Lica

LIC APPLICATIONS LAB
LIC APPLICATIONS
LABORATORY MANUAL
R19
III / IVB.TECH ECE
I– SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELURU – 534 007
DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 1

List of Experiments
Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted:
1. Study of OP AMPs – IC 741, IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 – functioning,parameters

andSpecifications.
2. OP AMP Applications – Adder, Subtractor, ComparatorCircuits.
3. Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC741.
4. Active Filter Applications – LPF, HPF (firstorder)
5. Active Filter Applications – BPF, Band Reject (Wideband) and NotchFilters.
6. IC 741 Oscillator Circuits – Phase Shift and Wien BridgeOscillators.
7. Function Generator using OPAMPs.
8. IC 555 Timer – Monostable OperationCircuit.
9. IC 555 Timer – Astable OperationCircuit.
10. Schmitt Trigger Circuits – using IC 741 and IC555.
11. IC 565 – PLLApplications.
12. IC 566 – VCOApplications.
13. Voltage Regulator using IC723.
14. Three Terminal Voltage Regulators – 7805, 7809,7912.
15. 4 bitDAC using OPAMP.

EXPERIMENTNO:1 Date:
STUDY OF OP-AMPS
AIM: To study the pin configurations, specifications & functioning of different integrated
circuits used in the practical applications.
APPARATUSREQUIRED:
a) IC µA 741OP-Am
b) NE ISE 555/SE555C
c) VCO IC566
d) Phase Locked Loop NE/SE565
e) IC 723 VoltageRegulator
f) Three Terminal VoltageRegulators
a) µA 741 OP-AMP
Pinconfiguration
Fig 1.1 Pin diagram forIC741 Fig 1.2 Symbol for IC741
The operational amplifier (op-amp) is a voltagecontrolled voltage source with very high
gain. It is a five terminal four port active element. The symbol of the op-amp with the associated
terminals and ports is shown in Figures.
The power supply voltages VCC and VEE power the operational amplifier and in general
define the output voltage range of the amplifier. The terminals labeled with the “+” and the “-”
signs are called non-inverting and inverting respectively. The input voltage Vp and Vn and the
output voltage Vo are referenced to ground.
Specifications
1. Supplyvoltage:
µA 741A,µA741, µA741E ±22v
µA741C ±18v
2. Internal powerdissipation
Dippackage 310mw
Differentialinputvoltage ±30v
3.Operating temperature range

Military(µA 741A, µA741) -550 to +1250 C.
4.Commercial (µA 741E, µA 741C) 00 C to +700 C.
5.Input offset voltage 1.0 mV.
6.Input Bias current 80 nA.
7.PSRR 30µV/V.
8.Input resistance 2MΩ.
9.CMRR 90dB.
10. Output resistance 75Ω.
11. Bandwidth 1.0 MHz.
12. Slew rate 0.5 V/μ sec.
Applications of IC 741: Adder, substractor, comparator, filters, oscillators
b) NE / SE 555 TIMER
Pinconfiguration
Fig 1.3 Pin diagram for IC 555
One of the most versatile linear ICs is the 555 timer which was first introduced in early
1970 by Signetic Corporation giving the name as SE/NE 555 timer. This IC is a monolithic timing
circuit that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillation. Like other commonly
used op-amps, this IC is also very much reliable, easy to use and cheaper in cost. It has a variety of
applications including monostable and astable multivibrators, dc-dc converters, digital logic
probes, waveform generators, analog frequency meters and tachometers, temperaturemeasurement
and control devices, voltage regulators etc. The timer basically operates in one of the two modes
either as a monostable (one-shot) multivibrator or as an astable (free-running) multivibrator.The
SE 555 is designed for the operating temperature range from – 55°C to 125° while the NE 555
operates over a temperature range of 0° to70°C.
Specifications:
1. Supplyvoltage 4.5V to 18V
2. Supplycurrent 3mA
3. Outputvoltage(low) 0.1V
4. Outputvoltage(high) 12.5V &3.3V
5. Maximumoperatingfrequency 500kHz
6. Timing µsec tohours

