Welcome Back!

Aims and Objectives:

• New seating plan
• Expected results in L.C Physics
• Exam outline: Section A:30%
Section B:70%
• Work ethic
• Materials for class🡪folder+exam q copy
• Correct Summer exam
Journals collected on Friday to be signed and
checked (1.05)
Heat
 Temperature
• Measure
 Thermometers
Three things that make up a thermometer
Fixed Point
Usually the
---- boiling point
----

Thermometric
----
----
and melting
----
points
Property ----
----
of water
--
Something
that varies
Scale
Measurably with
Divisions between
temperature
the fixed points
 Different Thermometers
Thermocouple Platinum Wire CVGT
Junction emf
Resistance Pressure

Emf
R Pressure
Temp Temp Temp

The only linear thermometric property is the CVG.

All the others must be calibrated to the CVG
Show them the CVGT
 Different Temperatures
Thermocouple Emf
Junction emf
Temp

Platinum Wire R
Resistance Temp

Because the thermometric properties are

non-linear we may get different readings for the
same temperature
 Different Thermometers
Thermocouple Platinum Wire CVGT
Junction emf
Resistance Pressure
Emf
R Pressure

Temp Temp Temp

CVG is a standard thermometer and is used to

calibrate the others
CALIBRATION CURVE OF A THERMOMETER USING THE
LABORATORY MERCURY THERMOMETER AS A
STANDARD

Alcohol
Mercury thermometer thermometer
uncalibrated
Boiling tube

Glycerol Water

Heat source
Temperature
in Celsius

43

23
Length in cm
 Fixed Points – Alternative to Calibration
Graph

• Use BP and MP of water

• Divide up gap between into 100
division scale
 H/W
• LC Ord 2007 Q 3

• And LC Ord 2005 Q12(a)

 Heat Transfer

Convectio Conductio
n n
-Hot air -Transfer
rising by
carrying vibrations
the
heat up
with it.

Radiation
-Transfer by
Electro-magnetic wave
 JOHN
TYNDALL

Heat Transfer
Heat is transferred from place to place by:
• Conduction
The transfer of heat energy from molecule to molecule in a
solid by the vibration of the molecules. There is no overall
movement of the substance
• Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat through a liquid or gas
by means of circulating currents of the fluid
• Radiation
The transfer of heat from one place to another in the form of
electromagnetic waves/radiation

15
 Conduction
In a solid every atom is physically bonded to its
neighbours in some way.
If heat energy is supplied to one part of a solid,
the vibration travels through the solid.

Conduction is the transfer

of energy through matter
by passing vibrations from
particle to particle. It is the
transfer and distribution of
heat energy from atom to
atom within a substance.
Practical Conduction

• A spoon in a cup of hot soup

becomes warmer because
the heat from the soup is
conducted along the spoon.
Conduction is most effective
Chilly
in solids
• It is also why stone and
metals appear cold. They
are just good conductors.
 Water as a Poor Conductor
Test Tube of
The ice does not water
melt as the water
is a terrible Metal
conductor and Gauze
convection only ICE
works up. Liquids
generally poor
conductors. HEAT
Copper, Aluminium, Iron,
Brass, Glass
 Insulation
• Most insulating materials
adequately reduce conduction
and convection elements by the
cellular structure of the material.
• The radiation component is
reduced by absorption into the
body of the insulating material
and is further reduced by the
application of a bright foil outer
facing to the product.

PDST Resources for

Leaving Certificate Physics
20
 -2 -1
U-Value (W m K ) Domestic House
• The U-value of a structure is the amount
of heat conducted per second through 1
m2 of that structure when the
temperature difference between its ends
is 1 °C (i.e. 1 K) (rate of heat loss)
• Unit = W m-2 K-1
• A good insulator has a low U-value.
• Increasing the insulation in a house lowers
the U-value.

PDST Resources for

Leaving Certificate Physics
21
 U-Value
• U- Value is a measure of how good
an insulator something is. A good
Q/t
insulator has a low U-value.

θ θ+1

1m2
 Insulation — practical steps
1. Insulate the attic.
2. Put ‘Aeroboard’ bead in the cavity walls.
3. Install double/treble glazing in windows.
4. Place draught excluders around the doors; use
insulating blinds/curtains on windows.

PDST Resources for

Leaving Certificate Physics double click on picture for explanation (Adobe reader)
23
 Domestic U-values
U-value in
W m-2 K-1
Not insulated 1.9
Roof
Insulated 0.4–0.2

Not insulated 1.7

Walls
Insulated 0.8–0.2

Not insulated 0.8

Floor
Insulated
PDST Resources for Leaving Certificate
0.4–0.2
Physics 24
 Convection
Most houses have radiators to heat their
rooms. This is a bad name for them - as
they give off heat mainly by convection!

