Trro—Go4 . se H AS aoe “BROT vb oye ‘APICULTURE Apiculkuxe. ake Practice of keeping bees for honey production is called apiculture. ‘Types of honey bees — Following four types of honeybees species are found in Pakistan Worker bee Queen bee Drone 7 / 1. Apis dorsata ee dod (Q’Sf Rock oF wild bee. Common names is “doomna makhi”. They live in colonies in single combs at rock bases or big trees etc. Comb may extend to 5x2 feet and is always in an open place, never in darkness. Very good honey yielder ic. 80 Ibs from a single comb. Itis very ferocious. Sting is very painful. When enraged, they follow victim for miles even in water. Extraction of combs can be done by smoking or buming, CIOS Ke Arnal Precleuctiom aria + B0IN fram a aingle. comb /» 2 Apis florea oS. 9% Common names are “little bee"/ “choti malthi. Single comb is built in bushes, branches or in houses. Known as stingless bat it has sting. These are not economical because yield is only few ibs, Its honey is praised for chemical properties. « S_ Ke Amul Production *pmatt hive }. Apis cerana * About 40 Hta Common name is “hill bee” also called “domestic bee”. They live in hives in close covers, crevices of rocks, walls and trees, They build several combs side by side, parallel to each other. In modem hives average yield is 20 Ibs. Commonly found in Murree Hills, hilly tracts of Peshawar, Chitral and D. I. Khan. . High Production d, Honky bby [,4- Apis mellifera European or Australian bee. Habits like Apis cerana. They are less prone to swarming. Good honey yielder and average yield is 10-30 Ibs. Prefer to live in concealed environment, so can easily be domesticated. + 10-12 hy Arnucl, Reduction per esleny. Scanned with CamScannerFusilved — Workus — Men pertle fpereles ’ ‘e / os Queda —— Pestle, Pemele (4) ory a \ B Nubatibed — hones — Males (le>ep) ON Biology of honey bees: \ Honey bees are social inserts and live in colonies. Colony consists of Queen, Drone bees and » worker bees, A. Queen — (Pause Matte Jowncle) Qne queen is present in a\colony, with large abdomen and well developed sting which is used to kill other queens before emergence in a colony. Queen may live from 2 to 3 years, She lays 15,000 eggs/day during active season. The fertilized egas produce workers or queens. Unfertilized eggs produce drones. a Queen leaves colony only for mating, swarming or absconding. Larva, from which queen is to be reared, is placed in a special cell and fed on a richer, more nourishing food called Royal Jelly. | B. Drones A number of male drones ars alvays present in a colony. They have no sting and fed by workers. ‘Their function is to mate with virgin queen. Their life is nearly 2 months. C. Workers Main strength of the colony js its workers, which ere 5,000 or more, depending upon the species and colony strength. ‘They are imperfectly developed females, don't Jay eggs. They attend to the ‘work for frst three weeks, dfter emergence work indoors as nurses, hive cleaners, wax makers, honey makers, guards and stdres of pollen and nectay, Afterwards outdoor work of bringing nectar, 6 weeks. In winter, they Pollen and water are also done by workers. The life of workers is nearly ‘may live up to 6 months. Bets can produce L1b wax foundation by consuming 8-12 Ibs of honey. To avoid this honey consumption, we supply artificial eomb foundations in frames and bees start work on these frames, Cycle of the year Bees remain active throughobt the year. During winter, bees neither do much wo brood; they sit together in thethive and eat honey'tg create heat. In spring, queen eges and brood rearing begins, colony becomes strong during mid March to mid April. Nest is crowded and these bees prepare for swarming, At this ime queen cells are built along the bottom and sides of combs, When the new quegn is ceady to emerge, the old queen accompanied by a large number cof workers, who have filled their stomachs with honey, eaves the colony in a warm day to start « new colony. They settle on a nearby tree, bush or some other suitable object. Scouts search a new Place and the whole swarm settles there within 2-48 hours of leaving the parent colony. In the parent colony two things may happen: 8) The first queen emerging after primary swarming may Kill the queens in other cells and establishes herself as queen mother. ») She may fly away ina swatm (3-4 swarms may follow) until strength of colony is considerably depleted; the queen emergingllast holding the parent colony. ‘After the swarming fever is ofe, the bees inthe parent colony settle down to normal work. rk nor rear any Scanned with CamScannersere ae flowing despot by worker bees in hive, (After emergence of first ‘two days, bees become