4/7/2022

NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM PRESENTED BY DEEPAK GADRE

APRIL, 2022

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an

indoor space by natural means.

It works by removing heat at high level and, of equal importance, supplying and
effectively distributing sufficient quantities of fresh air at low level.

It is a traditional way to provide comfortable conditions in buildings to reduce

excessive temperatures.

It generally costs less to build, operate and maintain, than a powered ventilation
system.

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• Stack Effect or buoyancy driven ventilation:

 Air carries away heat from the process, which results in
increase of air temperature & a corresponding reduction in
density.
 If a opening, which is the constriction in the inlet-exhaust
THE 2 system, is located at the highest point of the roof, a plenum of
air with a positive pressure is built up below the constriction,
PRINCIPLES and an assured exhaust through this opening is obtained.

OF Temperature Density

NATURAL
[°C] [kg/m3]
-10 1.341
-5 1.316

VENTILATION
0 1.292
5 1.268
10 1.246
15 1.225
20 1.204
25 1.184
30 1.164
40 1.127
50 1.093
60 1.06

• Wind Effect or aspiration driven ventilation:

 Wind flowing over the building creates pressure differentials
which can be put to use to create air movement through the
building.
 Both stack & wind effects are present but standard design
ignores Wind Effect so as to design for the worst condition
which is “still wind”.
THE 2  This effect is particularly marked in

PRINCIPLES
Low buildings
Buildings with low heat loads
Buildings with small exhaust ventilators –

OF “drawing on a relatively infinite pool of air”

NATURAL
VENTILATION

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COMBINED EFFECT OF STACK

& WIND DRIVEN VENTILATION

• Normally, both are present most of the time. Stack effect is predictable
and can be established whereas wind is not.
• The combined effect is not a numerical addition, but has a complex
relationship with each other.
• Consider a steady state condition, with no wind and only the stack effect
providing the motive force.
• A gust of wind in any direction will cause an aspirating effect on the
roof mounted exhaust vents, and a differential pressure on the sides,
+ve on windward and –ve on leeward.
• The effect of this wind is to cause an increase in exhaust through roof
vents as well as through the leeward side walls (windows etc) &
Increase inlet through the windward side sides. These momentary
increase in extract breaks the internal stack and reducing its effect.
• Rebuilding the stack takes time. In general, maximum increase in
capacity due to combined effect of wind and stack is 18% more than
the predictable effect due to stack.

FACTORS
AFFECTING
VENTILATION
SYSTEM DESIGN

• Heat gain from

process and through
the building envelope.
• Building geometry
• Clear inlets available

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HEAT GAIN
THROUGH
BUILDING
ENVELOPE

The color of the roof has a

huge impact on the heat gain
from the envelope.
Being in the tropics, wall
loads are small in
comparison with roof load.

• All work done is released in building as heat.

• Only convected heat can be dissipated by ventilation. Radiated heat
needs other solutions like radiant barriers etc.
• A 10 kw motor with 95% operating at full load releases 10/.95 = 10.53
kw to be handled by building ventilation.
HEAT GAIN FROM • Heat balance of each of the machinery should be determined.
PROCESS

CORRECT ESTIMATION OF
PROCESS LOAD IS THE KEY
TO SUCCESSFUL DESIGN

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EXAMPLE OF
ALUMINIUM DIE
CASTING.

MELTING SECTION

EXAMPLE OF
ALUMINIUM DIE
CASTING.

PRESSURE DIE CASTING

SECTION

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NEUTRAL PLANE CONCEPT

• The stack effect depends on the temperature difference
between the external ambient and the internal
temperature at the exhaust point.
• For a building with 10m stack height & assuming the typical
stack factor of 1OC / m. rise i.e. 10OC temp difference, the
stack pressure will be ≈ 4Pa above ambient pressure. This
pressure will vary along the height of the building.
• As a logical consequence, there will be a neutral plane,
which is the level at which the internal and external
pressure are equal.

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The incremental benefit

tapers off and Ai / Ae = 1.50
NEUTRAL PLANE is the optimum.

CONCEPT
• Above the neutral plane the internal
air pressure will be positive, and so air
will tend to exhaust to the outside.
• Below the neutral plane, the internal
air pressure will be negative and air will
tend to be drawn into the building.
• This requires careful system design to
ensure that the neutral plane is above
the working zone so that fresh air enters
the spaces that need to be ventilated.

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EFFECT OF AREA RATIOS ON

VENTILATOR CAPACITY

• Gravity / Natural Ventilation works best when:

 The inlet area ≥ exhaust area.
 Resulting in a constriction at the exhaust.
 This leads to a positive pressure inside the building assuring
exhaust.
• There will be many situations where combined systems work best with
mechanical / cooled inlet combined with a natural exhaust. Can beat
the heat and dust with this combination.

