Project File 2

PROJECT FILE
SARASWATI VIDYA
MANDIR
Sec-Q, Aliganj, Lucknow
Session- 2022-2023
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
SUBMITTED BY
Nikhil Singh Tomar Teacher’s Signature
th
Class- 12 (A2)
Roll No.-
CONTENTS
1. YOGA
2. Meaning of yoga.
3. Elements of yoga.
4. Asanas
5. Standing Asanas
6. Sitting Asanas
7. Laying Asanas
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my heartfelt

gratitude to (Ms. Somdev
Sharma) for her tremendous
support and assistance in the
completion of my project. I
would also like to thank our
Principal, (Mr.Rajendra
Singh), for providing me
with this wonderful
opportunity to work on a
project with the topic (Yoga
and its elements). The
completion of the project
would not have been possible
without their help and
insights.
DATE: Adarsh Srivastava

D And F BLOCK ELEMENTS
• The D block elements:

i. The elements lying in the middle of periodic table
belonging to groups 3 to 12 are known as d – block
elements.
ii. Their general electronic configuration is
where (n – 1) stands for penultimate
(last but one) shell.
• Transition elements:
i. A transition element is defined as the one which has

incompletely filled d orbitals in its ground state or in
any one of its oxidation states.
ii. Zinc, cadmium, mercury are not regarded as
transition metals due to completely filled d – orbital.
• The F block elements:

The elements constituting the f -block are those in
which the 4 f and 5 f orbitals are progressively filled in
the latter two long periods.
• Lanthanoids:
i. The 14 elements immediately following
lanthanum, i.e., Cerium (58) to Lutetium (71)
are called lanthanoids.
ii. They belong to first inner transition series.
Lanthanum (57) has similar properties. Therefore, it
is studied along with lanthanoids.
• Actinoids:
i. The 14 elements immediately following actinium (89),
with atomic numbers 90 (Thorium) to 103
(Lawrencium) are called actinoids.
ii. They belong to second inner transition series.

Actinium (89) has similar properties. Therefore, it is
studied along with actinoids.
• Four Transition series:

1. 3D-transition series: The transition elements with
atomic number 21(Sc) to 30(Zn) and having
incomplete 3d orbitals is called the first transition
series.
2. 4D-transition series: It consists of elements with
atomic number 39(Y) to 48 (Cd) and having
incomplete 4d orbitals. It is called second transition
series.
3. 5D-transition series: It consists of elements
with atomic number 57(La), 72(Hf) to 80(Hg)
having incomplete 5d orbitals. It is called third
transition series.
4. 6D-transition series: It consists of elements with

atomic number 89(Ac), 104(Rf) to 112(Uub) having
incomplete 6d orbitals. It is called fourth transition
series.
• General characteristics of Transition
elements:
a. Metallic character:
i. All transition elements are metallic in nature, i.e.

they have strong metallic bonds.
ii. This is because of presence of unpaired electrons.
This gives rise to properties like high density, high
enthalpies of atomization, and high melting and
boiling points.
b. Atomic radii:
The atomic radii decrease from Sc to Cr because the
effective nuclear charge increases. The atomic size of
Fe, Co, Ni is almost same because the attraction due
to increase in nuclear charge is cancelled by the
repulsion because of increase in shielding effect. Cu
and Zn have bigger size because the shielding effect
increases and electron electron repulsions repulsion
increases
c. Lanthanoid contraction:
i. The steady decrease in the atomic and ionic radii

of the transition metals as the atomic number
increases. This is because of filling of 4f orbitals
before the 5d orbitals.
ii. This contraction is size is quite regular. This is called
lanthanoid contraction.
iii. It is because of lanthanoid contraction that the
atomic radii of the second row of transition elements
are almost similar to those of the third row of
transition elements.
d. Ionisation enthalpy:
i. There is slight and irregular variation in ionization

energies of transition metals due to irregular variation
of atomic size.
ii. The I.E. of 5d transition series is higher than
3d and 4d transition series because of
Lanthanoid Contraction.
e. Oxidation state:
Transition metals show variable oxidation states due
to tendency of (n-1)d as well as ns electrons to take
part in bond formation.
f. Magnetic properties:
i. Most of transition metals are paramagnetic in nature

as a result of which they give coloured compounds
and it is all due to presence of unpaired electrons.
ii. It increase s from Sc to Cr and then decreases
because number of unpaired and then decrease
because number of unpaired electrons increases
from Sc to Cr and then decreases. They are rarely
diamagnetic.
g. Formation of coloured compounds:

They form coloured ions due to presence of
incompletely filled d – orbitals and unpaired
electrons, they can undergo d – d transition by
absorbing colour from visible region and
radiating complementary colour.
h. Formation of complexes:
Transition metals form complexes due to

(i) presence of vacant d – orbitals of
suitable energy.
(ii) smaller size.
(iii) higher charge on cations.
i. Interstitial compounds:
Transition metals have voids or interstitials in which C,
H, N, B etc. can fit into resulting in formation of
interstitial compounds. They are non – stoichiometric,
i.e., their composition is not fixed, e.g., steel. They are
harder and less malleable and ductile.
j. Alloy formation:
They form alloys due to similar ionic size. Metals

can replace each other in crystal lattice, e.g., brass,
bronze, steel etc.
Preparation of Potassium dichromate

( )
i. It is prepared by fusion of chromate ore
(FeCr2O4) with sodium carbonate in excess of air.
Effect of pH on chromate and dichromate ions:
The chromates and dichromates are inter-

convertible in aqueous solution depending upon pH
of the solution. The oxidation state of chromium in
chromate and dichromate is the same.
Potassium dichromate acts as a strong

oxidizing agent in acidic medium:
Preparation of Potassium permanganate:
Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of

MnO4 with alkali metal hydroxide (KOH) in presence
of O2 or oxidising agent like KNO3. It produces dark
green K2MnO4 which undergoes oxidation as well as
reduction in neutral or acidic solution to give
permanganate.
Commercially, it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative

fusion of MnO2 followed by the electrolytic oxidation
of manganate (Vl).
In laboratory, Mn²+ salt can be oxidized by

peroxodisulphate ion to permanganate ion.
In acidic medium:
In neutral or faintly basic medium:
Properties of Lanthanoids:
1. +3 oxidation state is most common along with +2

and +4.
2. Except Promethium, they are non – radioactive.
3. The magnetic properties of lanthanoids are less
complex than actinoids.
Properties of Actinoids:
1. Actinoids also show higher oxidation states such as

+4, +5, +6 and +7.
2. They are radioactive.
3. The magnetic properties of the actinoids are
more complex than those of the lanthanoids.
4. They are more reactive.
Mischmetal:
1. It is a well-known alloy which consists of a

lanthanoid metal and iron and traces
of S, C, Ca and Al.
2. A good deal of mischmetall is used in Mg-based
alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
th
I Adarsh Srivastava of class 12
A2’ Have done this project with the
help
of my parents, subject
teacher and classmates.
I hereby used:
➢
Chrome browser
➢
Site: Wikipedia.org
and Mycbseguide.com
➢
Textbook of physical
eduaction.
For finalizing this project.
Thank you.

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PROJECT FILE

I would like to convey my heartfelt

DATE: Adarsh Srivastava

• The D block elements:

i. A transition element is defined as the one which has

• The F block elements:

ii. They belong to second inner transition series.

• Four Transition series:

4. 6D-transition series: It consists of elements with

i. All transition elements are metallic in nature, i.e.

i. The steady decrease in the atomic and ionic radii

i. There is slight and irregular variation in ionization

i. Most of transition metals are paramagnetic in nature

g. Formation of coloured compounds:

Transition metals form complexes due to

They form alloys due to similar ionic size. Metals

Preparation of Potassium dichromate

The chromates and dichromates are inter-

Potassium dichromate acts as a strong

Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of

Commercially, it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative

In laboratory, Mn²+ salt can be oxidized by

In neutral or faintly basic medium:

1. +3 oxidation state is most common along with +2

1. Actinoids also show higher oxidation states such as

1. It is a well-known alloy which consists of a

For finalizing this project.

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