cleansers, removing residue of larvae and pupee and other cell debris Then bees get interest in the aeration of the hive. Clinging firmly to the floor, they lift their abdomen and quickly strike their wings. “These actions serve to temove excess water vapor and to normalize the temperature of hive. (i) From third to fifth day: They develop into nurse bees, nourish workers larvae and drones larvae with pollen, honey and glandular secretions. From 6* to 10" day: They supply workers larvae and drones larvae of less than two days and also queen larvae. They supply the cells with royal jelly concealed by the hhypo-pharyngeal glands. Gv) From 10* to 15* day: The bees become stockers, accumulate the pollen and nectar from forager bees as supplies are bring into hive and store them. (¥) From 15% to 17 day: The bees are comb-makers, responsibility the duty of building and repairing combs (vi) From 18* to 20 day: The bees become guards, protecting the hive against other insects and particularly against bees from other colonies which are attracted by the stored honey, (wit) After the 21* day, bees become foragers, departure the colony to collect nectar, pollen ‘and propolis from flowers. tis amazing that for three weeks, bees stay within the hive. ‘After this phase of life, they go out, until their deat, which can oceur at their fifth week of life if foraging activity is extreme. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannera INTERNAL ORGANS OF Hot Intemal organ of honey -bee are the hypo-pharyngeal gland, wax gland, pheromone glands, ‘queen's pheromone glands, and sting with the passion gland. a) The hypopharyngeal gland ‘These glands situated in the worker bees head, in border of in. It starts to grown-up three days following the bee's coming out, and expand purelf as thé bees produce royal jelly to nourish ‘the queen and young larvae. b) The wax gland ‘Wax gland is situated in the ventral part of the young worker bee's abdomen. Worker bees liberate wax between series of four partly cover plates, called stema, below the abdomen. The worker bees begin to produce wax 12 days after emerging. After six days, the plaids deteriorate and worker bees discontinue comb-building. 6) Pheromone or Scent glands: Worker bees produce three major pheromones. The glands underneath the sting produce a unique scent consisting primarily of fsopentl acetate, which it sprays neatly the spot of sting. This odor motivates other worker bees to thase and’ sting the victim. A secoid pheromone is alarm pheromone, has the same function, which discharge by glands at the base of mandibles. A third plan, situated near the back of abdomen, pioduces a pheromone, which discharge by scout bees attract swarms of other bees to move near hem, @ Queen's pheromone glands: ‘A eperil gland is located inthe queen beds mandibles which produce and release pheromone called the queen substances. These pheromones have diferent fiction suchas allow ff he to recognize individual of the colony, to reduce ovary growth in worker bees, to stop the ‘worker bees from construction of queen ces toad a colony or swan to shift as gn orpinized : nit, and to atrect drones for mating flight. The lack of queen substance (eg. when queen die) produce conflicting reaction, ie. worker start to build up ovaries and to construct queen cells, and a swarm searching for adjustment will not gather but will spit into minor groups that cannot holdup the typical life ofa bee colony. 6) Stinger: Stinger is positioned ina cavity a the last part of abdomen, ftom which single the bristly pointed tube stick out, The stinger is customized as of an eggclaying appendage, identified like the ovipositor. Conversely, the stinger ean also be worn tg inject venom. Only workers bees have a stingerlovipositor. Stinger is draw back inside the sting chamber in abdomen when it is not in used. The duct of sting is an unfilled tube, similar toa hypodermic spike. The tip is hurtful so as q it sticks keen on the exoskeleton or flesh of the victim. The unfilled spike/needle has three parts, 4 The top part is known as stylet and has ridges while the underside has two pieces known as lancets, When sting is penetrated by the bees into the enemy skin, ancets move on the ridges of stylet in forward and backward position. ‘These two adjacent lancets are able to produce poison canal. A bulb like’ structure 15 P nded and by movement, resent in front of the streak. The end portion of these lancets within bulb is diste : they compel the venom into the poison cana, suchas miniature plunger. The venom produced Scanned with CamScanner2 from two acid glands which into the poison sac. The contents of the alkaline gland are neglected