The air expands and is less dense so it rises

It cools and falls
CONVECTION CURRENT
 Sea Breezes

Day – On Shore

HOT
LAND WARM SEA
 Sea Breeze Night

Night – Off Shore

COLD
LAND WARM SEA
 Domestic heating system
• With a convection circulation
system set up, the hot water
storage tank gradually
becomes filled with hot
water from the top
downwards.
• When hot water is run off, an
equal volume from the cold
supply tank enters the hot
storage tank at the bottom.
PDST Resources for
Leaving Certificate Physics
28
http://www.absorblearning.com/me
dia/item.action?quick=an
 Radiation
• The transfer of heat in the form of
an electro-magnetic wave.
• Only form of heat that can travel
through a vacuum(free space)
A silver or white body
holds heat in so to
reduce heat loss we use
silver or white.

Black bodies radiate

more heat so we paint
things black when we
want to lose heat.
 Solar Constant (Irradiance)
• The average amount of solar energy falling
on 1 square meter of atmosphere per
second
• About 1.35kWm-2
At the poles the
same amount of
energy from the
sun is spread over
a much larger
surface area.
Than the equator
• The proportion of this reaching a
particular point on the surface of
the earth depends on weather
conditions and the time of year.
The global average is 342 W m-2 at
the surface.
• For Ireland the average surface
irradiance is 115 W m-2

PDST Resources for

Leaving Certificate Physics
33
 Solar Panels
• Radiation from the sun falls
on panels containing a
network of pipes through
which water is pumped.
• Each time the water passes
through the panel it
becomes warmer. In this
way the radiant energy
from the sun is converted
into internal energy in the Click for more
water.

PDST Resources for

Leaving Certificate Physics
34
 H/W
• LC Ord 2006 Q 7

• LC Ord 2004 Q7
 Heating a solid
Temperature

Boiling point

Melting
point

Time
 Heating a solid
Temperature

Boiling Heat raises Gas

point temperature
Energy=mcΔθ Boiling

Melting
point Liquid
Melting

Solid Latent Heat

Only
Energy=ml Time
 The Refrigerator

Liquid
Liquid Gas boils
Gas
turns and
back takes in
into a Latent
liquid Heat
giving from
out the
heat food

Compressor
 Heating Up
Heat that raises temperature
Energy Supplied=Q=mcΔθ
Where m = mass of body
Δθ=Change in Temperature
c = Specific Heat Capacity

Amount of heat energy

to raise
 Example
How much energy does it take to heat up 2kg of
copper by 30 degrees?
(Where c=390 j/kg/kelvin)

As Q=mc∆θ
Q= 2 x 390 x 30
= 23400 Joules
 Example
How much energy does it take to heat up 500ml
of water from 20oC to B.P.?
(Where c=4200 j/kg/kelvin)

As Q=mc∆θ
Q= 0.5 x 4200 x 80
= 168000 Joules
 Power
• If this takes 5 mins how much power is
needed?

Power = Work done/ Time

= 168000/300s
= 560 Watts
 H/W
• LC Ord 2008
• Q7
 Latent Heat
Heat that changes state without changing
temperature
Energy Supplied=ml
Where m = mass of body
l = Specific Latent Heat

Amount of heat energy

to change state of1kg
without changing
 Example
How much energy does it take to turn 2kg of copper into a
liquid?
(latent heat of fusion of Copper l=38900000 j/kg)

As Q=ml
Q= 2 x 38900000
= 77800000 Joules

A lot more than heating it up!

 Frozen Wine

A litre of wine at 20 0C. is left in the freezer by accident.

It freezes and reduces to -10 0C. How much energy
does this take?
3 stages
1. Cools to zero
2. Freezes
3. Cools to -10 0C.
 Stage 1

Wine has c=4000j/kg/kelvin, ρ=1kg/litre

Using Q=mcΔθ
= ρ V c Δθ
=1x1x4000x20
=80000joules
 Stage 2

Wine has latent heat of fussion l = 300000j/kg

Using Q=ml
=ρVl
=1x1x300000
=300000joules
 Stage 3

Frozen Wine has c=3000j/kg/kelvin, ρ=1kg/litre

Different
from
Using Q=mcΔθ
liquid = ρ V c Δθ
=1x1x3000x10
=30000joules
 Total
= 80000+300000+30000 =410000 joules

How long will this take in a 100Watt fridge?

100w = 100 joules/second

Time = 410000/100 = 4100 seconds

= 4100/3600 = 1.13 hours
 H/W
• Higher level
• 2005 Q2
 MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC
HEAT CAPACITY OF A METAL BY AN
ELECTRICAL METHOD

12 V a.c. Joule meter

Power supply 10°C

350 J

Heating coil

Glycerol
Lagging
Metal block
1. Find the mass of the metal block m.
2. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
3. Record the initial temperature θ1 of the metal block.
4. Zero the joule meter and allow current to flow until
there is a temperature rise of 10 °C.
6.    Switch off the power supply, allow time for the heat
energy to spread throughout the metal block and record
the highest temperature θ2.
8.    Record the final joule meter reading Q.