Applications of IC 555: Multivibrators, Oscillators, generation of PWM

c) IC 566 pinconfiguration
The NE/SE566 Function Generator is a voltage-controlled oscillator of exceptional

linearity with buffered square wave and triangle wave outputs. The frequency of oscillation is
determined by an external resistor and capacitor and the voltage applied to the control terminal.
The oscillator can be programmed over a ten-to-one frequency range by proper selection of an
external resistance and modulated over a ten-to-one range by the control voltage, with exceptional
linearity
Specifications:
1. Operatingsupplyvoltage 12V to24V
2. Operating supplycurrent 12.5mA
3. Inputvoltage 3Vp-p
4. Operatingtemperature 0 to70oC
5. Powerdissipation 30mw
Applications of VCO: Frequency modulation, Voltage to frequency converter

d) NE / SE 565 PHASE LOCKEDLOOP
Pinconfiguration

Specifications:
1. Maximumsupplyvoltage 26v
2. Input voltage 3v(p-p)
3. Powerdissipation 300mw
4. Operatingtemperaturerange NE565-00 to 700C,
SE 565-55to1250C
5. Supplyvoltage 12v
6. Supplycurrent 8mA
7. Outputcurrentsink 1mA
8. Outputcurrent source 10mA
Applications of IC 565: FM demodulation
e) IC 723 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Pinconfiguration
The 723 voltage regulator is commonly used for series voltage regulator applications. It can
be used as both positive and negative voltage regulator. It has an ability to provide up to 150 mA
of current to the load, but this can be increased more than 10A by using power transistors. It also
comes with comparatively low standby current drain, and provision is made for either linear
or fold-back current limiting. LM723 IC can also be used as a temperature controller, current
regulator or shunt regulator and it is available in both Dual-In-Line and Metal Can packages. The
input voltage ranges from 9.5 to 40V and it can regulate voltage from 2V to37V.
Specifications:
1. Input voltage 40v max
2. Output voltage 2v to 37v
3. Output current 150mA
4. Input regulation 0.02%
5. Load regulation 0.03%
6. Operating temperature 550C to1250C

f) THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGEREGULATORS
i) IC 78XX (Positive VoltageRegulators)

Pinconfiguration
Specifications
1. Inputvoltage
For 5V to 18Vregulatedoutput 35V.
Up to 24Vregulated output 40V.
2. Internalpower dissipation internallylimited.
3. Storagetemperaturerange -650 C to 1500 C.
4. Operating junction Temperature range
µA7800 -550 C to 1500C.
µA7800C 00 C to 1250C.
ii) IC 79XX (Negative VoltageRegulators)

Pinconfiguration
Specifications:
1. Inputvoltage
For -5v to -18vregulatedoutput -35V
For -24vregulatedoutput -40V
2. Internalpowerdissipation internallylimited
3. Storagetemperaturerange -65o C to 150oC
4. Operating junction temperaturerange
µ A7800 -55o C to 150oC
µ A7800C 0o C to 125oC
RESULT:
The pin configurations, specifications & functioning of different integrated circuits
used in the practical applications have beenstudied

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (IC 741)

AIM: To design and study the operation of IC 741 Operational amplifier as
a) Adder
b) Subtractor
c) Comparator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. BreadBoard.
2. FunctionGenerator
3. Cathode RayOscilloscope.
4. DigitalMultimeter.
5. Regulated Power Supply (DualChannel).
6. ConnectingWires.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. IC 741 :1No
2. Resistor………10kΩ :5No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
a) ADDER
Fig 2.1 adder

b) SUBTRACTOR
Fig 2.2 subatractor

c) COMPARATOR
i. Non-InvertingComparator
Fig 2.3 comparator
THEORY:
Adder:
A typical summing amplifier (Inverting Adder) with three inputs Va ,Vb&Vc applied at the
inverting terminal of IC741 is shown in fig(1). The following analysis is carried out assuming that
the Op-Amp is an ideal one, that is AOL = ∞, Ri = ∞ & R0=0; since the input bias current is
assumed to be zero, there is no voltage drop across the resistor Rcomp and hence the non inverting
input terminal is at ground potential.
Thevoltageatnode„A‟iszeroasthenon-invertinginputterminalisgrounded.The
nodalequationbyKCL atnode„a‟isgivenas
�� 0
+ + + =0
��
��
�0= −( ��+ ��+ ��)
��
Case (1):-Ra=Rb=Rc=Rf
V0 = - (Va + Vb+ Vc)
Case (2):-Ra=Rb=Rc=3Rf
V0 = - (Va + Vb+ Vc)/3

