes o or go and
a. Watashi wa tama ni koko ni kimasu.
the suffixes san or sama to the noun, and
(I seldom come here.)
also by using certain words in place of
b. Kanojo wa tama ni eiga o mimasu. those used in ordinary speech.
(She seldom sees a movie.)
Familiar Formal
Adjectives have adverbial functions and they Speech Speech
are used to modify verbs. A word is formed by
changing the final i of i-adjectives into ku and the free time hima o-hima
final na of na-adjectives into ni. person hito kata
who dare donate
a. Watashi wa maiasa hayaku okimasu. yes ee hai
(I wake up early every morning.) be, exist imasu irasshaimasu
all, everybody minna minas an
how doo ikaga
b. Anata wa kirei ni kakimasu.
family kazok go-kazoku
(You write beautifully.)
relatives u go-shinri
visitor shinri okyakusama
The most commonly used adverbs are the kyaku okusan /
following: wife
kanai okusama
go-kyoodai
totemo – very awfully zehi – by all means brothers, sisters
kyoodai o-kuni
juubon – enough tabun – perhaps country
kuni
tarimasen – not enough hitori de – alone moto
– formerly kitto – surely One’s Own Someone’s
choodo – exactly tagai ni – mutually Family Family
tootoo – at last, finally isshoni – together hontoo ni grandfather sofu ojiisan
– indeed tsune ni – always grandmother sobo obaasan
father chichi otoosan
DRILL: mother haha okaasan
uncle oji ojisan
Read each adjective aloud and state the aunt oba ibasan
adverbial form. son musuko musukosan
daughter musume musumesan
hayai kirei seikaku elder brother ani onnisan
osoi shizuka joozu elder sister ane oneesan
takai heta teinei younger brother otooto otootosan
younger sister imooto imootosan
Family Terms nephew oi oigosan
niece mei meigosan
Spoken Japanese contains two levels: ordinary cousin itoko itokosan
or familiar speech and formal or polite speech. husband shuujin go-shuujin
wife kanai okusan /
Familiar speech is used in ordinary conversation
okusama
among persons of the same age group and among
friends and family members. Formal speech is used
–bamme is the suffix used to show the
when talking to superiors or persons whom we
sequence or position of a thing or a person
respect. This is also observed by Filipinos.
in a series. –ban is the suffix for the
numerical sequence.
 DRILL:
ichibamme – the first ichiban – no. 1
Practice the following
nibamme – the second niban – no. 2
conversations: A: Otoosan wa ikaga
sanbamme – the third sanban – no. 3
desu ka?
yonbamme – the fourth yonban – no.4 (How is your father?)
gobamme – the fifth goban – no. 5 B: Okagesama de, chichi wa joobu desu.
(My father is well, thank you.)
ichiban ue – the eldest
ichiban shita – the youngest A: Ojoosan wa kekkon shite imasu ka?
ichibamme no ani – my eldest brother (Is your daughter
nibamme no ane – my second oldest married?) B: Mada desu.
sister (Not yet.)
yonbamme no otooto – my fourth younger
brother
A: Okaasan wa o-ikutsu desu ka?
gobamme no imooto – my fifth younger sister
(How old is your mother?)
B: Haha wa choodo rokujuu sai desu.
tonari and tsugi are expressions which mean (My mother is exactly 60 years old.)
“next”, but tonari is used to mean the next
adjoining thing or person while tsugi means next in A: Kekkon shite imasu ka?
a sequence or order. (Are you
married?) B: Iie,
Examples: dokushin desu.
a. Kare wa watashi no tonari ni tatte imasu. (No, I’m single.)
(He is standing next to me.)

b. Ano hito wa watashi no tonari ni sunde

imasu.
(He lives next door.)

c. Tonari no hey ni dare ga imasu ka?

(Who is in the next room?)

d. Tsugi no kyoodai wa ane desu.

(Next [in the family] is an elder sister.)

e. Tsugino hi wa yasumi desu.

(Next day is a holiday.)

dai is a prefix which means “order”. It

precedes the Chinese cardinal numbers.

dai – ichi – bamme the first dai –

ni – bamme the second
dai – san – bamme the third

The particle no is used between the ordinal

number and the following noun.

Examples:

a. Dai-san-bamme no isu wa chiisai desu.

(The third chair is small.)

b. Dai-ni-bamme no musuko wa Tokyo ni

imasu.
(My second son is in Tokyo.)

c. Dai-ichi-bamme no ani wa sensei desu.

(My eldest brother is a teacher.)