22islamic Science Hadeeth Terminology

Islamic Science Series
Terminology of Hadith
And
Methodology of Muhadetheen

Dr. Tariq Abdelhaleem

Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith

1
ISBN:

Copy right: Dar Al-Arqam Publication, Haleem Enterprises Inc.
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Published By: Haleem Enterprises Inc. (Dar Alarqam
Publications)


2

Dar Al-Arqam Publications
Toronto. Canada
May 05. 2010

3

Terminlogy of Hadith
And Methodologyof Muhadetheen

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents................................................................................................ 4
Section One .......................................................................................................... 9
Terminology of Hadith....................................................................................... 9
Books in Hadith.............................................................................................14
First Type .................................................................................................14
2nd Type...................................................................................................15
3rd Type ..................................................................................................15
4th Type...................................................................................................16
5th Type...................................................................................................16
6th Type...................................................................................................16
7th Type...................................................................................................16
8th Type: Parts oI Hadith ---=' = ....................................................16
9th Type: ..................................................................................................16
10th Type: Weaknesses Books.'' .......................................................17
Accepted Hadith............................................................................................18
Al-Sahih --=-'........................................................................................18
Sahih (on its own) --' --=-' ............................................................18
Sahih Li-Gairihi (Ior others --' ).....................................................19
Al-Hasan .-=' ........................................................................................20
Al-Hasan Li-thatehi (on its own --' ):.............................................20
Hasan Li-Ghairihi (Ior other --' ) ..................................................21
MukhtaliI Al-Hadith ---=' -'-=- ...........................................................21
Abrogated Hadith: ---' ---=' .............................................................22
Al-Mutawater ---'................................................................................23
Al-Aahad (Single) '=`..........................................................................23
The Famous+--' (Al-Mashour) :...................................................24
Al-Aziz -' .....................................................................................24
Al-Ghareeb (Strange) --': .............................................................25
Reiected Hadith.............................................................................................26
First: Reiected Because oI Drop (missing Link) in Isnad.....................26
Obvios Drop .......................................................................................26
Al-Muaalaq --- (hanged): Where: ............................26
Al-Mursal J~:-- (hurried): ............................................27
Al-Mudel J~-- (Perplexed) ..........................................29
Al-Munqati =---' (broken): ............................................30
Hidden Drop .......................................................................................31
Al-Mudales c---- (concealed): ......................................31
Tadlees in Isnad..........................................................31
Tadlees Al-Taswiya....................................................32
Tadlees in the Skaiks .................................................33
Reasons for Tadlees: ........................................................33

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Reasons for Tadlees Al-Isnad: ........................................34
Ruling on the Hadith the Mudalles. ...............................34
How we recognize the Tadlees: .......................................34
The Hidden Mursal -=' .--':........................................................34
Second: Rejected Because of Defect of a reporter:...............................35
Reasons oI deIection oI reporters. and type oI related Hadith: .......35
Defect of Trust ..................................................................35
Defect in precession..........................................................36
Fabricated Hadith --' : ..............................................................36
How to know about fabrication: .....................................37
Why fabricating Hadith? .................................................37
Ignored Hadith --' (Matrouk):.....................................................38
Reasons why a reporter might be accused of being
a liar: ............................................................................38
Denounced Hadith (Munkar) --' ...................................................39
The Recognized -' (Al-MarouI)...............................................40
The Muallal Hadith .'-' : ..............................................................41
Other DeIinitions oI deIects (Illal):...................................................41
Signs that indicate the deIection oI Hadith: .....................................41
What Illal apply to?............................................................................42
Contradicting the Trustworthy '-`' -''=- : ......................................43
Al-Mudrai --' Interpolated:......................................................44
Mudraj Al-Isnad: where the Isnad is changed so that it
seems to be for another Matn. .........................................44
b.Mudraj Al-Matn: ...........................................................44
Why Using the Idraj:........................................................45
How do we know Idraj: ....................................................45
Al-Maqloub '--' the Reversed: ..................................................46
Maqlub Al-Isnad: such as reversing a name oI a reporter.
Examples: ...........................................................................46
Maqlub Al-Matn: has also two ways to happen: ............46
Why reporters do Iqlab?...................................................47
Al-Mazeed the Appended ---':.....................................................47
Conditions of rejecting the addition: ..............................48
Some scholars made Reservations:.................................48
Al-Mudhtarib (Shaky) =--': ......................................................49
a. Mudhtarib Al-Isnad (shaky in Isnad): .......................49
b. Mudhtarib Al-Matn (shaky in Matn): ........................49
Al-MusahaI - =--' (change in letters): ...........................................50
where does Tasheef happens:..........................................50
How Tasheef happens:.....................................................50
Whether change is in meaning or wording: ..................50
The Irrigular (Shath) '-' and the Preserved (MahIouz) -=-'...51
Irregularity in Isnad --~- - -~- :................................51
Irregularity in Matn .--' --': ..................................52

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Third: The type that is common between Rejected and Accepted ........55
Criteria of accepted reporter (Jarh & Tadeel Science) =' '=
.---' ......................................................................................................59
Conditions oI Accepted Reporter:.....................................................59
How to prove Trustworthiness? ........................................................59
Levels oI Tadeel: there are many way s oI reporting Tadeel such as:
.............................................................................................................60
Levels oI Jarh: ....................................................................................61
How to carry Hadith (Tahamul):.......................................................62
Section Two........................................................................................................64
Methodology of Muhadeseen ---=-- '--..................................................64
Introduction: EIIorts oI Hadith Scholars to Critisize Hadith: ....................67
Ch 1:Early Signs of the Science of Classification and Criticism of
Hadith. ......................................................................................................67
Ch 2: Establishing the Science ...............................................................68
Ch 3: Developing of the Science.............................................................68
Schedule of Layers of Men (Tabakat Al-Rijal) ......................................70
Ch 4: Writing (Tadween) of the Science ................................................71
Ch. 5: Study of the Raawi (Reporter) & the Reported Material........73
Study of the Reporter .........................................................................73
Study of the Reported Material .........................................................74
Scholars paid attention to Sanad Iirst................................................74
Examining the Text (Matn) of Hadith:..............................................74
Ch 6: Fundamental Principles of the Art of Hadith Critique...............75
Ch 7: The effect of this Science on preservation of Sunnah..................76
Part One: ........................................................................................................78
Section One: .............................................................................................78
Ch 1: The meaning of Adalah Trustworthiness in the Hadith
Terminology........................................................................................78
Ch 2: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Trustworthiness of
Reporters ? .........................................................................................80
Ch 3: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being Trustworthy
Adl...................................................................................................81
Section Two..............................................................................................85
Ch 1: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Precession of Reporters ? 85
Ch 2: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being Precise
Dhabit.............................................................................................86
Part Two.........................................................................................................89
Section Three ...........................................................................................89
Judging Hadith as Fabricated (Mawdu} without examining the
Isnad: ..................................................................................................89
Some signs of Fabrication:................................................................90
Part Three.......................................................................................................92
Section 1...................................................................................................92
Istishraq & Mustashrequn .-----' ---`:.............................92

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The most famous, and most dangerous, Mustashreqeen .................95
Istishraq Methodology in Refuting the Authenticity of Hadith .......98
Section Two..............................................................................................99
False Claims of those who refuted Sunnah
18
.................................100
The Middle East: ............................................................100
The Indian Peninsula.....................................................101
Appendix A......................................................................................................111

8
Introduction

The material oI this book is mean to be a stucy course Ior the
American Open University. It was put together with the aid oI
the curriculum books in the two subiects oI Mustalah oI hadith
and methodology oI Muhadetheen. In that. I am indebted to Dr
Mohamed Luqman Al-salaIi. and Dr Mahmoud Altahhan.

The subiect is extremely important to students oI Ilm ( `=
''). as the Hadith oI the Prophet is the second source oI
Islamic Shriat. It explanes. speciIies. clariIies Quran. It is
paramount Ior students oI shariat to be Iamiliar with the
science oI Mustalah and the methodology which
Muhadetheen used to establish such great science. which
is unique to the Isamic science.

May Allah swt accept this work as sincere and correct.

Dr Tariq Abdelhaleem
Ramadan 1
st
. 1424
October 15
th
. 2004

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Section One

Terminology of Hadith

- ~--=- *-=~


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Introduction:

1. History oI the Science oI Hadith (see Methodology P2)
2. Famous Books oI this science
3. Basic Terminology

Part One: Hadith (Khabar)

Chapter One:
A. Consecutive (Mutawater)
B. Single (Aahad):
1. Famous (Mashhur )
2. Precious (Aziz)
3. Strange (Gharib)

Chapter Two:
A. Accepted Hadith or Khabar:
1. Correct (Sahih) on its own.
2. Good. Nice. Hasan (on its
own)
3. Correct (Sahih) Ior other
considerations
4. Hasan Ior other
considerations
5. Single Hadith. which is
accompanied by
circumstantial
correctiveness evidences.
B. Accepted Hadith (Khabar) that is.
or is not to be used:
1. Muhkam & MukhtaliI
Hadith
2. Nasikhg & Mansoukh
Hadith.

Chapter Three: Reiected Hadith (Khabar)


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Daif Hadith ~-~-:
Rejected Hadith for missing link in
Isnad:
Obvious Drop in Isnad:
1. Muallaq (hanging)
2. Mursal (hurried)
3. Mudel (perplexing)
4. Munqati (broken)
Hiddin Drop in Isnad
5. Mudallas (concealed)
6. Hidden Mursal
7. Muanan & Muann (An on
the authority oI & that he
said) is this considered
Mutasel linked or Munqati
broken?

Rejected Hadith for a defect in the
narrator:
1. Maudu (Iabricated).
2. Matrouk (leIt)
3. Munkar (denounced)
4. MarouI (known)
5. Mulul (deIective)
6. ConIlecting with trustworthy
narrators
7. Mudrai (interpolated)
8. Maqlub (reversed)
9. Mudtarib (shaky)
10. MusahaI (with reversed
letters in a word)
11. Shath (irregular)
12. Ignorance oI the narrator
13. Hadith oI the innovator
(Mubtadih)

Chapter Four: Hadith common between Acceptance
& Reiection
a. In relation to the Narrator


12
1. Hadith Qudsi
2. MarIu (Elevated)
3. MauquI (stopped)
4. Maqtu (broken)
b. Other types oI Hadith which can
either be accepted or reiected:
1. Musnad (supported)
2. Muttasel (continued)
3. Appendences oI
trustworthy narrators
4. Consideration. Iollow up.
witness

Part Two: Attributes oI whose Hadith should be accepted. and
Jarh & Tadeel subiect:
Chapter One: The Narrator and conditions oI his
acceptance
Chapter Two: Books oI Jarh & Tadeel (also known as
the study oI reporters oI Hadith).
Chapter Three: Levels oI Jarh & Tadeel

Part Three: Riwaya (Telling Hadith) and its Fundamentals and
ways oI delivering.
Chapter One: Telling Hadith and ways to
precision and learning it.
Chapter Two: ways oI convaying Riwaya
(Tahamul) and terms oI delivery

Chapter Three: Writing Hadith and degree oI
accuracy

Chapter Four: Attributes oI Telling Hadith
(Riwaya)


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Part Four: Isnad and its subjects

Chapter One: Fine matters oI Isnad
1. High and Low Isnad
2. Musalsal (Linked)
3. Riwaya oI the old on the authority
oI the young.
4. Riwaya oI Fathers on the authority
oI the sons
5. Riwaya oI the sons on the
authority oI the Iathers.
6. Riwaya oI the competent (similar)
7. The predecessor and the successor

Chapter Two: IdentiIying Reporters.


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Books in Hadith

1
st
Type: Books indexed on Fiqh chapters:
a. Collections of Correct Hadith *-=~- -'=-
1. Al-Bukhari
2. Muslim

b. Al-Sunnan -~-
The Hadith is indexed on chapters oI Fiqh. and all
the content are oI the (MarIou) :-:-- type (the
chain is continued to the prophet ).
1. Al-Termizi
2. Abi Dawood
3. Al-Newsaie
4. Ibn Maia

c. Books (Musannafat) '--~--
The book contains the sayings oI the companions
and the Iollowers as well as the Hadith. It is
normally indexed on the chapters oI Fiqh
1. Book oI Abi Salama
2. Book oI Abi SuIian
3. Book oI Abdel-Razaq
4. Book oI Baqi Ibn Mukhallad

d. Elaboration Books (Mustadrak) '--~--
The author collects all Hadith that meets the same
criteria which the original book used. although the
original did not mention.
1. Al-Hakim Elaboration (Mustadrak) --~-
-'=-

e. Extracted Books (Mustakhraj) '=:=-~--

The author states the Hadith oI an original book but
uses diIIerent chain oI narration. The new chain

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might meet in one or more shaiks oI the original
chain.
1. Extraction oI Abu Naiem on Bukhari &
Muslim
2. Extraction oI Al-Ismaieli on Bukhari
3. Extraction oI Abi Uwana on Muslim

f. Al-Muwataat !=:--
Hadith is indexed on the chapters oI Fiqh. and contains
all MarIou -'. MawqouI -' stopped and Al-
Maktou chopped =--' Hadith.

a. Muwataa Malik.

2
nd
Type: Books indexed on companions name:
1. Masaaneed: ---'~--
where all Hadith which were narrated by one
Companion is collected together.
1. Musnad Ahmad
2. Musnad Abdullah Ibn Al-Zubair

2. Limbs oI Hadith (Al-AtraaI) :=V
Only part oI the Hadith text is mentioned (iust
to mark it) and then concentrate on the chain oI
narration.

a. TuhIat Al-AshraI Al-Mizie

3rd Type: Alphabetical Books ordered on names oI the
companion or the city oI the Hadith chain (Mouiam):
1. The Big Mouiam Al-Tabarani
2. The Medium Mouiam Al-Tabarani
3. The Small Mouiam Al-Tabarani


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4
th
Type: Books indexed in Alphabetical order according to
the Iirst letter oI each Hadith
The scattered Jewelries (Al-Laali Al-
Manthora) Ibn Haiar

5
th
Type: Collections (Maiamie) --'=--
Indexed on the Fiqh Chapters: Many original books are
put together in one book.
The collection oI the principals (Jamie Al-
Usool) Ibn Al-Atheer.
Indexed on the Iirst letter oI the Hadith
The Big and the small Jamie oI Al-Suyouti

6
th
Type: Appendixes (or Extras) Books (Zawaied)--'
Where the author collects the Hadith which one original book
has added more than other originals;

a. BeneIits oI the chooser; on the extras oI Al-Baihaqi
in Al-Sunnan

7
th
Type: Evaluation Books (Takhreei) =-' --
Where the author takes the Hadith oI an Imam and
states the original book where his Hadith where
mentioned.
1. Evaluation oI the Muhazab oI Al-Shirazi
by Al-Hazmi
8
th
Type: Parts of Hadith ~--=- :=
It is either:
The Hadith that is related to one Companion
Or the Hadith that deals with one subiect such
as liIting hands in prayers (by al-bukhari)

9
th
Type: Program Books (Shaiks books) :-~- ~-

17
These are named programs as they state in such books
the Hadith narrated through one person oI the chain
mostly their shaik.
10
th
Type: Weaknesses Books .''
Where the author collects the Hadith which have some
doubts in its text (Matn) or its chain (sanad)
The weaknesses by Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal.