Subtractor
A typical subtractor with two inputs Va&Vb applied at the non-inverting terminal &
Inverting terminal of IC741 respectively is shown in fig(2). The following analysis is carried out
assuming that the Op-Amp is an ideal one, that is AOL = ∞, Ri = ∞ & R0=0;
Let Ra = Rb= Rf = R,
VO= Va –
VbCOMPARATOR
:
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-
amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. It is basically an open loop op-amp with
output ±Vsat as in the ideal transfer characteristics. It is clear that the change in the output state
takes place with an increment in input Vi of only 2mv.This is the uncertainty region where output
cannot be directly defined There are basically 2 types of comparators.
1. Non inverting comparatorand.
2. Invertingcomparator.
PROCEDURE:
Part-I
Adder
1. Connect the Adder circuit as shown in fig.1 with Ra = Rb = Rc = Rf = 10KΩ, RL =100KΩ and
R = 250Ω on the CDSboard
2. Switch„ON‟thepowersupplyandapply+15Vtopinno.7and-15Vtopinno.4ofthe IC741.
3. Apply the input voltages from the regulated supplies to the corresponding inputs at theinverting
Input terminal of IC741 (pinno.2).
3. Connect the Digital Multimeter at the Output terminals (pin no.6), and note downthe
Output voltage and verify with theoreticalvalues.
4. Repeat the above steps for different inputvoltages.
Subtractor
1. Connect the subtractor circuit as shown in fig.2 with Ra = Rb = Rf = R = 10KΩ andRL
=100KΩ on the CDS board
2. Switch„ON‟thepowersupplyandapply+15Vtopinno.7and-15Vtopinno.4ofthe
3. Apply the input voltages from the regulated supplies to the corresponding inputs at the
inverting & non-inverting input terminals of IC741 (pin no.2 & 3respectively).
4. Connect the Digital Multimeter at the Output terminals (pin no.6), and note down the
output voltage and verify with theoreticalvalues.
5. Repeat the above steps for different inputvoltages
Part-II
Comparator
1. Connect the comparator circuit as shown infig.3.
2. Connect the 1MHz function generator to the input terminals. Apply 1V signal at non-
inverting terminals of the op-ampIC741.
3. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the outputterminals.
4. Keep 1V reference voltage at the Inverting terminal of the Op-amp. When Vin is less than
the Vref, then output voltage is at –Vsat because of the higher input voltage at negative
terminal. Therefore the output voltage is at logic lowlevel
5. Now, Keep –1V reference voltage. When Vrefis less than the Vin, then the output voltage
is at +Vsat because of the higher input voltage at positive terminal. Hence, the output
voltage is at logic highlevel.
6. Observe and record the output voltage andwaveforms.
OBSERVATIONS
ADDER:
V1(volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical

V0=-(V1+V2) V0 =-(V1+V2)
SUBTRACTOR:
V1(volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical

V0=(V1-V2) V0 =(V1-V2)
Observations for comparator:

Input signal
Amplitude = Time period=
Output signal
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS FOR COMPARATOR:
Fig 2.4 output wave form of a non inverting comparator for +vrefand-Vref

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make null adjustment before applying the inputsignal.
2. Maintain proper Vcclevels.
Applications of adder and subtractor:

1. Digital signalprocessing
2. Communication
Applications of comparator:
1. Zero crossingdetector
2. Leveldetector
3. Time markergenerator
4. Window detector
RESULT:
Adder and Subtractor are designed using 741 Op – Amp and the experimental results were
compared with the theoretical values.
Applied input signal is compared with reference voltages in a comparator using 741 Op –
Amp and the corresponding waveforms were noted.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Draw an Op- amp circuit whose output VO = V1+ V2 – V3–V4.

2. Show that the o/p of an n-input inverting adder is V0 = - (Va +Vb + … +Vn)
3. Draw the circuit of non-inverting adder with 3 inputs and find the o/p VoltageV0.
4. Design a mixed adder forV0=V1+2V2-V3-5V4.
5. Design a subtractor for V0 = Va - 5Vb-2Vc
6. Applications ofcomparator.
7. Applications of adder andsubtractor.
Redraw circuit:


GRAPH

GRAPH

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM: To design, construct and verify the response of
a) Integrator using Op-amp IC741 for sine and square wave inputs at 1 KHzfrequency.
b) Differentiator using Op-amp IC741 for sine and square wave inputs at 1 KHzfrequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread Board / CDSBoard.
2. Function Generator(1MHz).
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (20MHz/30MHz)
5. ConnectingWires.
IC 741 1No
Resistor-------1kΩ 1No
10kΩ 2No
100kΩ 1No
Capacitor-----0,1µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Fig3.1Integrator Fig 3.2Differentiator
THEORY:
The integrator
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integration of the input is called
integrator. V0=-1/R4C1
The above equation indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional to the negative