directly into the poison|canal during stinging, where|they dissolve in acidic portion. ‘When a honeybee stings to foe the tng bcos fixed, Andtrying to separate from the body of enemy, a small portion of the stinger remains in the victim body. This sort of damage Geparation of stinger| from body) is enough |to kill the honeybees. More inteiestingly, the contraction of stinger continues automatically even after separation and continuously pumping the toxic Yeaom into adjacent wound for several seconds. The queen stinger is longer as compart ‘to workers and attached firmly within the specific sting chamber. But, the lancet are less in quant andthe barbs ae also smal in size as compared to worker's stinger (and so, less probable to remain in the body of victim life another queen). However, the } poisonous glands are well eftablished and the poison saes are very large. Typically, Queens only | sting another quens in hive for cofpptton of take over the whole colony. | Basal ana “Plates 19 ove lancet Seat tools lanost Scanned with CamScanner2B 28 HONEYBEE COMMUNICATION Communication between insects is very essential for their survival, particularly between social insects that live in complex colonies. The behavior of honeybees is a phenomenon represented by bees during their everyday behavior in a colony. Some are heritably influenced while others depend on exterior stimuli It is very imperative for a beekeeper to recognize and employ Tehavior pattern accessible by bees t0 get better management aspect. Honeybees are well ize olfactory signals. recognized for their chemical communication and Honeyhees have efficient communication system. The fundamental modes of communication in the Tanguage of bees are alike to those of man eg. the use of different stimuli such as chemical, light and ‘physical that can be apparent by’ definite sensory organs. ‘Needs for efficient communication jon is especially important mostly for serving the following purposes: Honey bees commune © Mutua! defense: Totell each other of the danger around them © Sech out for food: Inform each other on the resource of food © Cate of he young ones # Toachieve mating + For comb builling ‘Types of communication in honeybees Honey bees have two basic methods of communication. The first is the use of pheromones. or chemical scents, used 19 mark the hive of a new home, 10 communicate danger, etc. The second method is the use of ‘dances’ as a means of communicating the location of nectar, pollen, water, anew home, ete (Chemical communication Communication by chemical is extremely developed in honeybees and ealled as communication bby pheromones. Pheromone is chemical substance secreted by definite glands and release Function Source Sea aTwoeion Mandibalar glands ‘Sevwal simlation of Grones Mandibular glands ‘Orieniaon of ying swarm Mandibulbr glnds ‘Stabuzation of landed swarm ‘Mandibular glands Tuba queen replacement and ‘Mandibular glands worker ovary development Defence alarm Vicinity of worker sting Mark wie of anak Vieinity of ating chamber Orientation of postion and ivechon | Nasanov gland of worker [ Provides ‘attack ‘Mandible gland of worker pheromones with their antennae by fragrant le and non-volatile chemicals as in with others, ding proteins in the lor molecules from Scanned with CamScannerau AWPFENSION Hees ‘sysoxioted sth an intra They dit MW Hy set down, the alarm pheromone iy ony prtection hehiay themselves very efficiently aint 1 keeping of Workers are made Satbon ators hich comprise o Pot acids wath 10 to % 'n young Hees this glint produces a white matter, MN the discharge af the bypo-pharynge Or Worker be an impulsive substance that acy ily look "owed in Nipits, that is diverse w Jelly that is feed to the quee lands 10 make royal + Un forager hee, the plan alse creates 2-heptanone, cumulates in the central reser slowly with times. ‘This compou consti it, the au 9 of which increase ai 19 0 ikely alarm photon can keep away guard bees, -heptanone has a repulsive ar an at Mt In gud bees 2 Season. In foraging bees, me Mractive effeet depending on the mary and repulsive consequence on the run ond A florea the reaction of iffereat from thet of Foraging bees. All species of gens pts 2-heptanone ean have a momer Visit of Nora tn dy in the course of 2-heptano contain alarm pheromones and the SomPound is normally similar between honeybee species with the exclusion of A. lahortesa, the lant Himalayan honeybee. Honeybee species that have open nests, such ay floreu and A dorsata hav 8 propensity alarm pheromones that persevere longer, uch as 2-decenyl acetate Honeybee Dunee Bees communicate through dance ta designate food source, its amount and location. There are Some