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Accepted Hadith
Al-Sahih
1
*-=~-

Al-Sahih Hadith is the hadith that is connected by a chain of
reporters
1
to the Prophet through the trustworthy
2
and
precise
3
reporters. without irregularities
4
or weaknesses
5

-- -~ -- =-'~- -- J--- -'+--- _- ---~ J~- '-

1. Chain oI Reporters: are those men who narrated the
Hadith starting with the Compoanion down to the
person who delivered it to the scholar oI Hadith to
document in a book.
2. Trustworthy:
3. Precise:
4. Irregularity -~- means: that the reporter did not
contradict another. more Iamous/precise reporter.
5. Weakness -- means: that there is a hidden reason
that might make it incorrect. This avoids the Iour
types oI Weakness; Al-Mursal (hurried). Al-Mudel
(Pereplexed). Al-Munqati (Broken) and Al-Shath
(Irrigular).
Sahih (on its own) --- *-=~-
Example:
Al-Boukhari said Hadathana (told us) Abdul
Allah Ibn Yousuf (trustworthy precise) said
Malik (The most trustworthy and precise) told
us, An Ibn Shihab Al-Zouhari (the most
trustworthy and precies) An SalimIbn Abdul
_llah (Trustworthy and precise) An his father
(companion): that the Prophet passes by a
man of Al-Ansar that was talking to a brother

1
Al-Tahhan 33. Al-Taqyeed Wal-Iedah 20. Al-Baaeth Al-Hatheeth 32.
Tadreeb Al-Rawi V1 p63

19
of his about shy. the Prophet said: leave
him, as shyness is of Emaan

'- '=-' = '--` " '--= ' --- .- - --= '-`-= .= =''-
.= '+- .- - --= .- ''- ' -- .= - '- -'= - '- - -
-'= - '- - - '- '-=' -'= =- '--` .- .=-
'- : '--` .- '-=' ' = "

The An-Ana --- oI Malik is accepted as all the
reporters beIore him does not known to do Tadlees
(pretension oI hearing).
Sahih Li-Gairihi
2
(for others -:-- )

Where the chain has the six conditions except that one oI the
reporter is only trustworthy. but not up to the level oI being
precise (as Hasan). but was also transmitted through other
Sahih chains. which made this chain correct.

Example:

Al-Termedhi that Mohammed Ibn Amro, An
Abi salama An Abi Hurayra, that (Ann) the
prophet said: If I would not be hard on my
Ummah, I would make the use of the (Suwak)
obligatory.

---' " .= -- - '-`-= .- --=- -= -'- - .= ' - - .= :
'- -'= - '- - - ' : -''- +--` -- '= - `' "

Ibn Al-salah said that Mohammed Ibn Amro Ibn
Alqama ---- is well known in being trustworthy and
Good. but he was not known as precise in keeping the
Hadith (as he hears it). But as the Hadith was reported
through other chains that are all correct. this chain is

2
Tadreeb Al-Rawi v1 p67. Al-tahhan 45

20
liIted to the Sahih level as we know that he was not un-
precise in this report oI the Hadith.
Al-Hasan
3
~=-
Al-Hasan Li-thatehi (on its own --- ):
It has more than one deIinition. however the one that is more
descriptive oI it is Where the chain has the Iive conditions
except that one oI the reporters is only trustworthy. but not up
to the level oI being oI high precision (Ibn Haiar). AL-Khatabi
said it is the Hadith where reporters are known and Iamous.
and its source is known.

Example:
Al-Termedhi: Hadathana Qutayba, Hadathana
Jafar Ibn Suliman Al-Dabie, An Abi Imran Al-
Gawni An Abi Bakr Ibn Abi Mosa Al-Ashari
said: I heard my father (Abu Mosa Al-
Ashari), in the war zone, that he heard the
prophet saying: Doors of Paradise are
under the shadow of swards Al-Termedhi
said: Hasan Gharib.

---' " : -= - .= ---' '--'- .- -= '-`-= --- '-`-=
' -` -- - .- - - .= -=' : -' -=- - --- -- :
'- -'= - '- - - ' : --' `= -=- -=' - "

Hasan as all the men oI the chain are
trustworthy and precise except JaIar Ibn
Suliman Al-Dabie. he was trustworthy but was
not precise. and he has some Shiat inclination.

Gharib as JaIar Ibn Suliman Al-Dabie is the
only one who transmitted it to Al-Termidhi.

3
Tadreeb Al-Rawi v1 p152

21
Hasan Li-Ghairihi
4
(for other -:-- )

Example:
A Hadith that is Daif, but not because of a
reporter is a liar or a crock Al-Termithi, and
said its a Hasan reported through Shouba An
-'= Aasem Ibn Ubaidullah An Abdullah Ibn
Aamer Ibn Rabiea An his father Ann (that) a
woman from Fizara (a tribe) married (a man)
with a dowry of a pear of shoes, so the prophet
said: would you take a pair of shoe for
yourself, she said: yes. So, he allowed it.
---' '-' '- : -+- .- .-=' --= --- .- =- '-` '-- .- --=- '-`
-= .- --=- .- -'= .- - --= --- ' - ---= .- -'= .= -- '-` ''
- - '- .-'- '= -= - -- .- - .= -- .= -- ---
-'=' ' - -'' .-'-- =''- =--- .- . --=- .-= ---= ---' ' =- '
.-- .- : ' ' ==- .-' `--= -'= '=- : .= ---=' .' ---=' --
-'-` -= - -'= --'= .- --- - -- .- .+- - - -=
= --' ---' --= .
Aasem Ibn Ubaidullah is accused oI bad memory. Yahia Ibn
Saed said: His Hadith should not be taken as evidence. but Al-
Termithi made this Hasan as it was reported in other words
through Omar. Abi Hurayra. Aisha and Abi Hadrad and others.
Mukhtalif Al-Hadith ~--=- ~--=-
In Some Riwayah oI hadith. words might seem to have
conIlicting meaning. such as:
1. The adulterous does not commit adultery while he
is a believer (Mumen)
2. Whoever said that there is no God but Allah. he
shall enter paradise.
And:

4
Al-Tahhan 51. see Al-Baith Al-Hatheeth P47 Ior deIinition oI Hassn
according to Al-Termizie.

22
1. There is no Contagiousness --. nor there is
superstition :-= AlBoukhari.Muslim
2. Escape Irom the inIected person like you escape
Irom a lion Al-boukhari
In the above examples. each hadith sahih has a viable meaning
on its own. In the Iirst example; Hadith #1 reIers to an
adulterous sinner not to a KaIir. Ahlul Sunnah believs that sins
are not KuIr. In Hadith #2. The Prophet pbuh reIers to the limit
between Islam and KuIr which is the understanding and
announcing oI the testimony. So. the two hadiths have diIIerent
boundries. In Hadith #1 oI the second set. the prophet pbuh
explains that no event can take place without the permission oI
Allah . contrary to what some people claim that the chain oI
causality is the real vehicle beyond all events. However. as the
chain oI causality does exist and work within and by the Will oI
Allah Muslims should be caucious and take all necessary
procutions to prevent sickness or any other bad incidents. It
simply states that the chain oI causality does not work in
isolation Irom the Will oI Allah .
The most Iamous book written in this subiect is Explanation oI
MukhtaleI Al-Hadith oI Ibn Qutaiba J-'- ~--=- ~--=- -V ----
However. Ibn Khuzaima said: there are no two Hadith Sahih
that have any conflicting meaning. if any one knows such as case.
let him bring it to me and I will explain both in the right way.
5

Abrogated Hadith: :~--- ~--=-
Abrogation oI Hadith means that it was elevated Ior
another Hadith to rule. Scholars know the abrogation by
several methods such as:
Explicit saying of the Prophet : Hadith Buraida --:-
that the Prophet said: I used to Iorbid you Irom visiting
the graves. now you can visit it as it is a reminder oI the
hereaIter "=` -- '+-' ' --' '- .= --+- --
Muslim.

5
Al-Taqyeed Wal-Iedah p285

23
1. Explanation of a Companion: Jaber Ibn Abdellah
said: The latest oI the Prophets instructions was not to
make Wadu Irom whatever was cooked (cured by Iire)
- -- '-- -' - '- -'= - '- - - .- .--` =' '
'-'
In Sunnan books oI AlNesaie. Ibn Maia and Ahmad
--= ='- - -'~--

Reasons of Abrogation: Scholars of Fiqh stated that
Al-Mutawater :-:---
The Mutawater is a Hadith that was reported to us by a
number oI people that is large enough to be sure they
would not agree on lying. in all the levels oI chain. It
can be Mutawater by the text. or Mutawater by the
meaning.
Example:
Mutawater by text: Hadathna Abu Al-waleed
said, Hadathna Shuba An Jamie Ibn Shadad
Ann Aamer Ibn Abdellah Ibn AlZubair An his
father said that The Prophet said Who ever
lies on me will get his chair in hell fire
- - ' .- '= - ---- ' --- '-' .- ----
was narrated by over 70 companions.
Example: Mutawater by meaning: such as the act oI
liIting the hands in prayers. was reported in over 100
Hadith but all not meant to report that speciIic incident.
Consensus is that the Mutawater proves the unshakable
theoretical knowledge oI its subiect.
Al-Aahad (Single) '=7
The Hadith that was not reported by a number oI
people enough to be a Mutawater. Scholrs divide
Hadith Al-Aahad into three categories. Opinions oI

24
Scholars are divided in regards to what it proves.
However. the maiority (Jumhour) oI the scholars said
that it depends on the chain oI the reporters rather than
the number oI them. II the chain is accepted. then the
Hadith is Sahih and it proves unshakable Iact.
The Famous -- :+~ (Al-Mashour) :
Hadith that was reported by over two reporters. not
necessarily in the Iirst layer (companions) is considered
Mashour (Famous).
Example:
Al-Bukhari Hadathna Ismaiel Ibn Abi Uowais
.- - .- .-='-- said Hadathni Malik An
Hisham Ibn Urwa An his father An Abdullah Ibn
Amro Ibn Abi Alaas said I heard the prophet
saying that Allah Does not remove knowledge by
extracting it out of peoples brains but He takes it
away by taking away the scholars until no scholar
is left, then people will take an ignorant for a
scholar/leader, and they ask them (about Deen).
The ignorant gives Fatwa with no real knowledge,
so they go astray and they make the people go
astray too.
'-`-= .- - .- .-='-- -`-= ' =''- .= = .- '- .= -- .= --=
'' .- -= .- - '
--- - - '- -'= - '- -- '' .--- ` - '=-- .- =---
'' .--- .' '-' .--- -=- '-''= -- ' -= '-'' `'+= '- '-'
'- '- '= -- -' '--
However. the Mashhour can be Sahih or DaiI
depending on the reporters.
Al-Aziz :-:-
Hadith that was reported by at least two in each level oI the
chain is considered Aziz.

25
Example:
Al-bukhari An Abi Huraira that the Prophet said:
no one oI you will be a Momen unless he loves me
more than he loves his Iather. his son and every body
else. Two companions. two successors and two
Iollowers reported it.
Al-Ghareeb (Strange) ~-:-:
Hadith that was reported through only one Companion and
one Iollower.
Example:
Hadith narrated in Muslim by Omar Ibn Al-Khatab
Actions only by Intentions, was only reported by
Omar, An Alqama, An Mohamed Ibn Ibrahim Al-
Taimie An Yahia Ibn Said, and from Yahia was
reported by Sufian and Al-Laith Ibn Saad, and its
Sahih.
'-`-= --' .- - --= ---=' '-`-= ' '--- '-`-= ' -=- '--` --- .-
--= ' ---' -- .- --=- -- - .- --'= `-'' ' -- --- -=
'==' .- -= - - ---' '= - - --- ' '- -'= - '- --
'-=` '-- '--''- '-- ' -= --' .- - '- - .' '-- '+---- '
-' =' '- ' -=+ '+=-- -
However. there conditions to accept the Aahad Hadith:
1. the reporters is an adult :--- when he heard it
2. to be a Muslim >~V
3. to be trustworthy --- which means that he does
not commit Maior sins. and also does not Iall into
some minor sis that can make him less than
trustworthy. such as eating in the street while
walking.
4. Precision =-~-: which means the reporter can
convey what he heard exactly as was said.
However. there is another meaning oI Being Ghareeb (strange)
which is when the Hadith has a strange word that is not known

26
to common people such as the Hadith oI the Prophet : the
naighbour deserves his own saqab. the word saqab is
known to the arabs as the adiacent thing. However. great
Imams can only track this science.
Rejected Hadith
First: Rejected Because of Drop (missing Link) in Isnad

Drop in Isnad can be either one of Two Types:

1. Obvious Drop: can be recognized only by those who
possess knowledge in Hadith science. It is four
kinds:

a) Al-Muaalaq (hanged) ---
b) Al-Mursal (sent/hurried) J~:--
c) Al-Mudel (perplexed) J~--
d) Al-Munqati (cut/broken) =----

2. Hidden Drop: can only be known to scholars of
Hadith.

a) Al-Mudales (Concealed) c----
b) Hidden Morsal -=- J~:--
Obvios Drop
Al-Muaalaq --- (hanged): Where:
all Isnad is dropped. as in: The prophet
said.
Only the top oI the Isnad (the companion only
or with the successor) is mentioned and the rest
is dropped. as they say An Omar Ibn Al-
Khatab said that the prophet said:.


27
Example: Al-Bukhary said Abi Mosa Al-Ashari
said that the prophet covered his knees when
Osman entered his room.

' '-= '-`-= =` -'= =' .- '= '-- '-`= '- .= -=- -
-- -=-- - -'= --' -'= - '- '- '- - '- -=' '
.= --- - --- -- .= '-' '-`= ''==

In this Hadith. Al-Bukhary only mentioned the
companion in the Isnad (Abu Mosa Al-Ashari).

In general. the Muaalaq Hadith is reiected. as Isnad is
not complete. But iI the Muaalaq is mentioned in one
oI the two Sahih books oI Bukhary and/or Muslim.
then we have to look at the Isnad. iI the Imam used the
word said. or told or.. the like it is then a strong
word which indicates that he is sure that the companion
heard it Irom the prophet . II he related the Hadith
with a weaker word such as: it was said. or it was
mentioned.. then we deal with the Hadith in the same
manner we deal with any other Muaalaq. as it indicates
that the Imam is not sure oI its correctness.
Al-Mursal J~:-- (hurried):

Where the Isnad is dropped Irom between the Follower
to the Prophet . or. in other words. the Iollower has
sent it or hurried with it to the prophet
Example:

Muslim:Hadathani Mohamed Ibn Rafi,
Hadathana Hujain, hadathana Al-Laith , An
Aqeel, An Ubn Shihab, An Saied Ibn Al-

28
musayeb that the prophet has forbidden
from the Muzabana trading
6

.= --'' '-`-= -`-' .- .-== '-`-= .- --=- -`-= .- .= .--=
-- .= +- '- -'= - '- - - ----' .- --- .= '+-
''=-' ---'
This type oI Hadith is reiected. as the Isnad is not
complete. However. we notice that the drop in Isnad is
very special. as the Iollower reIerrs to the prophet . In
this case. the name oI the dropped companion does not
count. as all oI the companions are equally trustworthy.
Rulings on the Mursal:
1. Ruling oI the maiority oI scholars: weak and
reiected.
2. Ahmad. Abu HaniIa and Malik ruled that it
could be accepted on the condition that it was
sent through a trustworthy successor. The
successor has to meet the Iollowinmg criteria:
a. He has to be an old successor.
b. The person whom he sent Irom is a
trustworthy reporter.
c. Other trustworthy precise scholars
did not contradict him in that
Hadith.
d. It either be reported through
another Mursal way. or agrees with
a Iatwa oI a companion. or Iatwa
oI a Iamous scholars.

6
Muzabana trading is when owner oI a date-palms sells the date early beIore
it shows on the tree and agree with the buyer on a speciIic quanitity. which he
expects that the palm will give. II the palm gives less than the speciIied
quantity. he adds whatever diIIerence. II the palm gives more he takes the
diIIerence

29
Al-Mudel J~-- (Perplexed)

Perplexed is where two or more consecutive
reporters was dropped Irom the Isnad. no
matter where they might be on the chain.

Example:
Mudel & Muaalaq: Malik: I was
informed that the Prophet has left
inherentence for the Grand mother. Al-
Muwata

Example:
Al-Hakem reported that Al-anubi ----
, An Malik, that he was informed
hatAbu Huraiyra said that the prophet
said that the slave has the right to
get food and cloth in good faith, and
not to be asked to do what he can not
carry out.
' -= - - - '- '- - =''- : '- '' -'= - '- - - '
-=- '- ` -'- ` -- -'= '-'' (

This Hadith. with this Isnad is perplexed by
Malik (Malik is the one who hurried to Abi
Huraiyra) as two oI his Isnad where dropped.
Scholars Iound out which two as the same text
was reported through another Isnad. not in the
Muwata oI Malik. that Malik. An Mohamad
Ibn Aglan. An his Iather Aglan. So. Mohamed
and his Iather were the reason why this Isnad is
considered perplexed.

The Perplexed is a reiected Hadith. It is
considered worse than the hurried and the
hanged.