integral of the input voltage and inversely proportional to the time constant R1CF. For Example if
the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine wave or if the input is a square wave, the
output will be a triangularwave.
1. When the input signal frequency is ZERO, the integrator works as an open – loop
amplifier. This is because of the capacitor CFacts as an open circuit (XCF =1/ωCF = infinite
forf=0).
2. Therefore the ideal integrator becomes unstable & suffers with low frequency noise. To
overcome this problem RFis connected across the feedback capacitor CF. Thus RF limits the
low-frequency gain and hence minimizes the variations in the outputvoltage.
3. Frequency fb at which the gain of the integrator is 0 dB, is givenby
fb =1/2πR1CF
4. Both the stability and the low – frequency roll-off problems can be corrected by the
addition of a resistors RFin the feedbackpath.
NOTE: The input signal will be integrated properly if the time period T of the input signal is
greater than or equal to RFCF.
The Differentiator
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is
the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. Therefore
VO = Rf C1dVin / dt
1. The above equation indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional to the
derivative of the input voltage and also proportional to the time constantRFC1.
2. For Exampleif the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine wave or if the input is
a square wave, the output will bespikes.
3. The reactance of the circuit increases with increase in frequency at a rate of 20dB/ decade.
This makes the circuit unstable. In other words the gain of an ideal differentiator circuit is
direct dependent on input signal frequency. Thereforeat high frequencies (f=∞), the gain of
the circuit becomes infinite making the systemunstable.
4. The input impedance XC1 decreases with increase in frequency, which makes the
circuit very susceptible to high frequencynoise.
5. The frequency response of the basic differentiator is shown in fig 3.4 In this fig fa is
the frequency at which the gain is 0dB.
fa=1/2πRFC1
6. Both the stability and the high – frequency noise problem can be corrected by the addition
of two components R1 and CF as shown in fig 3.2.The frequency response of which is
shown in fig 3.4. From f to fa the gain decreases at 40dB/decade. This 40 dB/decade
change in gain is caused by the R1C1 and RFCFcombinations.
NOTE: The input signal will be differentiated properly if the time period T of the input signal is
greater than or equal to RF C1.
PROCEDURE:
Integrator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 3.1 on thebreadboard.
2. Switch„ON‟thepowersupplyandapply+15Vto pinno.7and -15Vto pinno.4ofthe IC741.

3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from the
function generator (at pin no.2 of theIC741).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the outputterminals.
5. Observe and plot the input & output voltagewaveforms.
6. Measure the output voltage (Vo) from the experimentalresults.
Differentiator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 3.2 on thebreadboard.
2. Switch„ON‟thepowersupplyandapply+15Vto pinno.7and -15Vto pinno.4ofthe IC741.
3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from the
function generator (at pin no.2 of theIC741).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the outputterminals.
5. Observe and plot the input & output voltagewaveforms.
6. Measure the output voltage (Vo) from the experimentalresults.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Fig 3.3 Output waveformofIntegrator Fig 3.4 Output waveform of Differentiator
Observations forintegrator:
Input signal
Output signal
Observations for differentiator:
Input signal
Output signal

Applications of integrator:
1. In the analogcomputers
2. In solving differentialequations
3. In analog to digitalconverters
4. In various signal wave shapingcircuits
5. In ramp generators
Applications of differentiator:
1. In wave shaping circuits
2. as a rate of change detector in FMdemodulators
RESULT: The Integrator & Differentiator circuits were constructed using IC 741 and verified
their response for sine & square wave inputs.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Show that the output of a differentiator is differential ofinput.
2. Show that the output of a integrator is integral ofinput.
3. Mention the difference between practical integrator and idealIntegrator.
4. Explain the frequency response of anintegrator.
5. What type of output waveform is obtained when a triangular wave is applied to integrator
circuit and also to Differentiatorcircuit?
6. A low frequency differentiator is desired for a particular application to Perform the
operation Vo (t) =-0.001 dvi(t)/dt . Determine the suitable design of differentiator circuit
for the periodic signal with a frequency of 1KHz.
7. What are the applications ofintegrator?
Redraw circuit:

GRAPH

GRAPH

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTERS
AIM: To design, construct and plot the frequency response of

a) First order low pass filter with cut-off frequency of 5KHz
b) First order high pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1KHz.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread Board / CDC Board.
2. Function Generator(1MHz).
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (20MHz/30MHz)
5. ConnectingWires.
IC 741 1No
10kΩ 2No
4.7kΩ 1No
Capacitor-----0.1µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Fig 4.1 Low pass filter

Fig 4.2 High pass filter

THEORY:
A first order filter consists of a single RC network connected to the non-inverting input
terminal of the op-Amp as shown in the figure. Resistors R1& Rf determine the gain of the filter in
the pass band. Components R & C determine the cutoff frequency ofthefilter.
Low-Pass filter: The circuit of 1st order low-pas filter is shown in fig.1 & its frequency response is
as shown in the fig3. The dashed curve in the fig 4.3 indicates the ideal response & solid curve
indicates practical filter response. It is not possible to achieve ideal characteristics. However with
special design techniques (Higher order filters) it is possible to closely approximate the ideal
response. Active filters are typically specified by the voltage transferfunction,
H(s) = V0 (s)/ Vi(s)……………… (1) (under steady state conditions)
High Pass Filter: The circuit of 1storder high pass filter is shown in fig.2 & its frequency response
is as shown in the fig4.4 the dashed curve in the fig 4.4 indicates the ideal response & solid curve
indicates practical filter response. When an input signal is applied to High pass filter, the signals at
high frequencies are passed through circuit and signals at low frequencies are rejected. That is the
signal which are having frequencies less than the lower cutoff frequency fLare rejected and the
signal with frequency greater the lower cut off frequency fLare passed through the circuit. Thatis
1. For f >fL, Vo(s) /Vi(s) = Maximum and is called as passband.
2. For f <fL, Vo(s) /vi(s) = 0 and is called as the stopband
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuitdiagram.
2. Apply sine wave of amplitude 4Vp-p to the non inverting inputterminal.
3. Values the input signalfrequency.
4. Note down the corresponding outputvoltage.
5. Calculate gain indb.
6. Tabulate thevalues.
7. Plot a graph between frequency andgain.
8. Identify stop band and pass band from thegraph