Energy supplied electrically = Energy gained by metal block

Q = mc (θ2 – θ1)
 MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER
BY AN ELECTRICAL METHOD

10°C

12 V a.c. Joule
Power supply meter
Cover
350 J Digital
thermometer

Water
Lagging
Calorimeter
Heating coil
1. Find the mass of the calorimeter mcal.
2. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus the water m1.
Hence the mass of the water mw is m1 – mcal.
3. Set up the apparatus as shown. Record the initial
temperature θ1.
4. Plug in the joule meter , switch it on and zero it.
5. Switch on the power supply and allow current to
flow until a temperature rise of 10 °C has been
achieved.
6.    Switch off the power supply, stir the water well
and record the highest temperature θ2. Hence the rise
in temperature is θ2 – θ1.
7.    Record the final joule meter reading Q.
 
Electrical energy supplied = energy gained by (water +calorimeter)

Q = m wc w + mcalccal.

Precautions 1/. Lagging

2/. Cool water slightly so final
temperature not far from room temperature.
MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY OF A METAL OR WATER BY A
MECHANICAL METHOD
Cotton wool
Boiling tube 10°C

Water

Copper Digital
rivets thermometer
Heat
source
Water

Lagging
Calorimeter
1. Place some copper rivets in a boiling tube. Fill a
beaker with water and place the boiling tube in it.
2. Heat the beaker until the water boils. Allow boiling
for a further five minutes to ensure that the copper
pieces are 100° C.
3. Find the mass of the copper calorimeter mcal.
4. Fill the calorimeter, one quarter full with cold water.
Find the combined mass of the calorimeter and water m1.
5. Record the initial temperature of the calorimeter
plus water θ1. Place in lagging
6. Quickly add the hot copper rivets to the calorimeter,
without splashing.
7. Stir the water and record the highest temperature
θ 2.
8. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus water plus
copper rivets m2 and hence find the mass of the rivets
mco.
6. Quickly add the hot copper rivets to the
calorimeter, without splashing.
7. Stir the water and record the highest
temperature θ2.
8. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus water plus
copper rivets m2 and hence find the mass of the
rivets mco.

Heat lost by the Rivets=Heat gained by water and calorimeter

mco ccoΔθ2 = mw cwΔθ1 + mc ccΔθ1
MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC LATENT
HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE
10°C

Wrap ice in
cloth to Crushed
crush and ice
dry.
Digital
Calorimeter
thermometer

Water
Lagging
1. Place some ice cubes in a beaker of water and keep until
the ice-water mixture reaches 0 °C.
2. Find the mass of the calorimeter mcal. Surround with
lagging
3. Half fill the calorimeter with water warmed to
approximately 10 °C above room temperature. Find the
combined mass of the calorimeter and water m2.
4. Record the initial temperature θ1 of the calorimeter plus
water.
5. Surround the ice cubes with kitchen paper or a cloth and
crush them between wooden blocks – dry them with the
kitchen paper.
6. Add the pieces of dry crushed ice, a little at a time, to
the calorimeter.
7. Record the lowest temperature θ2 of the calorimeter.
Find the mass of the calorimeter + water + melted ice m3
 Learning Intentions:
C-D: Describe what Latent Heat is . HW:
B-C: Explain the stages involved in measuring latent Latent Heat
heat fusion of ice. Book Q.s
A:Apply knowledge of experiment conducted to
measure and calculate specific LHF of ice.

Keywords:
•Heat Gain
•Heat Loss
•Latent Heat
•Fusion of ice
•Specific heat capacity
•Calorimeter
 Calculations
Energy gained by ice = Energy lost by calorimeter
+ energy lost by the water.

milf +micw Δθ1= mcalcc Δθ2+mwcw Δθ2

milf +micw (θf-0)= mcalcc (θi- θf)

+mwcw (θi- θf)
 H/W
• LC Ord 2003
• Q2
MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
OF VAPORISATION OF WATER

10°C

Digital
Steam Thermometer
Trap
Lagging
Water
Calorimeter
Heat
source
1. Set up as shown
2. Find the mass of the calorimeter mcal.
3. Half fill the calorimeter with water cooled to
approximately 10 °C below room temperature.
4. Find the mass m1 of the water plus calorimeter.
5. Record the temperature of the calorimeter + water θ1.
6. Allow dry steam to pass into the water in the
calorimeter until temperature has risen by about 20 °C.
7. Remove the steam delivery tube from the water,
taking care not to remove any water from the calorimeter
in the process.
8. Record the final temperature θ2 of the calorimeter
plus water plus condensed steam.
9. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus water plus
condensed steam m2.
Energy lost by steam = energy gained by calorimeter +
energy gained by the water

msl+msc. ∆θ = mcalcc ∆θ +mwcw.∆θ

mslv +mscw (100-θf)= mcalcc (θf- θI)

+mwcw (θf- θI)
 H/W
• LC Higher 2003
• Q2