30
We have to notice that the Mudel can be
Mualaq iI the two reporters whom the person
dropped were in the start oI the chain oI the
Isnad oI the Hadith.
Al-Munqati =---' (broken):

The Broken is a Hadith with Isnad that is not
continuous. no matter where the broken link
happens. This type oI Hadith is reiected and
weak.

Considering this deIinition. we notice that the
three previous types oI missing links (Mursal.
Mudel. Muaalaq) are included in it. However.
scholars oI later time (LhalaI) perseived it as
Hadith with a broken link. on the condition that
it is not one oI the three mentioned types.

Example:
Abd Elrazek informed, An Al-Thawri,
An Abi Is-haq, An Zaid Ibn Yathie ---,
An Huzaifa elevated (to the prophet
): if you gave it (Khilafa) to Abi
Bakr, he is then the strong and the
trustworthy.

'-`-= --=' '--'- .- --=- '-` ---' --- .- --=- .- --=- --' - '-`-=
' ' --= '-` .+- .- --=- : `' -`- .- -- .= '=- - .=
' ---= .= : '- -'= - '- - - ' : '---' ) 1 ( .-- - - '-
- '=-- '= '=' ==-

In this Isnad, one reporter was
dropped in the middle between Al-
Thawri and Abi Ishaq, which was
Shurayk. Al-Thawri heard it from
Shorayk and Shorayk heard it from Abi

31
Ishaq, but in the Isnad, it is mentioned
that Al-Thawri, An Abi Ishaq directly.
However, Al-hakem has ruled it as
correct hadith.
Hidden Drop
Al-Mudales c---- (concealed):

The Arabic origin oI the word is Dallasa. which
means concealing the bad quality oI goods when
selling it. It means. in this context. is to cover a bad
quality oI Hadith by either do it to the Isnad or to the
Reporters (shaiks).

Tadlees in Isnad: is that a reporter tells a
Hadith on the authority oI some one which he
actually did not hear that
particular Hadith Irom. although he make it
sound as he heard Irom him. The Tadlees
comes in words like An (that) or
Qaal(he said) not in obvious words like he
inIormed me or he told me.

Example:
Al-Hakim: on the authority of Ali Ibn
Khashram, said Ibn Auyayna told us,
An Al-Zuhari, he then was asked: have
you heard it from Al-Zuhari? He said:
no, not even from the one he heard it
from Al-Zuhari, I was told by
(Hadathani) Abd Elrazak, An
Maamar, An Al-Zuhari. In this
example Ibn Auyayna had performed
the Tadlees by dropping two of the
reporters between him and Al-Zuhari.


32
Tadlees Al-Taswiya: Another type oI Tadlees.
which is called Equality cancellation: is that
a reporter tells a Hadith which he heard Irom
his trustworthy shaik. and his trustworthy shaik
heard it Irom a weak reporter which heard it
Irom a trustworthy. The Mudalees reporter.
then. drops the weak reporter between the two
trustworthy. and make it sound that the two
trustworthy reporters heard Irom each other.
although they have never even met. The Isnad
then is equal and consists oI trustworthy
reporters. They consider this the worst kind oI
Tadlees.
Example:
Ibn Abi Hatem: the Hadith which Ishaq
Ibn Rahawayh An Baqiya (Mudalles),
Hadathani Abu Wahb Al-Asadi, An
Nafie An Ibn Omar Do not contradict
the Islam of a new muslim until you
recognize his opinion Abi hatem said
that this Hadith is reported An Abaid
Ibn Amr (trustworthy) An Ishaq Ibn
Abi Farwa (weak) An Nafie
(successor). Baqiya dropped Ishaq Ibn
Abi Farwa (the weak reporter), and
did not use the real name of Abaid Ibn
Amr (the trustworthy) but only used his
Kunia (nickname) so that when he tells
the Hadith as if Abaid Ibn Amr heard it
from Nafie people would not know that
Ishaq Ibn Abi Farwa is in the Isnad.
Abaid Ibn Amr never met with Nafie.


33
Tadlees in the Skaiks: it means that a reporter
hears a Hadith Irom his shaik but he. Irom one
oI the reasons Ior Tadlees. uses a nickname
(Kunia) to make his shaiks name covered.
Example:
Abi Bakr Ibn Mujahed (one of the most
famous readers of Quran, and has one
of the readings named after him), said
Hadathana Abdullah Ibn Abdellah, he
means Abi Bakr Inb Abi Dawood Al-
Sagestani.

Ruling on Tadlees:
Tadlees Isnad: It is very bad. Shuba said it is
the sibling oI Laying.
Tadlees Taswiya: is is worse than Tadlees in
Isnad.
Tadlees Al-shaiks: it is less harmIul than
Tadslees Al-Taswiya. but it is still bad as it
results in losing a reporter in the Isnad and
makes it diIIicult to Iind him out.
Reasons for Tadlees:
Reasons Ior Tadlees oI the shaiks:

a. The reporter is weak or not trustworthy.
b. The reporter dies late so some other
younger reporter has heard Irom his shaik
as well. ThereIore. he drops this shaik not
to be equalized with those who are
younger.
c. He is younger than the one he reported
Irom.

34
d. The name oI the shaik has repeatedly used
in his Hadith so. he does not want to keep
using the name all the time. and uses the
Kunia some times.
Reasons for Tadlees Al-Isnad:
a. A. b. c oI the above.
b. Make a delusion oI a higher Isnad.
Ruling on the Hadith of Al- Mudalles.

1. Reiect the Hadith.
2. Detail the case:

a. iI the Mudalles said: I heard or
the like. than the Hadith is
accepted.
b. II he said: An or the like. the
Hadith is reiected.
How we recognize the Tadlees:

1. The Mudalles tells about himselI. such as
Abn Auyayna.
2. one oI the Iamous scholars rules on the
person that he is a Mudalles.
The Hidden Mursal -=- J~:--:

Is that a reporter narrates a Hadith on the
authority oI some one which he did not hear
the Hadith Irom. although he actually met him
and narrated other Hadith on his authority.

This makes it very diIIicult to uncover.


35
Example:
Ibn Maja: through Omar Ibn Abdel
Aziz An Uqba Ibn Aamr elevated to
theprophet : Allah SWT guards the
Guards Al-Mizi said that Umar Ibn
Abdel Aziz did not meet Uqba.

How do we recognize Tadlees?
1. Scholars say that the reporter never
met the shaik.
2. He actually tells on himselI that he
did not meet the shaik.
3. The Hadith is reported through
another chain with one more
reporter between the one that is
accused oI Tadlees and his shaik.
But. this might be iust an addition
to the Isnad.

The Hidden Mursal Hadith is considered weak. It might
also be Munqati (broken) iI the person in between is
not identiIied.
Second: Rejected Hadith Because of Defect of a reporter:
Reasons of defection of reporters. and type of related
Hadith:
DeIect oI Trust
DeIect oI Precession

Defect of Trust
a. Lying Fabricated (Maudu)
b. Accused oI lying Ignored leIt
(Matrouk)

36
c. SinIul person Denounced
(Munkar)
d. Innovator (Bidaa) Denounced
(Munkar)
e. Ignorance Denounced
(Munkar)
Defect in precession
a. Grand err. Denounced
(Munkar)
b. Lack oI memorization
Denounced (Munkar)
c. Thoughtlessness Denounced
(Munkar
d. Misapprehension DeIected
(Muallal)
e. ConIlict with
trustworthy.Mudrai
(interpolated)
I. Maqloub (reversed)
g. Mazeed (Appended)
h. Mudhtarib (shaky)
i. MusahhaI (reversed letters)

Fabricated Hadith :~:-- :

Where the reporter lies on the prophet .

Ways oI Iabrication:

To create the Matn and create the appropriate
Isnad.
To use the words oI wisdom. by some wise
people. and create an Isnad Ior it.


37
How to know about fabrication:

a. The Iabricator tells about
himselI. such as Noah Ibn Abi
Maryam. he told on himselI
that he created Hadith in the
beneIit oI each and every Sura
oI the Quran.
b. II he reports on the authority oI
a shaik which died beIore he
was born.
c. II he belongs to a sect that is
known oI lying such as the
shiat. and the Hadith is about
people oI the House oI
prophecy.
d. II the Hadith itselI is very
weak linguistically. or goes
against the obvious senses or
the clear Quranic Aayas.
Why fabricating Hadith?

a. To motivate people to make good deeds.
Maysara Ibn Abd Rabbu - --- - :~-- was
asked: Irom where did you get these Hadith
whoever read this shall be rewarded this
and that.. he said: I Iabricated it to
motivate people.
b. To help spread a sect. especially the
political sects such as the Khawarii and
shiat.

c. To hurt Islam such as Mohamed Ibn saeed
Al-shami. who was killed as a Zindeeq.

38
He reported on the authority oI Humaid.
elevated: I am the last (ring) oI
the prophets there is no prophet
aIter me. except what Allah
wishes. OI course. this last
exception indicates that there
might be a prophet aIter the
prophet .
d. To be accepted by the rulers and governers.
as in the story oI Giath '-- Ibn Ibrahim
and the KhaliIa Al-Mahdi (no race exept oI
arrows. KhuI ~= HaIer :-'= he added or
Wings '-=. as he Iound Al-Mahdi hunting
pegons.
e. To make living. as the story tellers. such as
Abi Saeed Al-Madaini
I. To gain Iame. Such as Ibn Abi Duhia

Ignored Hadith :--- (Matrouk):

II the reporter is accused oI being a liar. his
Hadith is considered Matrouk.
Reasons why a reporter might be accused of
being a liar:

a. iI the Hadith is only reported on his
authority. and it contradicts a well
established general rule in shariat.
b. iI he is known as a liar in his public
liIe. even he was not accused oI being
a liar in Hadith.


39
Example:
Amru Ibn shamr Al-Gafi An Jaber, An
Ali and Ammar said: the prophet
used to make Qunoot in Fajr prayer,
and make Takbeer in the day of Arafat
from the Duha prayer, and contradict
the Asr prayer at the last day of
Mina. Al-Nisaie and Al-darqutni said
that his Hadith is ignored.
Denounced Hadith (Munkar) :----

a. Hadith is considered Munkar (denounced) iI
the reporter is sinIul. Innovator. Ignorant.
Commits grand errors. being thoughtlessness or
commits misapprehension.

b. Another deIinition: is the Hadith where the
reporter is weak and he conIlicts with other
Hadith oI a more trustworthy or acceptable
reporter.
We have to notice. in the second deIinition. the
diIIerence between the Munkar (denounced) and the
Shaz (irregular). Although both oI them represents a
conIlict with a more acceptable reporter. but the
diIIerence is that in the case oI the Munkar. the reporter
is weak. while in the case oI the shaz. the reporter is
also acceptable but not as much as the other reporter.

Example: oI the Iirst deIinition:
Al-Nisaie & Ibn Maia reported through Abi
Zakeer Yahia Ibn Mohamed Ibn Qais An
Hesham Ibn Urwa. An his Iather (Urwa Ibn Al-
zubair) An Aisha. elevated: Eat dates with
Tamr. as Satan gets angry when humans do so
Al-Nesaie said: this is a Munkar Hadith. only

40
reported through Abi Zakeer. and he is a good
person. but he did not get to the level where his
Hadith (only reported through him Fard) is
acceptable.

Example oI the second deIinition:

Ibn Abi Hatem through Habib Ibn Habib Al-
zayat. An Abi Ishaq. An Al-Aizar Ibn Harith.
An Ibn Abbas. An the prophet said:
whoever prayed. gave Zakat. Make Hai. Iasted.
and oIIered welcome to the guest shall enter
paradise. Abu hatem said: it is Munkar as
other trustworthy reporters narrated it as
Mauquf (stopped)
7
on Abi ishaq. and this
text is the recognized
8
chain.

This places the Munkar (denounced) as the third oI the
Reiected Hadith. aIter the Maudu (Fabricated) and the
Matruk (Ignored)
The Recognized :-- (Al-Marouf)

It is the opposite oI the Munkar. which is the Hadith
that was reported by a trustworthy opposing a weak
reporter.

Example: is the same example oI the last Hadith
Munkar. through Ibn Abi hatem. but as MauquI as Ibn
Abi Hatem mentioned above.

7
Mauquf (stopped): is a Hadith that was stopped at the level oI a companion
or group oI companion. without explicitly elevated to the prophet .
8
Recognized: the Iollowing type oI Hadith.


41
The Muallal Hadith J--- :

DeIinition in Mustalah: It is the Hadith that has a
hidden and mysterious deIect (Illah. Plural: Illal).
although it explicitly does not show. and results in
shaking the acceptance oI the Hadith.
Other Definitions of defects (Illal):

DeIect does not have to be hidden. according to some
scholars.

a. It might be a deIect due to the reporter being
liar or Ioolish. to the extent that Al-Termezi
called abrogation an Illa.
b. Illah that does not turn the Hadith to be
reiected. such as Mursal Ior what was elevated
by a trustworthy.

It is a very Iine type oI knowledge as it require an indepth
knowledge oI all deIects oI Hadith. That is why only the
top oI the Hadith scholars were able to detect such deIects
(illal). such as Ahmad. Ibn Al-Madiani. Al-Boukhari. Ibn
Abi Hatem. Al-Nesaie.
Signs that indicate the defection of Hadith:

a. Reported by a single reporter. who is not a
trustworthy;
b. ConIlicts with other trustworthy reporters.

This might lead the scholar to expose a
deIect such as continuity in a stopped
Hadith. or stopped Hadith that was
reported as continuous. or including

42
Hadith in another or other delusions that
might make Hadith un-acceptable.
What Illal apply to?

1. Isnad: where the maiority oI deIects happen.

Example:
Ibn Guraig An Musa Ibn Uqba An Suhail Ibn
Abi Saleh An his Iather An Abi Hurayra
elevated: whoever sit in a group where
nonsense is being committed and said beIore
leaving the gathering: Subhanak. there is no
God but you. I ask you Iorgiveness and repeant
to you. he will be Iorgiven beIore he leaves the
gathering. This Hadith is actually not elevated
to the prophet as Al-Bukhari said: we do not
know oI any incident where Musa heard Irom
Suhail. The correction oI this Hadith is that it
was narrated through Wouhaib Ibn Khalid An
Suhail An Awoun Ibn Abdellah. Irom his own
sayings (Awoun).

We have to note that the Illah in Isnad might not
necessarily make the Matn incorrect.

Example:
Ibn Guraig An Imran Ibn Abi Anas An Malik
Ibn Awuis Ibn Al-Hadthan An Abi Zar said:
the prophet said: Sakat (means zakat) is on
camels. and on cheep and on cows and on
xxxx. This Hadith actually Iouled Al-hakim
and he called it correct according to the criteria
oI Al-Bukhari and Muslim. and Al-Zahabi also
agreed with him!! In Iact. although the Matn is
correct because it was

43
Reported through other correct chains. the Isnad is
deIected as Al-Boukhari said: Ibn Guraig never heard
Irom Imran Ibn Abi Anas.

2. Illah of Matn: it is rare and very sabtle

Example:
Ibn Masoud said: the prophet said:
superstision is Shirk. and every one oI us... but
Allah SWT taking it away through Tawakul.
Al-Boukhari said: The interrupted sentence oI
and every one of us.. without being
completed and what Iollows it is Ibn Masouds.
It was also narrated through other trustworthy
reporters without the addition.
Contradicting the Trustworthy '--- --'=- :

Sometimes. a reporter is criticized because his
contradiction with trustworthy reporters. The
type oI Hadith is named in accordance with the
type oI contradiction:
1. II the contradiction is changing the Isnad or
adding to the Matn. it is called Al-
Mudrai --- Interpolated.
2. II the contradiction is pulling ahead or
pushing back some oI the Matn. it is called
Al-Maqloub :---- reversed.
3. II the contradiction is by adding to the
Matn. it is called Al-Mazeed --:-- the
Appended.
4. II the contradiction is by exchanging a
reporter by another. it is called Al-
Mudtarib :=~-- the shaky.
5. iI the contradiction is changing letters oI a
word it is called Al-MusahhaI ~ =~--
changed letters.