OBSERVATIONS:
Low Pass Filter
Input signal amplitude:
Frequency(Hz) V0(V) Gain =(V0/Vi) Gain in db=

20log(V0/Vi)
High Pass Filter


20log(V0/Vi)

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
fig 4.3 Frequency response of 1st Order LPF fig 4.4 Frequency response of 1st Order HPF
Applications of filters:
1. In communications systems, use filters to suppress noise, to isolate a single communication
from many channels, to prevent spillover of adjacent bands, and to recover the original
message signal from modulated signals.
2. In instrumentation systems, engineers use filters to select desired frequency components or

eliminate undesired ones. In addition, we can use these filters to limit the bandwidth of
analog signals before converting them to digital signals. You also need these filters to
convert the digital signals back to analogrepresentations.
3. In audio systems, engineers use filters in crossover networks to send different frequencies
to different speakers. In the music industry, record and playback applications require fine
control of frequencycomponents.
4. In biomedical systems, filters are used to interface physiological sensors with data logging
and diagnosticequipment.
RESULT: The first order LPF & HPF are designed for a chosen cutoff frequency and the
frequency response curves were plotted between voltage gain (dB) and frequency (Hz).
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. List the advantages of active filters over passivefilter.
2. Derive fHof second orderLPF.
3. Draw the frequency response for ideal and practical of all types offilters.
4. Design a first order low pass filter for 2 KHzfrequency.
5. Draw the ideal and practical frequency response characteristics of high passfilter.
6. What are the applications of LPF andHPF?

Redraw circuit:

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND PASS AND BAND REJECT ACTIVE FILTERS
AIM: To design, construct and study the frequency response of

a) Band passfilter
b) Band rejectfilter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Bread Board / CDSBoard.
3. Cathode RayOscilloscope
5. ConnectingWires.
IC 741 1No
10kΩ 2No
4.7kΩ 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: BAND PASS FILTER
Fig 5.1 Band pass filter

BAND REJECT FILTER
Fig 5.2 Band reject filter
THEORY:
BAND PASS FILTER:
A Band Pass Filter (BPF) has a pass band between the lower cut-off frequency, fL& the
higher cut-off frequency fH, such that fH>fL. When the input frequency is zero, the gain of the filter
will be zero. As the input signal frequency increases from zero to fL, the gain will increase at a rate
20dB/decade up to 3dB less than its maximum value. If the input signal frequency increases
beyond fL, the gain will reach its maximum value and remains constant up to high frequencies as
shown in the Fig 5.3. When the input signal frequency reaches the higher cut-off frequency, fH,
the gain will fall 3dB less from its maximum value. If the input signal frequency increases beyond
fH, the gain will decreasesto zero at rate of 20dB/decade. After reaching the total pass band region,
the gain of the filter is constant up to its designed fH(high cut offfrequency).
There is a phase shift between input and output voltages of BPF as a function of frequency
in its Pass Band region. This filter passes all frequencies equally well i.e.the output and input
voltages are equal in amplitude for all frequencies. This highest frequency up to which the input
and output amplitudes remain equal is dependent of the unity gain bandwidth of Op – Amp. At
this frequency, the phase shift between input and output becomesmaximum.
BAND REJECT FILTER:

A Band Reject Filter (BRF) has a stop band between the cutoff frequencies fH&fL such that
fH<fL. When the input signal frequency is zero, the gain of the BPF will be maximum and will
remains constant as the input signal frequency increases. At the higher cut off frequency fH, the
gain becomes 3dB less than its maximum value. As the input signal frequency increases beyond fH,
the gain of the filter decreases & becomes zero at the central (fC) or operating frequency (fO). After
this center frequency fC, the gain increases to 3dB less than its maximum value at the lower cut-off
frequency, fL. As the input signal frequency increases beyond fL the gain increases to the maximum
value and becomesconstant.
There is a phase shift between input and output voltages of BPF in its “Pass band region”. This
filter passes all the frequencies equally well i.e. output and input voltages are equal in (magnitude)
amplitude for all frequencies. This highest frequency up to which the input and output amplitude
remains equal is dependent on the unity gain bandwidth of the Op- Amp. However at this
frequency, the phase shift between the input and output is maximum.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the circuit connection as shown infigure.
2. Connect the signal generator to input terminals. And connect the C.R.O at output
terminals of the trainer & switch on thetrainer.
3. Apply the input signal frequency from 100Hz to 10KHz.
4. Record the input frequency, Input voltage and Output voltage. Find the gain of
the B.P.F using the formula. The gain magnitude in dB is equal to 20 Log
(Vo/Vi).
OBSERVATION TABLES: Band Pass Filter:

20log(V0/Vi)
Band Reject Filter:


20log(V0/Vi)

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Fig 5.3 frequency response for bandpass filter Fig 5.4 frequency response for band rejectfilters
RESULT: The band pass & band reject filters have been designed for chosen fL, fH and
frequency responses were plotted between voltage gain (in dB) and input frequency.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Mention the applications of Band passfilters.
2. Mention the differences between wide band and narrow bandfilters.
3. What is all passfilters.
4. Explain why the band pass filter is called multiple feedbackfilter.
5. Define pass band, stop band attenuation band with respect to filterresponse.
6. Define a filter and discuss its generalcharacteristics.
7. Explain the difference between active and passivefilters.
8. What is the difference between narrow band reject filter and wide band rejectfilter?
9. What are the allocations of band pass and band reject filters?
10. Design a band pass filter with an upper cutoff frequency of 3Khz and a lower cut off
frequency of1Khz.
Redraw circuit:


SEMILOG

SEMILOG

IC 741 Oscillator Circuits –RC Phase Shift and Wein Bridge Oscillators.
AIM: To study the Operation of Wein – Bridge Oscillator and RC phase shift oscillator using IC
741 Op-Amp and to determine the frequency of Oscillations.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CDS Board/ Bread Board
2. Regulated DC power Supply
3. C.R.O
4. Connecting patchchords
IC 741 1No
1.5kΩ 2No
15kΩ 1No
100kΩ 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 6.1 Weinbridgeoscillators Fig 6.2 RC phase shiftoscillator
THEORY:
Wein bridge oscillator:
The most commonly used audio frequency oscillator is weinbridge oscillator. From the
figure shown above it may be noted that the feedback signal in the circuit is connected to the
positive terminal so that the Op-Amp is working as a non-inverting amplifier. Therefore the
feedback network needs not to provide any phase shift. The circuit can be viewed as a weinbridge
with a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. The addition
of zero phases around the circuit is achieved by balancing the bridge.
The frequency of the oscillations in Wein Bridge is given by
F0 = 1/ 2πRC
At FO, The feedback factor β is equal to 1/3. Therefore for sustained oscillation, the
amplifier must have a gain of precisely 3. However from practical point of view, AV may be
slightly less or greater than 3. For AV<3 the oscillations will either die down or fail to start when
power is first applied and for AV>3, the oscillations will be growing.
RC phase shift oscillator:
Phase shift oscillator which consists of an Op-Amp as the amplifying stage & three RC
cascaded networks as the feedback circuit that provides feedback voltage from the output back to
the input of the amplifier. The output is used in inverting mode. Therefore any signal that appears
at the inverting terminal is shifted by 1800 phase shift required for oscillation is provided by the
cascaded RC networks. Thus the total phase shift of the cascaded RC networks is exactly 3600 or
00. AtsomespecificfrequencywhenthephaseshiftofthecascadedRCnetworkisexactly1800
and the gain of the amplifier is sufficiently large and circuit oscillates at that frequency.
Rf
= 29 => Rf = 29R1
R1
Thus the circuit will produce a sinusoidal waveform of frequency fo if the gain is 29 and the total
phase shift around the circuit is exactly 3600.
PROCEDURE:
Wein bridge oscillator:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in thefigure1.
2. Connect the C.R.O at the output terminals and observe the outputwaveform.
3. Record the output waveform and measure the practical frequency from thewaveform.
4. For different values of R, calculate theoretical frequency using the formula FO = 1/ 2πRC
and also measure the frequency of output signal from thewaveform.
5. Compare the theoretical and practical frequencies of the outputsignal.
1. Connect the circuit as shown infigure1.
2. Connect Oscilloscope at output terminals V0 observe the output sinewave.
3. Record the output waveform and measure the practical frequency of the output
waveform.
4. From the given values of R & C calculate theoretical frequency using theformula
f=1/2πRC√6.
5. Compare the theoretical and practicalfrequencies.
Observations for Wein bridge oscillator:
Output signal
f theoretical = 1/2∏RC f practical

S.NO R (in Ohms) C ( in µF)
(in Hz) (in Hz)