other dances related with alarm, hive cleaning, massage and enjoyment. All the dances are carrying out within the hive on the plane of the comb, Dances related with food: Here are two category of bees dance, which bees carry oul to communicate regarding food source. The form of dance depends on the distance of food source from the hive. © The Round dance © The Tuil waggle dance ‘When it comes to food, honey bee foragers can communicate the direction, distance, and species of the plant. Round dance and waggle dance are the two most important dances used by honey bees, It is important to note the inside of @ hive is very datk Honey bees use touch to help them feel, rather than see, the dances. Honey bees also rely heavily on smell to communicate with one another. Olfactory organs of a honeybee (the “nose™) are located in the antennae Using their antennae, workers in a hive can smell the scent of a flower on a retuming forgger and use this information to locate the flower, The rewming forager may even offer a sample of nectar from the flower. Scanned with CamScanner% find 9 food source near the hive (104m behavior is wally fin! the food source Amick) For tense wn iy beer ay they set their lar from the dancing bee may paint ow laste of the food They APPEA for a mecis Y 9 MHECINe wMhor Of the ncetar wid react selectively 10 this scent when reaching im the MeN As a tesut, the workers et ayitated, put down the dance, ‘preparation fo the foraging clean themselves, noutish honey Your anal then in a minute depart the hive ‘The waggle (wupeally tan When a forging worker bee looking for food finds food th far she has use the more complex, figure-M shaped wapsle dance 10 stance of food soince fom the hive (over Lovin), sommunicate the way and The outer loops are simply walked lance path line ts curvy When a bee wapgles, she quickly shakes ber abomen side to side. The waggle contains a ot of information Distance is conveyed hy the ‘peed of the waggle dance. Ifthe dance is ast, then the food source is not very The bee waggles where the far, However, the slower the dance, more distant the food source Keep in mind at honey bees can fly a few tiles w reach a food source. Direction is conveyed in relation to the sun. Remember, the inside Of ahive is lath and the bees perform their dances on the wax comb, which is perpendicular to the ground. Thus, gravity is an important force used to commu icate the direction of a food ‘source. Dancing straight up on the comb, against gravity, 1s equivalent to flying towards the sun Dancing straights down, swith gravity, commu tes that the food source is in the opposite direction of the sun. It will continue until other bees pay attention, Waggle tail dance of honeybees in relation to food source from the hive with position of sun Other ty f dance: > _ Scanned with CamScanner6 Elemer om ‘lus or other forcign matetits on the body of bees motivate the cleaning beat of legs and a rhythmic Muctuation of the body to the sides. At the bees rapidly tit and lower the body and clean atound the ase ofthe wings, tlle legs. This kind of trembling dance ean be observed anytime in the hive ean the thoray and shvdomen by thei mandibles. As soan asthe dancers feel the leaner, it discontinues dancing. Mechanical communica This engages rapid the simitar time, by the pair of mi Bees clean the ¢ contact ofthe el ‘The mechanical communication in honeybees can be grouped in two categories: £ Towels Bees can communicate with the sense of touch by their antennae eg. in “mutual begging” by touching the head of his partner by antennae. The bees also utilize their ‘antennae to mark the dancing bees. it Sound thas been monitor that bees do not communicate by dancing only. but also by sound signals as well. During the waggle dance. peculiar low frequencies sounds (250 ‘cycles/see) are ercated by the dance of the bee during the small straight run which is chosen by the admirer (bee) through the forelegs and antennae. Mutual Begging ‘The exchange of juice food between the individual of the similar colony is known as food sharing or tropholaxis. This plays an important function in the social organization of mainly species of social insects, In honeybees colony food is conceded from; > Worker bees to queen > Worker bees to drones > Worker bees to worker bees Exchange of food between bees, starts when one of them “begs” or “offers” food to the other. During feeding bees continuously striking of each other facilitate orientation and communication with each other. Sharing of food serves as a means of communication about the accessibility of water and food. It also serves as a media of transmission of qucen substance. Scanned with CamScanner