44
Al-Mudraj --- Interpolated:
Mudraj Al-Isnad: where the Isnad is changed
so that it seems to be for another Matn.

Example:
Thabet Ibn Musa intered the class of Shuraik
Ibn Abdellah, while he was
dictating:Hadathana Al-Aamash, An Abi
Sufian, An Jaber said, the prophet said..
then shuraik stooped dictating to allow for the
students to write, then he saw Thabet, with his
face glowing from parying, so he said: whoever
his prayers in the middle of the nigh increased,
his face becomes more beautiful at day time.
Thabet thought that this is the Matn of the
Isnad which he was dictating, and used to
report it An the prophet

b.Mudraj Al-Matn:

where a part oI a text is interpolated in it. either
in the beginning. or the middle or the end.
without distinguishing it Irom the original
Matn.

Example oI the Mudrai at the beginning oI the
Hadith:
The reporter say words of his own, and
then tell the Hadith to substantiate his
words, without distinguishing his
words form the Hadith. Al-khateeb,
through Abi Kutn and Shubaba, An
Shuba An Mohammed Ibn Ziad An Abi

45
Hurayra said: the prophet said: Make
comprehensive Wadu, Woe for the
ankles from hill fire. As Al-Bukhari
mentioned, it is reported through
Adm, An Shuba An Mohammed Ibn
Ziad An Abi Hurayira make
comprehensive Wadu, as Ab Al-Qasim
(the prophet ) said: Woe for the
ankles from hill fire.

Example oI the Mudrai at the middle oI the
Hadith:
Al-Zuhrie An Aisha, that the prophet
used to make Tahanuth means
worshiping in Hera cave. The
explanation means worshiping are
words of Al-Zuharie.

Example oI the Mudrai at the end oI the
Hadith:
Abi Hurayra elevated to the prophet
:
The owned slave has gets two prizes, I
swear on the name of the One whom
my soul is between his hands if it was
not for Jihad and Haj and doing good
for my mother, I would loved to die is a
slave. Of course, the last sentence
starting, with I swear.. are the words of
Abi Hurayra.
Why Using the Idraj:
to explain a rule. to come up with a rule beIore
the reporter completes the Hadith. or to explain
an irregular word in a Hadith.
How do we know Idraj:

46

1. to be reported without the Idrai in another
Hadith.
2. to be told about by authority scholars.
3. telling oI the reporter that he did the Idrai.
4. being impossible to be the words oI the
prophet .

Idrai is Haram to be done. except iI there is a legitimate
reason. such as what Al-Zuharie did.
Al-Maqloub :---- the Reversed:
Maqlub Al-Isnad: such as reversing a name oI
a reporter. Examples:
i. the reporters name is Kaab Ibn
Mura. then it is reported through
Mura Ibn Kaab.
ii. To exchange the name oI a
reporter by another reporter to
make the Hadith has a an exiting
Isnad: Example: what Hammad Al-
Nasibi an An Al-Aamash An Abi
Saleh An Abi Hurayra elevated: II
you Iace the KuIar in the streat. do
not be the ones who starts
greeting. This Hadith is known
through Suhail Ibn Abi Saleh. but
Hamad reversed the name to be
hamad. This is called steeling the
Hadith.

Maqlub Al-Matn: has also two ways to
happen:
Example oI the Iirst way:

47
the reporter changes in the Matn: Abi
Hurayra in Muslim, about the Hadith
of the seven which will be covered by
the shadow of Allah, one of them is the
one who spreads money to the extent
that his right hand does not know what
his left hand gives. The correct Matn is
that his left hand does not know what
his right hand gives.

Example oI the second way:
is to attach an Isnad to a different
Matn to test the scholar, as what
happened with Al-Bukhari in Bagdad,
where the scholars there reversed
hundred Isnad with different Matns. He
corrected all of them without a
mistake.
Why reporters do Iqlab?
a. to make it more exiting to his
Hadith (Haram)
b. To test the scholar (allowed)
c. By mistake (excused).
Al-Mazeed the Appended --:--:

This is to add a reporter in an Isnad that
appears to be continues.

Example:
Ibn Al-Mubarak: said: Hadathana
Sufian An Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed,
Hadathani Basr Ibn Ubaid Allah said:
I heard Aba Idrees said: I heard
Wathela said: I heard Aba Marthad

48
said: I heard the prophet said: do
not sit on graves and do not pray
toward it. In Muslim with Aba Idrees
in the Isnad and without him.

In this Hadith there are two additions. which
were both added by Ibn AlMubarak. as he
deloused: as the Hadith was reported by many
trustworthy reporters through Abn Albubarak
An Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed directly without
SuIian. and sometimes it was reported by
Akbarana at this link (Abn Albubarak An
Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed) and also it was
reported through Basr Ibn Ubaid Allah An
Wathela directly and sometimes with explicit
I heard statement.
Conditions of rejecting the addition:

1. those who added it are less trustworthy
than those who omitted it.
2. a direct statement oI hearing I heard
at the questioned addition.
Some scholars made Reservations:

1. iI the Isnad where the addition is
omitted has the word An. it should then
be a Munqati (broken) Hadith.
2. it is possible that the person who
reported the addition heard it Irom
some one then heard it Irom another
person through the previous person as
well. This is possible unless there is a
prooI oI delusion. rather than double
hearing.

49
Al-Mudhtarib (Shaky) :=~--:

where a Hadith is reported with diIIerent
chains or text while all are oI the same
strength.
a. Mudhtarib Al-Isnad (shaky in Isnad):
Hadith Abi Bakr. that he said: that he said to
the prophet: Oh prophet oI Allah you have
turned gray! The prophet said: My hair turned
gray because oI Hud and its sisters. This
Hadith was also reported in Al-Termizie with
the words: I turned gray by Hud and Al-waqia
and Al-mursalatAl-Termizie said it is good
strange (Hasan Ghareeb). This Hadith was
reported through Abi Ishaq. and was
contradicted in over ten diIIerent ways. Some
reported it as Mursal. some as continues. some
put it in Abu Bakrs Musnad. some oI Saad
Musnad. some oI Aisha.
b. Mudhtarib Al-Matn (shaky in Matn):
Al-Termizie An Shuraik An Abi Hamza An
Al-shabie An Fatima Bint Abi Kais: that the
prophet was asked about Zakat and he
replied: there is right (oI Allah) in money
except Zakat. Abn Maia reported it with the
words: there is no right (oI Allah) in money
except Zakat. It is clear that the two Hadith are
completely opposite. Al-Iraqi said: they are
contradicting beyond any possibility oI
reconciliation.

50
Al-Musahaf ~ =~-- (change in letters):
where change in the letters oI a word due to
hearing or reading oI the reported. It has three
categories:
where does Tasheef happens:

a. in Isnad: Hadith shuba An
Alawam Ibn Muriim Ibn Maien
made tasheeI oI it to Al Awam
IbnMuzahem.
b. In Matn: Hadith oI Zaid Ibn
Thabit: the prophet had Ihtaiara
(stayed locked) in the Masied..
was reported mistakenly by Ibn
Luhaya as the prophet Ihtaiama
(perIormed blood releasing Irom
the head) in the Musied..
How Tasheef happens:

a. by hearing mistake: Hadith who
ever Iasted Ramadan and Iollowed
it by six (Sittan) days oI shawal..
was changed by Abi Bakr Al-sawli
as .. and Iollowed it by some
(Shaian) oI Shawal..)
b. by reading error: Hadith through
Aasim Al-Ahwal was changed by
some as Wasel Al-Ahdab.
Whether change is in meaning or wording:

a. in wording: either in Isnad or
Matn. as all the above axamples.

51
b. In meaning: as Hadith oI Abi Musa
Al-Anzi: he used to say that we
(Anza tribe) are honered as the
prophet had carried out prayer
Iacing our tribal location! He was
reIerring to the Hadith that the
prophet had prayed toward Anza
(Anza in this context is the pieceoI
wood which one stick to the
ground and pray toward it to
prevent people Irom passing in
Iront oI him.
The Irrigular (Shath) '~- and the Preserved
(Mahfouz) :-=--

Irregular is the Hadith where the accepted reporter is
contradicted by some one who more accepted or
trustworthy (notice that this is not the case oI the
Munkar (denounced) as the denounced is when the
weak is contradicted by a trustworthy.

Irregularity in Isnad --~- - -~- :
Example:
Al-Termezie & Al-Nesaie &
Ibn Maja through Ibn Uyiayna
An Amro Ibn Dinar An Ausaja
An Ibn Abbas that a man died
at the time of the prophet
and did not leave any one to
get his heritage but a slave
which he freed. Ibn Guraig
followed Ibn Uyiayna in
reporting it continuous.
Hamad Ibn Zaid reported it

52
through Amro Ibn Dinar An
Awsaja without Ibn Abbas.
Scholars said the Preserved
Hadith is the one through Ibn
Uyiayna, in spite of the fact
that Hammad Ibn Zaid is a
precise trustworthy reporter,
but he was contradicted by
many of the same level.
Irregularity in Matn .--' --':
Example:
Abu Dawood and AL-Termizie
of the Hadith Abd Elwahed Ibn
Zaid An Abi Saleh An Abi
Hurayra elevated: if one of
you prayed Fajr he might want
to lay on his right side. This
Hadith was actually reported
through many who
contradicted Abd Elwahed as
it was reported as an action of
the prophet not as of his
sayings.

Un-Known Reporter:

It means not to know the name oI the reporter
and/or his status.
It might happen because of:

1. the reporter has many nick names.
2. The scarce oI the Hadith oI the reporter
oI scarce oI whom he reported through
him. II only one reported through him
he is called (Maihool Al-Ayn) the selI

53
un-known. II more than two reported
through him but his status was not
stated by Hadith critics. he is called
Mastoor (covered). Both oI them are
reiected.
3. His name is not mentioned as in saying
(a man reported).

Reporter who has Bidaa:

iI his Bidaa is KuIr. his Hadith is
reiected.
II the Bidaa is not. and he is head oI
Bidaa. his Hadith is reiected.
II he is reporting a Hadith that
substantiating his Bidaa. his Hadith is
reiected.
II none oI the above. his Hadith might
be accepted.

Fabrication of Hadith

1. Reasons Of Fabrication:

a. Political DiIIerences & Sects and Parties
b. Hidden KuIr & hate Ior Islam
c. Racism & Pro-Madhab & Nationalism
d. Promoting Good deeds and Warning oI Bad
deeds on Ialse grounds
e. Hypocrisy with Governors and Kings to gain
money and position
I. Story Tellers wanting to be Iamous and tells
strange things
g. Other reasons: such as promoting particular
trade or personal condition or status.


54
2. Efforts Of Hadith Scholars To Fight Hadith
Fabrication:

a. Isnad support - (chain) is made obligatory to
accept the Hadith.
b. Using historical data about men oI Hadith (Isnad
narrators) to uncover the truth about the Hadith.
c. Expose liars and go aIter them wherever they
narrate hadith.
d. Categorization oI Hadith in terms oI:

1. How many correct Isnad (chain) reported
the same Hadith where their agreement on
laying is inconceivable (Mutawaater.
Mashhour celebrated)
2. Degree oI correctives oI the chain (Saheeh.
Hasan and weak)
3. Status oI the chain and where it stops
(elevated. Severed. stopped. etc.).

e. Writing Books about Fabrication oI Hadith
I. DeIining the signs oI the Fabricated Hadith:

1. Fabrication in Isnad (chain):

The narrator tells about himselI
that he lied.
Scholars oI critique oI men tell
its Iabricated.
The Narrator has not met the
person whom he narrator Irom or
even had the chance to hear Irom
him.

2. Fabrication of Text:


55
Linguistic weakness
Trivial meanings.
Scholars oI Hadith say that they
do not what it is about or that
they dont know the Hadith. This
means its Iabricated.
ConIlicting the obvious meaning
oI Quranic verse.
ConIlicting with another sunna
or Hadith that is known as
correct.
ConIlicting with consensus oI
scholars.
ConIlicting what has been
proven as Islamic principle.
ConIlicting with well known
Historical events.
II the Hadith gives lots oI
Thawab Ior little good deed. or
warns oI terriIying punishment
Ior little bad deed.
Third: The type that is common between Rejected and
Accepted

1. Hadith Qudsi ~--- ~--=-: was discussed before.

2. The Elevated :-:-- (Marfua):

Elevated is continuous to the Prophet :
a. Elevated saying: as when the companion says:
the prophet said
b. Elevated Action: as when the companion says:
the prophet did this or did that
c. Elevated concurrence: a companion says that
he or they did some thing while the prophet is

56
watching or in his presence. and he did not
obiect.
d. Elevated description: the companion says that
the prophet used to look loke this or that

3. Mawqouf :-:-- (stopped):

MawqouI is the Hadith that is stopped at the
companions saying or action.
a. Stopped saying: reporter says: Ali Ibn Abi Taleb
said: tell people what they can comprehend. iI you
do not. it is as you want them to think that Allah
And the prophet are not telling the correct..
b. Stopped actions: as in Al-Bukhari Ibn Abbas
prayed as Imam while he had Tayamum.
c. Stopped concurrence: a reporter says that he or
them did this or that in Iront oI the companion and
he did not obiect.

The stopped is considered elevated iI it was about
telling the day oI iudgment events. or perished nations
telling or the Thawab or Iqab Ior speciIic acts. or doing
something related to rituals where no Iitihad can be
made. or to make TaIser which is related to Asbab Al-
Nozool.

4. Maqtou :=--- (Cut/chopped):

It is diIIerent Irom the Munqatie which we
described beIore (the type where there is a drop in
Isnad but is not Mursal or Mulaq or Mudal). The
Maqtou is the saying that is elevated to the
successor or the Iollower oI the successor. It is not
a prooI oI any shariat role as it is the saying oI a
regular human being. However. there are types oI it
that are discussed later in P90.


57
5. Al-Musnad --~--:

What has a continous Isnad elevated to the Propet
.
Example:
Al-Bukhari: Hadathana Abdullah Ibn
Yousuf An Malik An Abi Al-Zinad An
Al-Araj An Abi Huryra said: the
prophet said if you dog drank from
your pot he must wash it seven times.

6. Al-Mutasel J~--- (continuous):

Whatever Hadith has a continuous Isnad whether it
is Elevated to the prophet or stopped as long as
it is not Munqatie.

7. Appendices of the Trustworthy '--- --:

It happens either by adding a word or a sentence in
the Matn. or elevate whatever is stopped or
continuing a Mursal.
Addition might have no contradiction with other
Hadith:
Example: Muslim: in the Hadith oI the dog.
through Al-Aamash added the word he should
spell it and then wash it seven times this addition
does not contradict any part oI the Hadith. so it is
accepted as the one who added it (Ali IbnAl-
Musahar) is trustworthy. Addition might
constitutes contradiction with the Hadith. so it is
reIused as in Hadith the day oI AraIat and the day
oI sacriIice and the days oI Tashreek are day oI
Iestivity Ior Muslim nation. This Hadith was
reported through many trustworthy reporters
without the day oI AraIat.


58
8. Considerations. follow-ups and Witnesses
'-'--- -:~- '---V:

a. Consideration: is to conduct a check up on
the Hadith to Iind out whether another
reporters have reported the same Hadith.
b. Follow-up: is a Hadith where other reporters
Iollow up the reporter oI a Hadith Fard
(individual) either in the meaning or both the
meaning and the words with having the same
companion to report through.
c. Witness: is a Hadith where other reporters
Iollow up the reporter oI a Hadith Fard
(individual) either in the meaning or both the
meaning and the words with not having the
same companion to report through.

Example:
Al-Shafie An Malik An Abdullah Ibn
Dinar An Ibn Omar that the prophet
said the month is twenty nine so do
not fast until you see the moon and do
not break your fast until you see the
moon, and if it got concealed complete
it to the Thirtieth day. This Hadith
was thought to be Hadith Fard (Gharib)
Hadith oI Al-ShaIie. but it was Iound a
Iollow up and a witness Ior it:

The Iollow up:
AL-Bukhari through An Abdullah Ibn
Muslamah Al-Qunubie An Malik. the same
Hadith.

The Witness: Al-Nesaie through Mohamed Ibn
Haneen An Ibn Abbas An the prophet
said:..same Hadith.

59

Criteria of accepted reporter (Jarh & Tadeel Science) ---
J---- :=-
Conditions of Accepted Reporter:

1. Trustworthy: Muslim. Sane. Adult. with no
evidence oI being a sinner or having bad behavior.
2. Precession: does not conIlict with the other
trustworthy reporters. with no bad memory or
maior errors. or being Ioolish or delusional.
How to prove Trustworthiness?