Output signal
f theoretical =
f practical
S.NO R (in Ohms) C ( in µF) 1/2∏RC√6
(in Hz)
(in Hz)
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
RESULT: Operation of Wein –Bridge and RC phase shift oscillators using IC 741 Op-
Amp is studied and frequency of the oscillations is determined.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. State Barkhausen criterion foroscillations.
2. Derive the frequency of oscillations and gain of wein bridgeoscillator.
3. List out different types ofoscillators.
4. What is the phase shift provided by each RC section at the frequency of oscillation?
5. On what factors does the oscillator frequency dependon?
6. What type of feedback does the phase shift RC networkprovide?
7. List out the applications of RC phase shift oscillator and wein bridgeoscillator.
8. Design an RC phase shift oscillator with a frequency of2Khz.

Redraw circuit:

GRAPH

FUNCTION GENERATOR USING IC 741 OP – AMP
AIM: Study of op-Amp as function generator that produces various specific waveforms for test
purpose over a wide range of frequencies.
APPARATUS:
1. Function Generator Trainerkit.
2. C.R.O.
4. ConnectingWires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 7.1 Function generator using ic 741 op – amp

THEORY:
Function generator is a signal generator that produces various specific waveforms for test
purposes over a wide range of frequencies. In laboratory type function generator generally one of
the functions (sine, square & triangle) is generated using dedicated chips or standard circuits and
converts it in to required signal.
This consists of
1. Sine wave generator Using IC741.
2. Square wave generator (Astable Multivibrator using IC741)
3. Active integrator using IC741

SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR (ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)
In comparison to sine wave oscillations, square wave signals are generated when the Op-
Amp is forced to operate in saturated region. That is the output of the Op-Amp is forced to swing
between +Vsat& -Vsat, resulting in square wave output. The circuit arrangement of a square wave
generator using IC 741 is shown in fig.
TRIANGULAR WAVEGENERATOR:
The circuit arrangement of a triangular wave generator is shown in Fig.2. A square wave
from the square wave generator is fed to the integrator. The RC time constant of the integrator has
been chosen in such a way that it is very small value compared to the time period of the incoming
square wave. For the basic operation of integrator, it is known that the output of the integrator for a
given square wave input is a trianglewave.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect trainer kit to the 230V AC mains and switch on thesupply.

2. Observe the output of the sine wave generator. If signal is not coming or distorted in shape
adjust the gain trim pot provided on the kit until a good signal is obtained. Measure the
signal frequency usingOscilloscope.
3. Observe the output of the square wave generator and measure the output signal
frequency.
4. Observe the output of the Integrator (triangular wave generator) by varying the input
signal frequency (square wave is internally connected to thecircuit).
5. Measure the frequency of the triangular wave usingCRO.
WAVEFORMS:
Fig 7.2:expected output waveforms of function generator

Observations:
Square wave Output signal
Triangle wave Output signal
Applications:
1. square wavegenerators
2. triangular wavegenerators
3. sine wavegenerators
RESULT: Hence studied op-Amp as function generator that produces Sine, square and
triangular waveforms for test purpose over a wide range of frequencies.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. WhatarethedifferenttypesoffunctiongeneratorsIC‟s?
2. What type of output waveforms is obtained from functiongenerator?
3. What is the advantage of using OP-AMP as anoscillator?
4. Why do we call sine to square wave converter as zero crossingdetectors?
5. What happens when a negative reference voltage is applied at the non-inverting terminal of
a square wavegenerator?
6. How do you vary the frequency and amplitude of different waveforms obtained from
functiongenerator.
7. What are the applications of functiongenerator?
Redraw circuit:

GRAPH

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
AIM: To design a Monostable Multivibrator using 555 timer to get 10msec. pulse output.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. C.R.O
3. Functiongenerator
4. CDS Board/ Bread Board.
5. Connecting patchchords.
IC 555 1No
0.01µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 8.1: circuit diagram of monostable multivibrator
THEORY:
The 555 Timer is used in number of applications; it can be used as monostable, astable
multivibrators, DC to DC converters, digital logic probes, analog frequency meters, voltage
regulators and time delay circuits.
The IC 555 timer is 8-pin IC and it can operate in free- running (Astable) mode or in one-
shot (Monostable) mode. It can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillations.
Monostable can also be called as One-shot Multivibarator. Fig 1.2 shows the Pin configuration of