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IN SIMPLE
TERMS: EXAMPLE
OF A BATHTUB

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IN SIMPLE
TERMS: EXAMPLE
OF A BATHTUB

If we now flip the

“bathtub”, it is just
how the gravity
ventilation works!

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• Most importantly, STACK VENTILATION is a “CONSTANT MASS”

STACK device & can’t be designed for a minimum air quantity.
VENTILATION IS A • It is linked to the heat load actually present.
CONSTANT MASS • If the designed heat load does not actually exist, the whole
SYSTEM system will stabilize at a lower temperature, leading to a lower
pressure buildup at the exhaust, which in turn results in a lower
exhaust velocity but at a higher air density.
• If the heat load is more than designed, the system will stabilize
THE TOTAL MASS at a higher temperature, leading to a increased pressure
OF AIR BEING buildup at the exhaust, which in turn results in a higher exhaust
HANDLED velocity but at a lower air density.
REMAINS THE • Guaranteed air change rate is not possible.
SAME IN ALL • Guaranteed temperature profile in the building is possible.
CASES

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TYPICAL EXHAUST VENTS – ROOF MONITORS

Typical monitor roofs with side facing openings.

Susceptible to backdraft due to external wind

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TYPICAL EXHAUST VENTS - PROTECTED MONITORS

Improved monitor design with wind protection side cladding. Designed for structural consideration.
Very rarely correctly proportioned to achieve a Venturi effect for efficient exhaust.
Extensively used in Indian Steel plants.

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TYPICAL EXHAUST VENTS – GRAVITY VENTILATORS

Gravity / Natural ventilators along the ridge are essentially protected monitors but with a streamlined
profile to reduce losses through the ventilator.

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TYPICAL EXHAUST VENTS

– CROSS SECTION OF
RIDGE TYPE GRAVITY
VENTILATOR

• FIXED PROPORTIONS
TO ACHIEVE
STREAMLINED SHAPE
WITH WATER
TIGHTNESS
• HEIGHT = T x 1.67
• WIDTH = T X 2.40

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RIDGE-TYPE GRAVITY VENTILATOR DRAWBACKS

• With its fixed proportions, the Ridge-type gravity ventilator has a huge
drawback of becoming unwieldy as the throat increases.
• Many industries have huge process heat release – Glass, Aluminium
Smelters, Steel Industry etc.
• Throats of ≥ 3m are common. The overall size of 5.0m height & 7m width
impose large point loads at the mounting points on the roof structure,
especially when designing for wind speeds of 50 m/sec (survival as per
codes)

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DEVELOPMENT OF
THE LOW PROFILE
VENTILATOR
• By splitting the throat
width into narrow strips,
the overall height can be
reduced.
• A 250mm wide throat
width will require a height
of only 915 mm and the
overall width will remain
2.40 times but spread over
the roof.

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THE LOW PROFILE VENTILATOR

• It is a system of roof louvres
placed in a double layer,
which provides complete
weather protection, with a
minimum of pressure drop.
• With a 3m throat width, it
replaces 3 roof sheets. Can
be made in any length.
• Can be mounted on upstand
along the ridge also.

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THE LOW PROFILE VENTILATOR CROSS SECTIONS

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STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
• The LOW PROFILE GRAVITY VENTILATOR is designed to be self-
supporting over its dimensions, requiring no additional structural
framing & resulting in a fully integral design.
• Designed for wind velocity of 50 m/sec (180 km/Hr.), which translates
to a pressure of 2.039 kN/m2.
• Main mounting is on roof purlins or at 1500 mm c/c on runners, if
mounted along the ridge. Maximum support reactions are:
Uplift: 1.56 kN
Downforce: 1.20 kN
Horizontal Thrust: 1.10 kN

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THE LOW PROFILE VENTILATOR – CLOSE UP VIEWS

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INLETS – CLEAR OPENINGS, WINDOWS, LOUVRES

• As emphasized earlier, inlets area need to be ≥ exhaust area, to have control on
the location of the neutral plane.
• Note that the smaller opening will determine the air flow through the building.
• Exhausts are easy to provide since we have the whole roof available.
• There are a many factors affecting inlets:
 Availability of space at the height required
 Architectural considerations
 Internal / external blockages due to cabins / segregated areas / Lean-to sheds
 Internal process related obstructions like large height machinery
• Getting inlet air to all areas of the plant is most challenging to achieve.