1. Some one oI the men critics science tells about the
reporter status.
2. To be well known in the Hadith scholars
community that he is trustworthy. such as the Iour
Imams.

Jarh (wounding the reputation) has to have a prooI
Irom the person who is making the Jarh to be accepted.

Tadeel (making good oI reputation) does not have a
prooI Ior it.

II Jarh and Tadeel come together about one reporter.
then the Jarh has to be accepted above the Tadeel

The Riwayah oI a reporter who repented Irom a sin is
accepted. while it is accepted Irom the reporter who
used to lie in Hadith even iI he announced his
repentance.
II the reporter takes money Ior telling the Hadith. some
scholars (Ahmed. Ishaq. Abi Hatem) say his Riwayah

60
is not accepted. Some say it is accepted (AlFadl) or
some say that it is accepted as long as the reporter is
un-capable oI earning any money to support his Iamily
because oI reporting Hadith. The Riwayah oI the
person who is known as not careIul in listening to
Hadith. such as sleeping while listening is not accepted.
Or iI he accepts Riwayah without knowing who
reported it.

II one narrated Hadith through a person. and then the
shaik Iorgot that he actually narrated the Hadith to that
person. the Hadith:
Shall be reiected iI the shaik aIIirms saying that
he did not tell the Hadith to the reporter.
Shall be accepted II the shaik is shaky about
weather he told the reporter or not.

Example: Abu Dawood & Al-Temizie & Ibn Maia.
through Rabia Ibn Abi abdelrahman An Suhail Ibn Abi
Saleh An his Iather An Abi Hurayra that the prophet
ruled according to swore and a witness. Abdelaziz Ibn
Mohammed Al-Drawardi said: Rabia told me this
Hadith An Suhail. then I met Suhail and I asked him
about it. Suhail did not remember. then Suhail started
to report the Hadith by saying: Hadathani Rabia that I
narrated An Abi Hyrayra.
Levels of Tadeel: there are many way s of reporting
Tadeel such as:
1. They say he is the ultimate trustworthy or
he is the top oI trustworthy people.
2. Or trustworthy trustworthy twice. or
Trustworthy or authority Theqa-.
3. or to say he is an Authority or Trustworthy.
iust once.

61
4. Or what gives the impression oI being good but
not that much oI precise; truthIul or not
bad iI it is said by Yahia Ibn Maien.
5. Or iI the work does not indicate the reporter is
trustworthy or not such as shaik or people
have reported through him.
6. Or what gives the impression oI being closer to
Jarh such as his Hadith is ok or you can write
his Hadith.

The Iirst three levels are acceptable. although some is
stronger than the others are.

The 4
th
and the 5
th
the Hadith can be written then
examined against other Riwayas.

The 6
th
is considered not good to report.
Levels of 1arh:

1. To say he is a weak reporter or there is talk
around him.
2. he is not worthy to report or weak or he
reports Munkar.
3. his Hadith should not be wrote or very
weak.
4. he is accused oI lying or h he is leIt.
5. he is a liar or Iabricator or the like.
6. he is the worst. or authority in lying.

The Iirst two levels there Hadith can be used Ior
consideration purposes only. The other Iour levels are
not to be used at all.


62
How to carry Hadith (Tahamul):

1. Al-Samaa-hearing from the shaik '-~-.
The highest level oI learning Hadith.
2. Reading in front of the shaik _-- :--
*-~-. Some make it as high a the Samaa. or
less or higher.
3. Ijaza '=V(giving the permission to tell
Hadith). Scholars diIIer in the ruling oI the
Iiaza. however they accept the shaik to say
to the student: I give you my Iiaza
(permission) to report Al-Bukhari.
4. Al-Munawala -'--- (giving the book
where the Hadith is reported to allow the
student to tell it. it is two types: with Iiaza.
it is then accepted or without Iiaza. it is
then not accepted.
5. Writing -'--- the Hadith Ior the student.
weather he is present or absent.
6. Al-Iilam-Informing >-V: to tell the
student that the Hadith or the book where it
is written is oI his hearings (he reported it
some time). It is accepted Ior many
scholars. and reiected Ior some as the
Riwayah might be oI his reporting but
there is some thing wrong with it. that is
why it has to be accompanied by the Iiaza.
7. Will -~:-: that a shaik leaves a book to
his student beIore he dies. Some said it is
accepted. some said not accepted and this
is the chosen opinion.
8. Al-Wijada '=:-: when a person Iinds a
book by the handwriting oI a shaik. and he
reports it without having an Iiaza Irom the
shaik


63


64
Section Two
Methodology of Muhadeseen
9
---=-- '--

Introduction: Efforts of Hadith Scholars to Critisize
Hadith:
Ch 1: Early Signs oI the Science oI Hadith
ClassiIication and Criticism
Ch 2: Establishing the Science
Ch 3: Developing oI the Science
Ch 4: Writing oI the Science
Ch 5: Steps oI Developing the Science
Ch 6: Main principles oI the Science oI Criticism.
Ch 7: The rule oI this Science in preservation oI
Sunnah.

Part 1: The Emphasis oI Muhadetheen to Check and Critisize
the Sanad (Chain oI Reporters) oI Hadith

Introduction:

Section One:

Ch 1:
a. Trustworthy (Aadalah) in the Scale
oI Muhadetheen.
b. Trustworthiness in Testimony
(Shahadah) and Trustworthiness in
Reporting (Rewaya).
Ch 2: How Trustworthiness can be proven in
respect to speciIic Reporter?
Ch 3: Contradictories to Trustworthiness.

9
This section oI the book is indebted to Dr Mohamed Luqman Al-salaIi as it
basiclay Iollowed the outline oI his excellent thesis on " '-- .-`-=-' " Ihtimam
Al-Muhadetheen. It is. however. not a direct translation oI his work.

65
Section Two:

Ch 1: Precision
Ch 2: Contradictories to Precision.

Section Three:

Ch 1: Emphasis oI Muhadetheen on Continuity
and Discontinuity.
Ch 2: The Eight methods oI Hadith Learning
leading to CertiIication to Teaching.
Ch 3: The AnAna (That..that..) ---.

Section Four:

Ch 1: Irregularity (Shath) in Hadith
Ch 2: Illness (Illah) oI Hadith.

Part 2: The Emphasis OI Muhadetheen To Check And
Critisize The Matn (Text ) OI Hadith

Introduction

Section One:
Ch 1: Illness in the Text (Illah oI the Matn).
Ch 2: Rules oI Muhadetheen to extract the
Illah.
Ch 3: Ways to recognize the Hadiths which
have Illnesses.

Section Two:
Ch 1: Irregularities in Matn

Section Three: Judging Fabricated Hadith without
investigating the Sanad

66
Section Four: The Book oI Ibn Al-Qayem Al-Manar
Al-MuneeI (the Elevated :-:--).

Part 3: The Orientals And Casting Doubts on Hadith
Section One: Who are the Orientals? What are their
Claims?
Section Two: Reply to the False Claims oI the
Orientals.


67
Introduction: Efforts of Hadith Scholars to Critisize Hadith
10
:

This study proves the Iollowing:

1. This science is based on the Sunnah oI the prophet
. the methodology oI the companions and the
Iollowers.
2. Men who took part oI developing this science have
the greatest credibility and trustworthiness.
3. This science included the knowledge provided by
the companions and the Iollowers and all the
Imams. which Iollowed this pass.
4. The science has gradually developed and integrated
over the years and is based on very solid
Iundamentals and logical scientiIic rules.
Ch 1:Early Signs of the Science of Classification and
Criticism of Hadith
11
.

1. Wahy determines the place oI Sunnah in Islam.
2. Quran guides us to be critique oI the surroundings.
3. The prophet teaches us to be careIul in
accepting every thing we hear.
4. The prophet says that lying on him is a maior
sin.
5. The prophet uses the (Jarh and Tadeel)
6. The Companions being careIul in accepting stories
and news.
7. Abu Bakr is careIul in accepting news
8. Omar ( ) is careIul in accepting news
9. Ali ( ) is careIul in accepting news
10. Zaid Ibn Thabet ( ) is careIul in accepting news
11. Umran Ibn Haseen ( ) is careIul in accepting news
12. Aaisha ( ) is careIul in accepting news

10
P27
11
P29

68
13. Abdullah Ibn Abbas ( ) is careIul in accepting
news
14. Abdullah Ibn Omar ( ) is careIul in accepting
news
15. Abu Saead Al-Khudry ( ) is careIul in accepting
news
Ch 2: Establishing the Science
12

1. Reasons oI having this science.
2. Small companions being cautious in accepting
Haith.
3. Hadith critique in the age oI the successors.
4. Hadith critique in the age oI the Followers oI the
successors.
5. Biography oI some oI the well known Imams in the
age oI the Followers oI the successors.
6. Emergence oI the general rules oI criticizing the
Hadith.

Ch 3: Developing of the Science
13

1. The main contributors to the science over the first
three good generations:

a. In the age of the Followers:
1. Saead Ibn Al-Musaieb 91H
2. Ali Ibn Al-Husian Ibn Ali 94H
3. Urwa Ibn Al-Zubair 94H
4. Abu Salama Ibn Abdulrahman Ibn AawI
94H
5. Abu Bakr Ibn Abdulrahman Ibn Al-Hareth
94H

12
P45
13
P71

69
6. Aubaiedellah Ibn Abdullah Ibn Autba Ibn
Masuad 98H
7. Abu Uthman Al-Nahdi 100H
8. Saed Ibn Gubair 95H
9. Aamer Ibn Sheraheel 103H
10. Salem Ibn Abdullah Ibn Umar 106H
11. Taawos Ibn Kaisan 106H
12. Mohamed Ibn Sdereen 110H
13. Al-Hasan Al-Basri 110H
14. Al-Zuharie 125H
15. Yahia Ibn Saed Al-Ansari 143H

b. Malik Ibn Annas (in Medina): his students:
Yahia Ibn Yahia & Al-Zuharie they were also
among his teachers}. Ibn Guraig. Al-Awzaie.
Al-Thawri. Shuba. AL-Laith Ibn Saad.
Abdullah Ibn Al-Mubarak.

c. Sufian Ibn Uoyayna (in Makka): his
students: Al-Aasha. Al-Thawri. Shuba.
Hamam. Wakie. Ibn Al-Mubarak. Ibn Mahdi.
Ibn Al-Madini. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. Al-
Hameedi.

d. Shuba Ibn Al-Hajaj: (in Basra): his
students: Al-Aamash. Wakie. Al-Thawri.
Yahia Ibn Saeid Al-Khatan. and Al-Bukhari.

e. Hamad Ibn Zaid: (In Basra): his students
were among the Highest Imams: Al-Thawri.
IbnUoyayna. Abdulrahmnan Ibn Mahdi. Yahia
Ibn Said.

f. Al-Awzaie (in Al-Sham): his students:
Qatada. Al-Zuharie. Yahia Ibn Khaseir.

70
Schedule of Layers of Men (Tabakat Al-Rijal)

Name of Reporter

Grade

Layer
Year of
death
students
All Reporters oI the
Companion Category
All Trustworthy
with a grade that
is not disputed
First
Reporters oI the
Followers: such as:
Mostly all
Trustworthy
Second
Saeid Ibn Al-Musaieb Trustworthy.
precise. Imam
Second 91H See above
Reporters oI the
Successor s oI the
Followers: such as:
Each should
beiudged
individually
Third
Malik Ibn Anas Trustworthy.
precise. Imam
Third See above
SuIian Ibn Uoyayna Trustworthy.
precise. Imam
Third See above
Qatada Ibn Daama Trustworthy Forth 117H Aayob.
Al-Awzaie.
Shuba
Al-Zuharie Trustworthy.
precise. one oI
the greatest
Imams
Forth 125H See above
Yahia Ibn Khather Trustworthy.
precise. Imam
FiIth 129H Ayoub. Al-
Awzaie
Abdul Malik Ibn
Abdulaziz Ibn Jubair
Trustworthy
Faqih
Sixth 150h Yahia Ibn
Saied Al-
Ansari
Muamar Ibn Rashed Trustworthy.
Precise.
Honorable
Seventh 154H Al-Thawri.
Ibn Al-
Mubarak
Malik Ibn Anas Imam oI Madina Seventh 179H See above
Shuba Ibn Al-Haiai Trustworthy.
HaIiz. Precise
Seventh 160H See above
Hamad Ibn Zaid Trustworthy
Faqih
Eighth 179H See above
Yazied Ibn Haroon One oI the Great
Imams
Ninth 206H Ahmad. Ibn
Al-Madiani
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal One oI the Great
Imams
Tenth Yazied Ibn
Haroon.
Ibn Al-
Madyanie

71
Ch 4: Writing (Tadween) of the Science
14

1. Starting the writing phase with comments and
Iootnotes.
2. ProoI oI the start oI writing the science in the time oI
the Iollowers:
a. Saied IBN Jubair (46-95H) books.
b. Taqwous Ibn Khaisan (100H) books.
c. Aamer Ibn Shraheel (19-103H) : used to
advise his students to write every thing they
hear about the Hadith.
d. Urwa Ibn Al-Zubier (2-92H) : he collected a lot
oI books written on Hadith ands then burned it.
and regretted this later.
e. Al-Qasem Ibn Mohamed Ibn Abi Bakr (35-
105H): told Talha to write what he reported to
him.
I. Mohamed Ibn Muslim Ibn Shehab Al-Zuharie
(51-123H): Al-Laith said he wrote a lot oI Al-
Zuhaie knowledge.
g. Amru Ibn Dinar (50-126H): said: they (his
students) ask us about our opinion. and then
they write it down. and we might change it
again tomorrow. This imply that the questions
are about criticized the men oI chain and rules
oI iudging Hadith.

3. ProoI oI the start oI writing the science in the time oI
the successors:
a. Hamad Ibn Zaid (98-179H): Al-Thawri used to
set in Iront oI him and write whatever he
dictates about Hadith.
b. Hamad IbnSalama (167H): Ibn Maien heared
his books Irom 18 diIIerent reporters.

14
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72
c. SuIian Al-Thawri (97-161H): used to write
every thing he hears and review it with the
shaik who reported it to him. that is why he
rarely makes mistakes.
d. SuIian Ibn Uoyayna (107-198H): he used to
dectate his knowledge Irom his books.
e. Malik Ibn Anas (93-179H): he used to wite and
make students write aIter him. Besher asked
Malik once about a man. Malik said: have you
seen his name in my books? Besher said: No.
Malik said: iI he was good you wouldve seen
him in my books.

4. Emerging oI the science oI Methodology and criticism
a separate science was normal to come later rather than
sooner.

5. The Iirst to collect the material oI this science in a
separate book is Yahia Ibn Saied Al-Khatan. were
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal said about him: I have never laid an
eye on a man like him.

6. Writings on the science spread: In the time Iollows this
age. writings and books start to appear more Irequently:

a. Yahia Ibn Maien: He used to dictate his
opinion on men to his students and had not
books oI his own.
b. Ali Ibn Al-Madiena: He wrote almost 200
books in this science. the book can vary
between Iew pages to 100-200pages).
c. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. the absolute Imam oI
Ahlul Sunna in all ages: wrote many books. the
most important one is Book oI illnesses and
knowing men.

7. The Iour Phases oI writing the science:

73
a. Phase One: Emergence and start oI the science:
where it was only notes and comments that
have ben written.
b. Phase Two: the comments and Iootnotes started
to graw nad become separate Irom the hadith
writings. and it covered the Illnesses oI men as
well as the Illnesses and signs oI weakness oI
Hadith. This phase is wel represented in the
books oI Ahmad and Ibn Al-Madinie.
c. Phase Three: where the two issues
separatedand each became a separate science
by itselI. such as what Ibn Abi Hatem wrote in
his book Al-Illal (the Illnesses) about Hadith
weaknesses.
d. Phase Four: where the science matured and
complete books were written in each branch
and the whole material that was collected
beIore over the years was examined and
Iiltered. Books such as: Al-Kamal (Ultimate) in
names oI men by Abdul Ghani Al-Maqdisi.
and Tahzeeb (Filterizing and adiusting) oI the
Kamalk by Al-Mezie. Tahzeeb Al-Tahzeeb by
IbnHaiar Al-Asqalani (the writer oI Fath Al-
Bari).
Ch. 5: Study of the Raawi (Reporter) & the Reported
Material
15

Study of the Reporter: is he Trustworthy? Is he Precise? Is
there any thing that might ruin his reputation. by being a
sinner or liar or committed a maior mistake? Scholars
wrote biography books oI Men oI Hadith (reporters) to
show every single detail oI their lives.

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74
Study of the Reported Material: This is related to the text.
and how it is when examined by comparison to other text
that is established as correct (Sahih). Muhadetheen. then
established ways oI receiving hadith Irom the scholars. and
categorized the types oI Hadith to be able to iudge and
classiIy each hadith according to its authenticity.
Scholars paid attention to Sanad Iirst: as the best criteria to
iudge the hadith. The idea oI examining hadith through its
Matn (text and meaning) is totally wrong to start with. as
many hadith can be beyond our comprehension. It might be
correct in some cases. when a reporter is trustworthy but
made a mistake. but this should not be the role to iudge all
the hadith in general. otherwise we would adopt the
Mutazila criteria oI depending on the human intelect to
correct or IulsiIy hadith. Also. scholars oI hadith; as Imam
ShaIie said. Iilterise the hadith oI the trustworthy reporters
by comparison with what other trustworthy reporters said
or by what the same reporter reported in other place. So. we
conclude that the trustwortheness oI the reporter and his
level oI precision and proven standing among his layer oI
reporters is the most important criteria oI hadith iudgment.

Examining the Text (Matn) of Hadith: is also important and
scholars paid a lot oI attention to it when testing and
classiIying hadith. but they used the intellectual and logical
rules in diIIerent ways. For instance. the rules to iudge the
reporters and the rules top iudge some oI the Hadith where
its proven not up to the standard are all based on the
intellectual rules (Aaql). In the matter oI Iact. they used
the intellectual rules in Iour steps: when hearing the Hadith.
when reporting the Hadith. when iudging the reporters. and
when iudging and classiIying the Hadith. Examples: oI the
hadiths that were Iound with apparent correct sanad but the
Matn is impossible to believe: is what was reported by Ibn
Al-Jawzi on the authority oI Mohamed Ibn Shuiaa Al-
Thalii to Abi Hurayra to the Prophet :That Allah SWT
created

75
Ch 6: Fundamental Principles of the Art of Hadith Critique
16

1. The Main points which scholars oI Hadith have
mentioned. to classiIy and identiIy the grade oI a
reporter who is not accepted to relate Hadith are:
a. II he made many mistakes.
b. II he was accused oI Lying.
c. II he used to commit maior sins.
d. II he used to commit minor sins publicly.
e. II he does not memrize what he reports.
I. To commit what he thinks haram.
g. To have maior Bidaa or more than one simple
Bidaa.
h. To contradict sunna.
i. II he is not known to the scholars.
i. II he commits Tadlees or Irsal (sending hadith).
k. II he reports a Hadith that there is consensus
that its wrong or Iabricated without
mentioning it.
l. To lie in the regular day-to-day talk.
m. To report through Iamous reporters what they
do not know themselves.
n. II he axcepts to be dectated.
o. II he is a good and religious shaik.puthe does
not know what he is talking about.
p. II he is promoting Bidaa or a wrong doing.
q. II he tells a hadith then he Iind out its wrong
but he inssists to keep reorting it.
2. To name a Iew oI the great scholars who contributed
to establishing such measures: Malik. Al-ShaIie. Ibn
Al-Mubarak. Ibn Mahdie. Shuba Ibn Al-Haiai

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76
Ch 7: The effect of this Science on preservation of Sunnah
17

1. This eIIort had made preservation oI Saunnah
possible. This science as was mentioned by one oI
the great Iollowers: is a giIt Irom Allah Al-Mighty
to this nation (Ummah). No other Ummah in the
history oI hauman beings had such emphasis on
preservation oI the sayings oI its Prophet as This
Ummah did. The scholars oI Hadith dedicated they
lives to collect. Iilter and puriIy the sayings oI the
Prophet .
2. among the stories which show how much the
scholars were keen to know the good Irom the bad
Hadith. is that Ahmad Ibn Hanbal saw Yahia Ibn
Maein in a small \masiid in Sana (Yemen) writing
on a piece oI paper. and hides it when someone
shows up. Ahmad said: do you write the hadith
reported by Muamar through Aban through Anas.
while you know that its Iabricated? Yahia said:
OAbu AbdelLlah. I write through Abdel-Razak
through Muamar through Aban through Anas and
memorize it knowing its Iabricated. so. no one can
come later and say: oh. these Hadiths are reported
through Thabit instead oI Aban (Aban Ibn Eiash.
Weak. used to hear Irom Anas. and also reported
Iabricated Hadith. and Thabit used to hear and
report through Anas. but he \was an Imam and
trustworthy. so. yahia was aIraid that maybe
someone may make a mistake and thinks that it is
not Mumar that related these hadith but it was
Thabit. so they accept it).
3. Another story. reported by Al-Zahabi. that the
KhaliIa Al-Rasheed was overseing an execution oI
a Zindeeq (repeatedly making KuIr). when the

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P137

77
kaIer said: how are you going to Iix the over 4000
hadith which I Iabricated and reported among the
public? The KhaliIa said:O you do noty warry
about that! We have great Imams like Ibn Al-
Mubarak and Eshaq Ibn Al-Fizari who will Iilter
and screen it like you screen the bad seeds oII the
good ones. then he ordered the execution to be
carried out.


78
Part One:
Section One:
Ch 1: The meaning of Adalah Trustworthiness in the
Hadith Terminology
18

As mentioned beIore. the importance oI the chain (Sanad)
is the base Ior any critique oI the Hadith.

1. Many scholars have established criteria Ior a person
(reported) to be trustworthy. Abdullah Ibn Al-Mubarak
said: Its to attent the Jamaa. not to drink Nabeez
(some sort oI Al-choholic based drink that was a
controversial issue between the HanaIi and the rest oI
Ahlul Sunnah). he has no glitch in his Aqida. do not lie
and has completely sounded mind.
2. Adalah in the Arabic Language is: to be balanced.
and medium. Allah SWT said: And so we made you a
balanced nation Al-Baqara 143.
3. It also might describe the person who carries out what
is good and avoid what is bad.
4. Religiously. and as a term. Adalah describes the one
who carries out his obligatory acts and avoid doing the
prohibited acts. Or the person who avoids doing sins
and is keen to do the righteously actions. Ibn Al-Atheer
said: its an attribute. that is built in the Fitra oI the
person. that pushes him/her to always have Taqwa and
be on the straight path. to the extent that people
automatically believe him/her. Ibn Haiar and Al-
Sanaani deIined it as close to this deIinition.
5. There is another deIinition. presented by the Iraqi
Scholars. which most scholars did not agree with: to
attest to Islam and not to show an obvious sin.
According to this criterion. the Unknown Muslim are

18
P167

79
considered trustworthy. This deIinition has been totally
reiected by the Scholars. as this was not the way the
companions used to Iilter and accept Hadith Irom the
people who reported to them. Ali Ibn Abi Taleb used to
make the person swear. Omar reiected what Fatima
Bint
Qais reported although she was a good Muslim. as he
doubted her capability oI memorizing what the Prophet
said.

6. The Difference Between Trustworthiness of the
Reporting of Hadith and Trustworthiness of the
Witness:
Scholars diIIerentiate between the reporter and
the witness. as Iollows:
a. The Witness should be a male (except in
matters related to women issues) while the
reporter doesnt.
b. The Witness should be Free (not a slave) while
reporter doesnt.
c. Witnesses have to be more than one (two or
Iour according to the case) while reporters can
be one.
d. Witness should not be related to or have any
Iriendship/ haterage relation with the
deIendant. while reporters can be sons. Iriends
oI the Prophet .
e. The Witness should have Iull sight. while the
reporter can be blind.

There was a hadith reported through Saleh Ibn
Hassan That the Prophet said: do not write
knowledge axcept aIter those who are accepted
as witnesses. This Hadith is Neglected or LeIt
as Saleh Ibn Hassan was criticized by the
Scholars that he cannot be taken as a reIerence

80
in Hadith because oI his bad memorization and
low precision.

Ch 2: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Trustworthiness of
Reporters ?
19

Scholars Pass Judgment oI Trustworthiness on reporters
through the Iollowing criteria:

1. The reporter is well known amongst scholars
and seekers oI knowledge (students) as Fair
(Adl) and good and trustworthy. Scholars
consented that it is enough that two oI the
Scholars oI this science pass iudgment on the
reporter that he is Trustworthy.
2. Only one scholar passes iudgment that the
reporter is Trustworthy. Ibn Al-Salah and Ibn
Katheer chosen this opinion and was also
corrected and adopted by Al-Khateeb. They
ruled that two is preIerred. but one is enough.
based on the condition oI accepting the hadith
with inly one reporter narrating it (the Hadith
oI the Individual AL-Wahid).
3. The reporter is known as a knowledgeable.
seeker or a student oI Elm. Some scholars
discussed the validity oI this opinion. But
mostly it is accepted as we have accepted what
Al-Bukhari and Muslin reported through
reporters which were not mentioned with Jarh
or Tadeel. as the two Skaiks used them. and
they are the scholars to be Iollowed in being
precise when it comes to trustworthiness and
that they must be known as being serious in
their knowledge. Such reporters are not oI the

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81
category which some oI the Iraqi scholars
meant (un-known). but they are known as
being seekers oI knowledge and keen to spend
their lives to acquire more oI it.

Ch 3: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being
Trustworthy Adl
20

1. Disbelieving in Islam (Kafir):

Obviously. a kaIir report would not be accepted as his
animosity to Islam would make him highly suspicious
in terms oI lying on the prophet to ieopardize the
integrity oI Islam.

2. A Child Reporter:

II he is still yet below the age where he can recognize
what he is saying. the consensus is to reiect his Riwaya
(up to maybe 7 years old according to some scholars).

II he is older. scholars diIIer in their opinion. The
maiority oI scholars reiects his Riwayas as he is still
have no strong deterrence not to lie. They stated that
the Riwaya oI the sinner is reiected because the
possibility oI him daring to lie. and it is the same Ior
the boy who is still not matured (teenager). The Hadith
oI Bukhari and others that the Prophet said:The pen
(punishment/TakleeI) is put away Irom three: the
Sleeping person until he is awake. the young boy until
he reaches puberty. and the crazy person until he is
sain.
3. The Sinner Reporter:

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82

The deIinition oI the sinner is the one who is does not
do the obligatory Ebadat consistently and regularly and
does not keep away Irom committing maior sins or
minor sins repeatedly or even do the allowed (mubah)
that might wound his reputation. There is almost
consensus on reiecting the Riwayah oI the sinner.
except the HanaIis who said that you only may. not
necessarily. accept it.

4. The Innovators Reporter:

II the innovation is KuIr: the Riwayah is completely
reiected. as its then the Riwayah oI a KaIir. However.
some scholars say that not all those who say Bidaa that
is KuIr are reiected. as then every sect say the other is
KaIir and we end up with every body as KaIir. So. they
say iI the one who is kaIir by the Bidaa does has it as
part oI his Aqida to lie. then his Riwaya can be
accepted.

II the innovation is not KuIr: then scholars diIIer:

1. Malik. SuIian Ibn Uyayna. Younus Ibn harb
and others: reiected the Riwayah oI the
Innovator all together. They say he becomes
sinner by his Bida. so his riwayah is reiected s
the sinners Riwayah is reiected.
2. Some other scholars say iI his Bida does not
lead him to lie. he is known as religious and
has Taqwa person. and he is

not promoting his Bida or a leader oI his
Mazhab. his Riwayah can be accepted.
3. Imam Al-ShaIie. Ibn Abi Layla. SuIian Al-
Thawri: The Riwayah is accepted evn iI he is
promoting his Bida or a leading Iigure oI the

83
Bida as long as he does not consider lying is
allowed.

4. The Riwayah oI the innovator is accepted iI
it does not contain whatever promtes his Bida.

Whoever. as Ibn Haiar stated. the Iinal criteria
is whether the innovator is religious.
trustworthy and have Taqwa or not. When we
examine Bukhari hadith. we see that
heaccepted Imran Ibn hattan as a reporter.
while Imran was a head in Khawarii Sect. In
addition. Bukhari and Muslim accepted
Abdulhameed Ibn Abdulrahman while he was a
leader in Iria Bida. Also. Al-Zahabi stated in
Mizan Al-Ietedal about Iban Ibn Taglab: He
is prominent Shiat. but he tells the truth. So. we
take his truth and leave his Bida.
Nevertheless. we have to point out that this was
when the Shiat were still not RaIida which
means they are not the type that say that Abu
Bakr and Omar and the rest oI companions are
kuIar. Such people are completely reiected.

5. The Lier in the Day-to-Day life:

The Riwayah oI the Liar is reiected even he does not lie
on the prophet . But does one lie makes him
reiected? Most scholars say it does not. as this is very
hard on people. as every one might lie one way or the
other as long as he does not lie to the extent that he is
known as a liar.
6. The lair on the prophet :

His Riwayah is reiected altogether without any other
opinion worth reporting.

84
7. The Riwayah of the person who takes salary for
reporting Hadith:

There are two opinions among scholars:

r. Muhadith should not take salary Ior teaching as
it might be a way to prolong and create hadith
to take more money Ior it.
s. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal Hamad Ibn Salama. Abu
Hatem Al-Razi among those who adopted this
opinion.
t. Muhadith can take salary iI he has no other
work to do and he is needed by the community
to teach as long as he takes the least salary to
sustain his liIe.


85
Section Two

Ch 1: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Precession of
Reporters ?
21

What is Precession: It means to be careIul in handling
knowledge. It has two sides. one when the person hears the
knowledge. The second is when the person reports it to others.
Both sides has to be carried out perIectly. as iI one hears
something and do not understand it. or iI he hears something he
understands but he Iorgets it. he is considered Precise in
delivering the Hadith. So. it has to be heard precisely and to be
understood in the way it meant to mean and to be memorized
totally and delivered the way it was said.

There are two types of Dhabt (Precession); The Memory
and the Book.
Which one is more reliable: the memory or the
book?

1. Some scholars stated that all Riwayah should be
Irom what the Muhadith memorized as it is more
reliable that it is what he really heard. iI he is
known as Dabit (Precise).
2. Some others said that iI the Muhadith keeps a copy
oI what he wrote in his book and does not rely on
copies other than the one he reviewed with his
teacher (Mukabalah). then it can be considered as
accepted as the memorized Riwayah.

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86
How Scholars know the reporter is Precise: iI his
Riwayah agrees with the Riwayah oI the well known
Imams in most cases than he is Dabit (Precise). But iI
he diIIers with them in many oI his Riwayahs. then he
cant be considered Dabit.

Ch 2: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being Precise
Dhabit
22

Five Iactors are considered by scholars in reIuting the reporters
reputation as a Dabit:

1. Major errors:

II a reporter makes mistakes in Hadith that is equal
or even more than the correct Hadith he reporters.
then he is considered not Dabit (precise). Little
mistakes due to natural human Iorgetting is
accepted as no human can avoid it. The Prophet
said: I am only a human like yourselves. I might
remember and I might Iorgets.

2. Bad Memorization:

Those who are known to make errors less than
what they report right. but still make many
mistakes are known as bad memorizing reporters.
However. iI the reporter has this Ieature oI
Iorgetting most oI the time. then this is known as
Weak or sometimes irregular. But iI the
Iorgetting is only temporary. such as Ior being old
or getting blind. then he is called conIused. This
is like what happened to Judge Abi Luhaya when

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87
his library was burned and got older. Scholars
divided the Mixed into three divisions:
a. Those who reported weak Hadith in some
times and strong in other times such as
Aarm Ibn Al-Iadl who reported the Hadith
oI the Prophet No one shall have any
thing (oI this Dunia) so. avoid hell even
with as little as a piece oI date. He
reported this hadith on 208H. He lost track
oI Hadith and become conIused aIter
215H. so. his hadith aIter that was not
accepted.
b. The second is those who have weak hadith
in some places rather than others: they are
divided into three: 1) a reporter who did
not have his books at that place so he got
conIused. 2) the one who heard hadith at
one place and memorized it. but he did not
memorize the hadith oI other people oI
other places. 3) The reporter who reported
hadith to people oI a place and they
memorized it and reported it well. but other
people. oI other places did not.
c. The third type is those who are trustworthy
but when it comes to a certain Shaik they
report weak hadith. while their hadith
through other shaiks are good and sound.
d. There is a Iorth type that some scholars
mentioned. where a reporter is weak when
he reporters a certain topics. such as
Aasem the Iamous Imam oI reading.
where Ibn Haiar said that he is truthIul but
has illusions. as he was Imam in Readings
not reporting hadith.