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INLETS – CLEAR OPENINGS & CASEMENT

WINDOWS
• Clear opening:
• It is a clear opening from a Cill near
FFL and vertical cladding.
• A continuous clear opening along the
length has a Cv = 0.85
• Casement windows:
• In aluminum or steel. Theoretically
have a full clear opening, but the
angle of panes, when open, can
deflect wind away or direct it
inwards. Actual Cv = 0.4 to 0.6

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INLETS – FIXED LOUVRE

• Z Louvre: • Performance louvre:

• Has minimal rain protection and Cv = 0.25 • Proprietary tested to AMCA standards – drainable blade,
tangential separation etc. Cv = .24 TO .40

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VENTILATION DESIGN STRATEGY

There are a number of solutions:
• Full Natural Ventilation – Fresh Air Based
 Natural Inlet & Natural Exhaust
• Mechanical Ventilation – Fresh Air Based
 Mechanical Inlet & Mechanical Exhaust (fresh / cooled)
• Mixed Mode – Fresh Air Based
 Normally Mechanical Inlet & Natural Exhaust
• Comfort Cooling
 Evaporative cooling of inlet air to provide comfort
 Normally less control than Air Conditioning
 Natural OR Mechanical Exhaust
• Air Conditioning or Heating

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STRONG CASE FOR MIXED MODE –

MECHANICAL INLET AND NATURAL EXHAUST
• Natural ventilation does not cool air – since the medium of cooling is ambient air, indoor
temperature cannot be lower than the ambient. Target is normally +2OC in the working zone.
• Large parts of India have ambient Dry Bulb temperature of ≥ 38OC & the Hot dusty plains of
India are legendary!
• An Adiabatic cooled and filtered air reduces workplace temperatures and introduces much
needed humidity.
• Combined with a natural exhaust from the roof level it is a winning combination with the
system working on
 Summer: Filtered & Cooled inlet + Natural Exhaust
 Monsoon & shoulder seasons: Filtered fresh air inlet + Natural Exhaust
 Winter: Natural or Filtered Fresh air inlet + Natural exhaust
• In all cases air quantity can be controlled for desired workplace conditions.

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MIXED MODE – FEW REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS

• TECUMSEH INDIA LTD • SMS INDIA LTD
• NEW HOLLAND TRACTORS
• GODREJ LTD • SWARAJ TRACTORS LIMITED • CLASS INDIA LTD
• CONTROL & SWITCHGEAR LTD • SONA STEERING LTD • SUNBEAM AUTO LTD
• LUMAX INDUSTRIES LTD • SONA SOMIC LTD • GRAZIANO TRASMISSIONINI
• MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD • SONA OKEGAWA LTD INDIA LTD
• RALSON INDIA LTD • MUNJAL AUTO COMPONENTS • RICO AUTO LTD
LTD
• JK TYRES LTD • SUZUKI ALUMINUM PLANT
• ASAHI GLASS LTD
• BIRLA TYRES LTD • And many more
• MAHAVIR SPINNING MILLS LTD
• PPAP AUTOMOTIVE LTD
• MINDA INDUSTRIES LTD
• UFI FILTERS LTD • SHIVAM AUTOTECH LTD

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NATURAL VENTILATION –
FEW REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS
• AMS LTD • CUMMINS LTD
• FORCE MOTORS LTD
• ALPHA FOAM • FINOLEX PIPES
• BELL CERAMICS
• TVS MOTORS • H & R JOHNSON LTD
• BHARAT FORGE
• SUNDARAM CLAYTON • GODREJ SOAPS
• HINDUSTAN ZINC
• WABCO • LLOYD STEEL
• HINDUATAN COPPER
• KSPG • SIPTA COATED STEEL
• TATA TIMKEN
• JAYAHIND INDUSTRIES • NATIONAL STEEL
• TATA MOTORS
• JAYAHIND MONTUPET LTD. • HI IMAGE
• TATA ADVANCED MATERIAL
• CICON ENGINEERS • FLOAT GLASS INDIA
• CASTROL INDIA
• FAB INDUSTRIES • PILKINGTON GLASS FIBRE
• COMINCO BINANI ZINC

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INTERNAL VIEWS OF LOW PROFILE VENTILATORS

LARGE DISTRIBUTED OPENINGS EXHAUSTING STALE AIR

AND BRINGING IN DIFFUSED LIGHT

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• CAN BE INSTALLED IN
MANY CONFIGURATIONS
• ALONG RIDGE (RIGHT)
• DOWN THE SLOPE (TOP
RIGHT)
• ON ANY ROOF MATERIAL
(METAL STANDING SEAM /
STANDARD ROOF – RIGHT
& TOP RIGHT)
• CEMENT SHEET (TOP
LEFT)

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KSPG SUPA PHOTOS

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TVS MOTORS, MYSORE

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SUNDARAM CLAYTON LTD, CHENNAI

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CICON PVT LTD, BANGALORE

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THANK YOU

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