3. Foolishness: There are two types:


88
1. Absolute Foolishness: then his Hadith is
reiected.
2. limited Foolishness: such as being lenient
in learning Hadith while he is not in his top
shape to memorize.

4. Massive Illusions: where the reporter does not
precisely report the hadith in all or most oI his
Riwayas. They are known by closely examining
their Riwayah and compare it to the Riwayas oI the
Trustworthy and precise reporters.

5. Contradicting the Trustworthy: This can be
categorized to two types:

a. The reporter is weak and he is
contradicting the trustworthy. then his
Hadith is categorized as Munkar Bad.
b. The reporter is trustworthy but he
contradicts a more trustworthy reporter.
then his Hadith is categorized as Shaz
irregular.


89
Part Two

Section Three

Judging Hadith as Fabricated (Mawdu} without examining
the Isnad
23
:

The deIect in Hadith can be due to a deIect in the chain (Sanad)
or a deIect in the text (Matn) or in both. The science oI
Mustallah Al-Hadith was Iound to enable scholars to Iind out
and extract the deIected Hadith by uncovering its deIect (Illah)
in both the Sanad and the Matn. In the Sanad (chain). scholars
categorized the Hadith according to some established and
deIined criteria oI classiIication. The main three categories are:

a. Saheh (and Hasan) Correct and Good
b. DaieI (Weak) which is divided into many types:
c. Fabricated

Scholars have established rules and precise criteria to extract
the Fabricated Hadith even without looking into its chain oI
narration. Some oI these rules are:
1. Poor linguistics and weak Arabic vocabulary.
2. Reporting something which deIies the basic
Iundamental logical rules. which there are
consensus among humans that its not acceptable.

One oI the best books written on this subiect is Al-Manar Al-
MuneeI The gracious Minaret. by Ibn Al-Qayem.

23
P391

90
Some signs of Fabrication:

1. The reporter reports his own birth date that is aIter
the death oI his Shaik (predecessor in the chain
which he says he heard it Irom).

2. The reporter is known as a liar.
3. The reporter conIesses his lies. such as those who
conIessed that they Iabricated hadith Ior Suras oI
The Quran to make people more willing to read It.
4. II the Hadith is not Iound in the books oI the Shaik
which the Liar says he heard it Irom and no one oI
his students says that he heard that Hadith Irom the
Shaik.
5. The text contradicts the Quran such as no one who
is born in Zina shall enter paradise. it contradicts
the Aaya No bad dead shall be a carried Ior
another bad dead.
6. The hadith contradicts another proven Correct
Sunnah. such as the Hadith oI the age oI Dunia is
seven thousand years which contradicts the
Correct Hadith oI No one knows when the day oI
iudgment shall take place. except Allah.
7. Any text that gives the right oI KhilaIa to Ali Ibn
Abi Taleb as its the consensus oI the Ummahi that
the Prophet did not leave any recommendation
about who should be the KhaliIa aIter him.
8. II the Text contradicts deIinite historical Iacts. such
as the Hadith that the Prophet took a Bath
Hammam (in the public Baths). as there were no
such establishments in his time .
9. Giving a lot oI Thawab Ior small act. such as what
was reported that who ever prayers the Duha shall
get the thawab oI seventy prophets.

91
10. Giving too much punishment Ior minor sins such
as iI some one looked into some bodys house. he
will go to hill Iorever.
11. Signs oI bad or good acts that are unreasonable.
such as iI the person sneezes when he talks. its a
sign oI being truthIul!
12. It carries meaning that is Ialse (Batil) such as II
Allah is angry He reveals the Wahy in Arabic and
iI He is happy He reveals the Wahy in Persian!

Scholars have pointed out that there are some subiects
where no Hadith is correct; such as:

1. Any Hadith about the Roaster.
2. Any Hadith that mentions Aisha by Humaiyra.
3. Any Hadith that talks about beautiIul Iaces. and
that its good to look at.
4. Any Hadith that mentions the mind Aql.
5. Any Hadith in d the Turkish people.
6. Hadith in d the Ethiopian and Sudanese.
7. Any Hadith about Iasting the middle oI the month
oI Shaban.
8. All Hadith about putting Kuhl eye liner in the
day oI Aashora.
9. Any Hadith in Iasting in Raiab and praying special
prayers in some nights oI it is Iabricated.
10. All Hadith about the advantage oI being single.


92
Part Three

Section 1

False accusations oI the Mustashreqeen (Eaternized) in regards
oI the lack oI criticism oI the Text (Matn) oI Hadith by the
Muhadetheen
24

Istishraq & Mustashreqoun ~-~-- :~-~V :-: :

Istishraq: The term means the study oI the Eastern
civilization and liIe styles. However. linguistically it
means Easternizing. It actually signiIies a name
describes those Western Iigures that were committed to
their Western civilization and Christine religion and
Judaism. but lived in the East and learned Arabic
language and every thing about Islam. They carried all
the hatred Ior Islam and Muslims. and iniect it in all
and every study they did about our culture. our people
and our religion. The Western civilization was starting
the renaissance process aIter centuries oI ignorance and
civilization slump. In the mean time. the Islamic
civilization was going the opposite direction. AIter
centuries oI Ilourishing and prosperity. it went into a
slow down mode. Ior diIIerent reasons. The West knew
that. with the Islamic world. military conIrontation is
not the solution. They learned the lesson Irom the
Crusaders. They realized that intellectual and cultural
inIluence would be more eIIective in destroying the
Islamic Iront that threatened their existence Ior
centuries. They also realized that a renaissance
movement that took place within the Islamic world to
regain its strength and to re-establish the Ialling

24
P417

93
civilization. Five oI the great people in the East led this
movement at that time
25
:

1. Al-Baghdadi (1620-1683). in Egypt. was a leader in
returning the Ummah to the having the correct
sense oI the Arabic language.
2. Al-1abarti Sr.. (1698-1774). in Egypt. was a great
Faqeeh and math and biology sciences. It is
recorded that many European students came to
learn. at his place. in many Iields such as
Geometry. and science.
3. Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahab (1703 1792). in
the Arab peninsula. was a great Sunnah Scholar
were he reiuvenated the Islamic Aquda as it was
Iirst revealed to Mohammed .
4. Al-Murtada Al-Zubaidi (1732-1790) in India and
Egypt. as great scholar in Islamic studies and
Arabic Language.
5. Al-Shawkani (1760-1834) in Yemen. as a great
Muitahed in the Fiqh (Jurisprudence).

The West did not like this movement. The new
conIrontation started according to some scholars. as
early as the seventeenth century. Some other scholars
say it started in the wake oI the Crusade. Schools were
established to translate many oI the Arabic books and
manuscripts to the Latin language. It was like a
reversed process to what happened in the time oI the
start oI the Islamic civilization. were Muslims
embarked in a massive eIIort to translate the Greek and
Roman books to the Arabic language. However. the
main mask under which the Istshraq invaded the
Islamic world was Trading. Traders came to the East.
They settled. learned lived and hated the way Muslims
live. However. they brought with them many oI those

25
Al-Mutanabi. Mahmoud Shaker. Pxxx

94
who are more interested in the academic side oI the
Islamic civilization. France was a leader in the Istishraq
eIIort. as Napoleon Bonaparte led the French mission
to invade Egypt and Syria at the beginning oI the 19
th

century. Its ironic to know that the person who
inspired Napoleon to invade the East was the
Philosopher Leibniz. who was specialized in the
Eastern studies. Under the veil oI introducing the
Islamic world to the new emerging civilization. Studies
were conducted and books were written to change the
way Muslims see their religion and their culture. The
attack was on many Iields:

Language --: They tried to make an issue oI the
Classical Arabic vs. the Slang. They promoted the idea
oI dumping the classical Arabic as its not copping with
the modern liIe and that its not capable to come up
with new words and expressions. OI course. the idea
was to

make the sense oI the Arabic language weaker amongst
the native Arabic speakers. to distant them Irom the
Quran.

History *-'--: They tried to paint a picture oI our
history that is Iull oI blood and atrocities. with no
reIerence to the glowing and honorable eras in our
history. which no other people have. We do not pretend
that throughout the history oI Iourteen centuries. Iull oI
prosperity. wars. expansion beyond belieI. and the
always-ambitious human souls. there were incidents
that went completely against Islam. But. we. as
Muslims. blame the people. not the religion. The
Mustashriqeen used the same approach that was used
by the Shiat to put down the companions generation

95
and hence to build suspicion around what ever the
Iollowing history says.

Aqida ----: The main goal oI the Mustashriqeen was
to make Muslims doubt their own Aqida.. and. iI this is
unattainable. to make them see it in a completely
distracted and deIormed way. as was happened with the
Christian belieIs by the Jews. The. oI course. couldnt
attack the authenticity oI the Quran. so they started to
attack the Sunnah. represented by Hadith oI the prophet
. They realized that iI they succeed to cast douts on
its authenticity. Muslims will lose the second pillar oI
their Aqida. and the main source oI Shariat
explanation. The Mustashriqeen. again. Iollowed the
pass oI the Shiat. They attacked the pillars oI Hadith
narration. such as Aisha and Abu Hurayra. They also.
attacked the ways oI Hadith collection and the
methodology oI Hadith scrutinizing.
The most famous, and most dangerous, Mustashreqeen

1. Goldziher (1850-1921): A Jew. born Hungarian.
studied Eastern languages in Berlin. Vienna and
Budapest. and traveled to Syria then to Egypt to
study in Azhar. He studied many oI the
Iundamental and original text books in Islamic
studies. but he always carried a poisoned heart
against Islam. His book Lectures in Islam and
Islamic Studies were the Bible oI many
Mustashreqeen. He is one oI the Editors oI the
Islamic Encyclopedia.

2. Joseph Schacht: Was a ProIessor oI Islamic
Studies in OxIord University oI the UK. and a
ProIessor in the University oI Algeria
1948. He produced many books about Islam. which
carries a lot oI Ialse accusations. He Iollowed his

96
boss; Goldziher. in his methodology oI attacking
Islam in his Iamous book The Origin oI
Mohammadian Jurisprudence. where he claimed
that there not even one Hadith that we can claim as
correct! He was the master oI the systematic attack
on Hadith by claiming its all corrupted and
incorrect.

3. D.S Margolioth: (1858-1940): Jewish Irom the
UK. He was known with his bitter hatred to Islam.
He was ProIessor oI the Arabic Language in
OxIord. UK. and was elected as a member oI the
Arabic Language and scientiIic league oI
Damascus. He has many claims against Islam such
as the claim that the Quranic story about the
Prophet Ibrahim ( ) and his trip to Mekka with
Ismail was only inspired and promoted by the
Prophet Mohammed in the Quran because the
Prophet wanted to gain the Jewish community
in Medina to his side. so he IalsiIied this story to
convince them that Muslims Arabs and Jewish are
cousins! This very story was later published by one
oI the prominent secular writers in the modern
times; Dr. Taha Husian oI Egypt. as he was one oI
the humble students oI the Mustashriqeen. Taha
Husian was reIuted as a Muslim in a Iatwa by
Azhar and was declared as a kaIir aIter he
published his book under the title oI The Jahily
(beIore Islam) Poems. Taha Husian never
mentioned his master. Margolioth as the source oI
his KuI to take all the credit Ior it! Subhan Allah!

4. H.A.D. Jibb (1895-1965): another British
prominent Mustashriq. born in Egypt. and
succeeded Margolios in OxIord University and
being a member oI the Arabic Language and
scientiIic league oI Damascus and the league oI the

97
Arabic Language in Egypt. He is also one oI the
Editors oI the Islamic Encyclopedia! He promoted
the idea that Islam is merely the same old belieIs oI
Jahilyah with some superIicial modiIications to the
rituals. as Muhammed | | extracted the religion
Irom the Christian heritage and even the Buddhism.

5. S.M. Zweimer: He was leader in the Christian
mercenaries to the Islamic world. He promoted the
idea oI having an international
Mercenarys conIerence in the Islamic countries Ior
all Protestant Christian mercenaries. It was actually
held in Egypt 1906. Americans recognized his
work to spread Christianity and destroy Islam in
the Arab countries by establishing a grant carries
his name Ior those who are specialized in
mercenary activities in the East.

Nowadays. the centers oI Istishraq are spread over the
European and American universities under the name oI
the Department oI Islamic and Arabic Studies. The
heads oI such departments are utterly ignorant oI Islam
and barely speak the Arabic Language. They prey on
those Muslims who have weak Aqida and have
tendencies to revolt against Islam. such as Taha
Husain. or those who have bidaa in their Aqida due to
lack oI understanding Islam either because oI the
environment or because they converted to Islam
through the wrong understanding such as Hamza
YusuI. the person who used to lecture about Islam (or
SoIism according to him!) in the Department oI Islamic
Studies in StanIord University. How on earth. In the
name oI MerciIul God. an enemy oI Islam. who only
learned the Arabic language through lessons Ior one
hour/week Ior a year (52 Hours!). and have such hatred
to this religion. can be a supervisor to a Doctorate
Degree in Islamic or Arabic studies! That is why the

98
graduates oI such departments have always shown. not
only a week understanding oI Shariat and Islamic
subiects. but also a great tendency oI revulsion to
Islamic idea. especially to Hadith. There are many
living examples oI such models in the West that we can
identiIy among Muslims.

Istishraq Methodology in Refuting the Authenticity of
Hadith
26

1. Following the pass oI Mutazilah in advancing the
Aql (Intellectual Capacity/Logic) over Shariat.
2. Following Mutazillah. and all other Bidaa people Ior
that matter. in depending on the Weak and irregular
Hadith. The main sources they depend on are books
such as Al-Waqidy or The book oI Aghani (songs) by
Al-AsIahani the Shiat.
3. Depending on a reversed logic in their studies such as
the Mustashriq Kitani did when studied the liIe oI the
prophet . as he used to determine the concept and
then go back to the history oI the prophet and try to
Iind what might substantiate it.
4. Following the Shiat in putting down the Companions
and hence the Hadith that were transmitted through
them.
5. Depending on the Books oI Fiqh and Sira to extract
and iudge hadith. while hadith should be looked Ior in
the books oI Hadith such as Al-Bukhari. Muslim. Al-
termizi and the rest oI the Hadith reIrence books.
6. Claiming that correct hadith is mixed with the
Iabricated in a way that is impossible to Iilter it out.
Because oI their own belieIs and hatred Ior Islam. they
reIused. to accept the accurate methodology that has
put Muslim scholars to extract. scrutinize and Iilter the

26
P438

99
correct sayings oI the liIe and sayings oI a human
being.

An example oI their lies is what Golgziher claimed about the
Hadith ioI the Prophet whoever lie on me. should prepare
himselI Ior his position in hellIire. that this Hadith is
Iabricated by those who wanted to promote one party over the
other in the Iight between Ali and Muawya!. He Iorgot that he
reported that the hadith is narrated through over eighty chains.
some oI which go back to Osman Ibn AIIan. beIore the Fitna
Time.

Section Two


100
False Claims of those who refuted Sunnah
18

Sects of the second century. which were involved in
Refusing Sunnah (see in Sects):

Al-Khawarej
Al-Mutazala

What we have studied oI the eIIort oI the Muhadetheen.
has shown that the basis on which the Orientalists
established their claim is Ialse. It is clear that:

1. Sunnah is the second source oI Islamic Laws.
2. The Prophet was much more than a mail man
who iust delivers the message without explaining it
to his Iollowers.

This Fitna was reborn in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth century in the Middle East and in the
Indian Peninsula.

The Middle East
27
:

1. Tawfeeq Sidqi: published articles in Al-Manar
about the subiect.
2. Ahmad Amin: He promoted the Mutazalah
ideas in respecting Aql and criticized the
Muhadetheen methodology.
3. Mahmoud Abu Rayah: The worst oI all. he
published a book called Lights on the Sunnah
oI Muhammed ( ). where he attached every
thing related to the Sunnah science including
the companions. especially Abu Hurayrah. as a

27
P453

101
symbol oI Hadith reporters. Alhamdulillah.
many scholars replied with graet books such as
Dr. MustaIa Al-Sibaaie (Al-Sunnah and its
position in Islamic Shariat). which is one oI the
best books ever written in the subiect. and The
Position oI Sunnah in In Islamic Shariat by
Abu Al-Aala Al-Maududi. the great scholar
and Daeia.

The Indian Peninsula
28

1. Sir (!!) Sayed Ahmad Khan (1817-1897 in
Delhi). where he started by reIusing the
Hidden Gaieb. Then he moved to reIuse the
whole sunnah including the Jin and claimed
that the words oI hadith are actually the words
oI the reporters.
2. Shirag Ali substantiated Sir Sayed ideas and
claimed that there are only very Iew hadith that
are correct.
3. Ahmad Al-Deen Al-Amr tusri. then Aslam
Jerai Buri. Then the head oI this Dalalah
(Deviance Irom the right) Shoudri Gholam
Ahmad Barweez.
They all claimed that Sunnah can not be a
prooI oI Shariat. and the only prooI (Daleel) is
the Quran.
4. Abdullah Jakr and Muhebul Haq Aabadi: In
1902. they started the movement oI People oI
the Quran where they reIuted and reIused the
Sunnah altogether.

28
P454

102
The movement moved to Pakistan and took Lahour as a
center Ior its activities. Among those sects who belogs
to such belieI:

1. Ahlul Zikr and Al-Quran: Muhamed Ali
Rasuol
2. The Muslim Nation (Ummah): Khawaia
Ahmad Al-deen Al-Amrtsri 1947. they issue a
magazine called Faydul-Islam..
3. Movement of Development of Human race:
In Lahour.
4. The Movement of Rising of Islam. The most
active oI these organizations. They are now
less active because oI the KuIr Fatwa. which
the scholars oI Pakistan issued against their
ideas.

_-'- = --=- --

Refernce Books:

1. Al-Bukhari

103
2. Muslim
3. Muwataa Malik
4. Sunan Al-Nisaie
5. Ibn Maiah
6. Sunan Abu Dawood
7. Mustadrak Alhakem
8. Tayseer Mustalah Al-Hadeeth
29
Dr Mahmoud Altahhan 1
Vol.
9. Tadreeb Al-Rawi AlhaIez Al-Suiouti. 2 Vols.
10. MaariIat Ulum Alhadith. Alhakem.
11. Al-Baeth Al-Hatheeth Ahmad Shaker. 1 Vol.
12. Al-Taqyeed Wal-Eidah on Mukademat Ibn Al-salah Al-
HaIez Al-Iraqi. 1 Vol.
13. Ihtimam Al-Muhadetheen Dr Mohamed Luqman Al-salaIi.
1 Vol.

Appendix =--

--- --'~- ~--=- *-=~- -

29
This book is indebted to Dr Al-Tahhan as the section on Terminology oI
Hadith has Iollowed his book in the way it is structured and the examples
used.

104
Extra Examples of Mustalah

J--- : Mualal - Al

'+-- .'-' ---=' .- ---= - '- : Types oI Mualal Hadith:

1 . -- -- '-~-'- :- V - -- -- :'= *-=~ --~- :-- :

- - .- .-+- .= --= .- -- '- --' .= - - .= -- .= -''
' '- -'= - : -- .- '- =' - ` '-'=- .'= .- : =-'=--
-'=- ' '- ' -= ` =-' - --- -- ` ' ` --=- +''
=' " '=-' ' : .-+- .- '-- --= .- --' -- ` .

1. The Sanad is Sahih externally; however. a reporter in the
chain is known that he did not hear from the person who he
reported the Hadith from:

Musa Ibn Uqba An Suhail Ibn Abi Saleh An his Iather
An Abi Hurayra elevated: whoever sit in a group where
nonsense is being committed and said beIore leaving
the gathering: Subhanak. there is no God but you. I ask
you Iorgiveness and repeant to you. he will be Iorgiven
beIore he leaves the gathering. Al-Bukhari said Musa
did not hear Irom Suhail.

2 . =~- -:'= = - --~- '-=- - = - >~:- ~--=- :- :

.- .= -` - .= -'= -=' -''= .= '--- .= --= .- ---
'=- " : -= - -- - - -- = ... ---=' " -=' -''=
.- .= '- .= '=- `-- -` .= .

2. The Hadith is reported as Mursal in one Riwayah that is
preserved and substantiated by Hufaz. and as Musnad in
another Riwayah that appears to be sahih:

Qubaisa Ibn Uqbah An SuIian An Khaled Al-Hathaie
and Aasem. An Abi Qulabah An Anas: the most
merciIul in my Umat is Abu Bakr and the most Iirm in

105
Allahs rights is Omar Khaled Al- Hathaie reported
it Mursal Irom Qulabah to the Prophet . and it was
also reported as MarIoie thru Qatadah An Anas.

3 . - :-=- - - ---:-- - ------ -: :=' --- J - --- J -:- '-
-'=~ :

-'-' ' ' ---= .= --' - .= '=- - .= .--- ---=
' '- -'= - '- --'' =' - --= '= --= ' ' '=
- ---= '- '---` .- -- .- -' - - -'- - . - ---` ."
'-= ---- +=- --' - -` .--- '--` ---- --= -
--=- ---'` --=- -- .= - - .= -'--' --'` .= -- .-
'-- .

3. What is reported by a people of a town An people of
another town and they flip. and the Hadith is preserved
thru a companion:

Israel An Abi Isaaq An Abi Al-Mughirah An HuthaiIah
said: that there was a bad habit oI mine in talking to my
Iamily. but not to any one else. so I told it to the
Prophet . so he said: where are you Irom making
IstighIar HuthaiIah Ahmad reported it in the
Musnad. and Abu Al-Mughirah is unknown. so the
Hadith is weak. however. Hamad Ibn Zaid has reported
it thru Thabet Al-Banani An his Iather An Abi Bardah
An his Iather. and it is sahih.

4 . = _-~ --- - -~ - _-- -'- - :- -'=~ - '=:-=- :--
--~ --- :

-- .= '--'- .- '-`= .= --=- .- - " : - '- - - -- -
=''- -' -- '- -'= ." ' '--'- '--'- - .- '-`=
- -'= - '- - - .- --- .- --= .- '- .- -- '--'- '
.-=-=-' --= .= --'` =-=-' -' -- .= =- .
4. Hadith that is reported thru a companion. but it was
reported thru a companion and was said that he heard it
from the Prophet :

106

Zuhair Ibn Mohamed An Uthman Ibn Suliman An his
Iather: that he heard the Prophet reads the Al-Tur
verse in Mugharib prayer. Uthamans name is Ibn Abi
SUliman. and Suliman never heard Irom the Prophet
and usliman has heard the Hadith Irom NaIie Ibn
Jubair Ibn Mutaam An his Iather. and its a sahih
Riwayah.

5 . :=' -:= - :-=- : J= -- =-~- ---'- :- :

+- '--` .- '= .= .--=' .- '= .= '+- .- .= .-- ---=
'---' =-- - '-' '- -'= - '- - - - -' .. ---=' "
.- =-- .-- -'= ' .= --= ---' '-- - '-= .

5. To be reported thru An-Ana ( - - - ) and a reporter
drops in the middle. however. the Hadith is preserved thru
another Isnad (chain):

Younus An Ibn Shihab An Ali Ibn Al-Husain An men
oI Al-Ansar that one night. while they were with sitting
with the Prophet . a star Iall Irom the sky Muslim
and Termizie and Ahmad thru Al-Zuharie. Its Illah is
that Younus dropped Ibn Abbas.

.6 =-~ --~- - J= _-- ~--=- :

`' '--- .= - - ---= ) -` '- ( - .- '==' .=
) -- ( .= .= ) +=- ( -'- - .= ) -` ( -' - - .=
' '- -'= - '- " --' -= ='-' - = .--' ."

6. A man is not properly named in the chain within a
correct chain of men:

The hadith oI Abi Dawood An SuIian Al-Thawri
(Imam Thiqah trustworthy) An Al-Haiai Ibn ArIasah
(trustworthy) An a man (unknown) An Abi Usama

107
(trustworthy) An Abi Huraiyra the the Prophet siad:
the beleiver is easy going with beleivers and
generous. and the crock is a twisted lier. The unknown
man made an Illah Ior the Hadith.

7 . -=- ~-'= -- :- -- --- ~-'= -- -:~'- c=~ - :- :-
=~ -- ' - --- -- :

.- .= -` - .- =- .= ----' --= - '- " - '- --'
--'-' --= = ' --- . --= = ' '- -'= .. ---=' "
-` - .- =- .- .= -`- = '-- =- - - .- .- --- ' .

7. A person reports An another who lived in the same era
and reported Hadiths thru that peson. so. some think he
reported that specific Hadith:

Ahmad reported in Al-Musnad An Yahia Ibn Abi
Khather An Anas Whenever the Prophet had IItar
in a house hold. he used to say: May the Fastings have
break their Iast with you. Yahia Ibn Abi Khather
did not hear it Irom Anas and Yahia reported it by
saying I was told that Anas.

8 . :- '-:-:- ~--=- :- '-~V c--- '-:- :

.= '--- - .= .-=` .= -- .= - '-` --=- .- --- - ---=
-'= " : -' --- ` `-' --- -`- ==- .- " .= -
' '--- - .= .-=` " '- -'= .- - .. "

8. The Hadith is reported connected and stopped in the
same time:

Abi Farwa hadathana thru his Iather An Al-Aamash
An Abi SuIian An iaber: whoever laugh in his prayer.
so he has to repeat the prayer but not the Wadu.. It

108
was also reported thru Wakie An Abi SuIian that Jabar
was asked about it and he said.

--- *-=~- : ) on its own ( Sahih

--- .- - --= '-`-= ' '=-' ) --` -` ( =''- '--= ' ) '-' --`
.--'-' -- ( ' '+- .- .= ) +--` '-' '= ( --= .- --=- .=
=- .- ) -` --` ( -- .= ) -'=- ( ' ": -'= - '- - - ---
'- =''- -' ." --- '- ` '= ` -- `- ---' .---
-'-- ` +- =''- .

Al-Boukhari said Hadathana (told us) Abdul Allah Ibn
YousuI (trustworthy precise) said Malik (The most
trustworthy and precise) told us. An Ibn Shihab Al-
Zouhari (the most trustworthy and precies) An
Mohamed Ibn Jubair Ibn Mutaam (Trustworthy and
precise) An his Iather (companion): that the Prophet
has read the Tur surah in Al-Maghrib prayer. The An-
Ana oI malik is ok as all the reporters beIore him does
not do Tadlees (pretension oI hearing Irom someone).

:-:-- : Stopped

1 . -'=~- :- : .-' '- -'= - '- - - .-' ---- ' ' -- .-- '-
'=- ' '- -'= - '- - - .- '= ' -- . .- --' ---=
-- " --'=`- -'- =-- '- -'= - '- - - '=- ' " =--
- +' '= '= '- -'= - '- - - ` -- - '=-' .

1. The companion says that we used to do so or say
so.. iI he says at at the time oI the Prophet . it is
considered MarIoua (liIted) but iI not. it is considered
Maqtou. Hadith Al-Mughia Ibn Shouba that the
companions oI the Prophet used to nock his door
with their Iinger nails. It is considered Maghtou (cut)
by the text. but is MarIou by the meaning as it is
obvious that the Prophet knew what they do and
consent to it.

109

2 . -'=~- :- : .- '- -' .-- .- + - .= '--+- -- '-- : -
'- -'= - '- -' .- =' -- .-- ` ` --- `-
--- .

2. The companion says we were instructed to do so..or
prohepited Irom doing so and so.... It is a MarIoue
(liIted) hadith no matterit was said at the time oI the
Prophet or not. such as Anas said that Bilal was
instructed to repeat the Azan three times.

3 . -'=~- :-~-- : .- + - '-- '---- '-- '-' '
.-- - --= .- -'= .`- -'=-' .- + ` ----' : --'
-' - -' = -'' '= '- - - .- -- +-' " '--
' = "... --' -` 223 .

3. TaIseer oI Comapions: iI it sis about an unknown.
beyond the knowledge oI humans (Ghaieb) then it si
considered MarIou or Musnad. Such as Jaber Ibn
Abdellah says that the iews used to say that iI a
husband had it with his wiIe while she is on her back
the child will be cross eyed. so the ayat oI Your wives
as a telth onto you. so approach your tilth when or how
you wish Al-Baqarah 223. This has nothing to do
with the prohibition oI getting to the wiIe in the back
entry. as instructed by the Prophet .

:=--- : `` Cut
Cut is the hadith where the Sanad (chain) is stopped at
the level oI the Iollower.
-'-' '= -'

---'- = --=- '-:- :='

110


111
Appendix A

Dictionary of Hadith
Abrogate Nasikh *~'--
Abrogated Mansoukh :~---
broken Munqati =----
by-name Kunyah ----
concealed Mudallas -- c--
consecutive Mutawatter :-:---
consideration Itibar '---
continuous Muttasil J~---
correct Sahih *-=~-
deIective Malul :---
denounced Munkar :----
diIIered MukhtalaI ~--=--
Elevated MarIu :--
Iabricated. Iorged Maudu :~:--
Iamous Mashhur :+~--
Iollow ups Mutabaahat '-'---
good Hasan ~=-
hanging Muallaq ---
He inIormed us Akhbarana '-:-=
He narrated to us Hadathana '---=
hurried Mursal J~:--
I heard Samitu ~-~
interpolated Mudrai ---
irregular Shath '~-
Israelite traditions Israiliat '----:~

112
known MarouI :--
leIt Matruk :---
nicknames Alqab '--
on the authority oI An -
one with less reporters Higher Isnad -'- '-~
one with more reporters Lower Isnad '- '-~
perplexing Mudel J~--
rare strong Aziz :-:-
reversed
Maqlub
:----
scarce Gharib ~-:-
settled Muhaqam --=--
severed Maqtu -- :=-
single.isolated Ahaad '='
skaky Mudtarib :=~--
stopped MauquI :-:--
supported Musnad --~--
Telling a Hadith Riwaya -:-
uniIormly linked Mussalsal J~-~--
weak DaiI ~-~-
with a reversed letter in a
word MusahaI ~=~--
witnesses Shawahid -:~-


113
Dictionary of Hadith
Ahaad single isolated
Akhbarana He inIormed us
Alqab nicknames
An on the authority oI
Aziz rare strong
DaiI weak
Gharib scarce
Hadathana He narrated to us
Hasan good
Higher Isnad one with less reporters
Itibar consideration
Israiliat Israelite traditions
Kunyah by-name
Lower Isnad one with more reporters
Malul deIective
MarouI known
Mansoukh Abrogated
Maqlub reversed
Maqtu severed
MarIu Elevated
Mashhur Iamous
Matruk leIt
Maudu Iabricated. Iorged
MauquI stopped
Muallaq hanging
Mudel perplexing
Mudallas concealed

114
Mudrai interpolated
Mudtarib skaky
Muhaqam settled
MukhtalaI diIIered
Munkar denounced
Munqati broken
Mursal
hurried

MusahaI with a reversed letter in a word
Musnad supported
Mussalsal uniIormly linked
Mutabaahat Iollow ups
Mutawatter consecutive
Muttasil continuous
Nasikh Abrogate
Riwaya Telling a Hadith
Sahih correct
Samitu I heard
Shath irregular
Shawahid witnesses


115
About the Composer:

For the past 35 years. Dr. Tariq Abdelhaleem has been active in the field
of Islamic Da'wa in the Middle East. Europe and North America. He
authored and co-authored a number of books on Islamic Creed. Sects
and Principles of 1urisprudence. His works are widely recognized and
accepted within the community of scholars. His book " --= - ----- :=-
--=:-- J'=" 1978. (The Useful Answer to Ruling on Those Who
Are Ignorant of Tawheed) was published in the collection of " ----
--=:--" (The Creed of Al-Muwahedeen. Book #13) in 1991/1411H in
Saudi Arabia. which was prefaced by Imam Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz. Dr.
Abdelhaleem is a frequent writer in a number of respected Islamic
periodicals in the Middle East. He has many papers and articles
published about contemporary issues that affect the thought and shape
the reality of the Muslim Ummah.

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