Monostable Multivibrator. When the output is low, the circuit is in stable state, Transistor Q1 is
ON and capacitor C is shorted out to ground. However, upon application of a negative trigger
pulse to pin-2, transistor Q1 is turned OFF, which releases short circuit across the external
capacitoranddrivestheoutputHigh.ThecapacitorCnowstartscharginguptowardVccthrough
R. However, when the voltage across the external capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc, the output of
comparator1 switches from low to high, which inturn drives the output to its low state. The output,
Q of the flip flop turns transistor Q1 ON, and hence, capacitor C rapidly discharges through the
transistor. The output of the Monostable remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then
the cycle repeats. Fig (2) shows the trigger circuit & Fig.3 shows trigger input, output voltage and
capacitor voltagewaveforms.
Pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the expected pulse width of the output
waveforms. Trigger pulse must be a negative going input signal with amplitude larger than 1/3
Vcc. The time during which the output remains high is givenby
tp =1.1RC
Once triggered, the circuit‟soutput will remain in the high state until the set time tp elapses.
The output will not change its state even if an input trigger is applied again during this time
intervaltp.
DESIGN:
Step 1: Choose C=1µF.
Step 2: Since in monostable multivibrator, tp=1.1RC. Therefore R= tp / 1.1C
Step 3: Using equations, design the value of R.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the 555 timerin Monostable mode as shown infig.8.1
2. Connect the C.R.O at the output terminals & observe theoutput.
3. Apply external trigger at the trigger input terminal (PIN 2) and observe the output of
Monostable Multivibrator.
4. Record the trigger input, voltage across the capacitor & output waveforms andmeasure
5. The output pulse width. Verify results with the sample output waveforms as shown infig
6. Calculate the time period of pulse (tp =1.1RC) theoretically & compare it with practical
values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Theoritical value of o/p pulse width (in m.sec) Practical value of output pulse width(in m.sec
��= 1.1 ��

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Fig8.2: expected waveforms of monostable multivibrator

Observations:
Trigger input
Applications:
1. Frequencydivider
2. Pulse widthmodulation
3. Linear rampgenerator
4. Missing pulsedetector
RESULT: Hence designed & studied 555 timer as a Monostable multivibrator and also
theoretical & Practical of time period values of the output waveform are compared.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. List the important features of the 555Timer.
2. Define Dutycycle.
3. Consider the Monostable multivibrator with R=3KΩ and C=0.0068µF. Determine the pulse
width.
4. What is the function of control input (pin5) of 555timers?
5. List the applications of 555 timers in Monostable mode.
6. Why do we use negative trigger for Monostableoperation?
7. Explain the trigger circuit used for Monostablemultivibrator?
8. What are the applications of Monostablemultivibrator?

Redraw circuit:

GRAPH

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
AIM: To design an Astable Multivibrator using IC 555 timer to generate a square wave of 6.9
KHz with 52.38 % Duty Cycle.
APPARATUS:
1. C.R.O
2. Functiongenerator
4. CDS Board/ Bread Board.
IC 555 1No
Resistor-------2.2kΩ 1No
3.3kΩ 1No
0.01µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
fig 9.1: circuit diagram for astable multivibrator

THEORY:
The 555 Timer is used in number of applications; it can be used as monostable, astable
multivibrators, DC to DC converters, digital logic probes, analogy frequency meters, voltage
regulators and time delay circuits. The IC 555 timer is 8-pin IC and it can operate in free-running
(Astable) mode or in one-shot (Monostable) mode. The pin configuration of NE 555 Timer is as
shown fig (1). It can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillations.

Astable Multivibrator often called a free-running Multivibrator. External Trigger input is

not required to operate the 555 as an Astable Configuration. However, the time during which the
output is either high or low is determined by two external components Resistor & Capacitor. Fig
shows the 555 as Astable Multivibrator. Initially, when the output is high, capacitor C starts
charging towards Vcc through resistor Ra and Rb. As soon as voltage across the capacitor equals
to 2/3 Vcc, comparator-1 triggers the flip-flop, and the output is low. Now capacitor discharges
through Rb and transistor Q1. When the voltage across capacitor C equals to 1/3Vcc, comparator-
2‟s output triggers the flip-flop, and the output goes high. Then the cycle repeats. The output
voltage waveforms are as shown in fig (3).In this way capacitor periodically charges and
discharges between 2/3Vcc and 1/3Vccrespectively.
The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the ON
time of the timer (i.e. the output is HIGH) and is given by
tc =0.69(R1+R2)C
The time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3Vcc is equal to the OFF
time of the timer, during which the output is LOW and is given by
td =0.69(R2)C
The total time period of the output is the sum of charging time( tc )and discharging time(td) and is
given by
T = tc + td = 0.69(R1 + 2R2) C
Therefore the frequency of oscillations of Astable multivibrator is given by
F = 1/T = 1.45/ (R1 + 2R2) C
DUTY CYCLE:
This term is in conjunction with Astable Multivibrator. The duty cycle is the ratio of the ON
time, tc during which the output is high to the total time period T. It is generally expressed as a
percentage.
Duty cycle, D = (TON /TON+ TOFF) = tc /T = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2R2)
DESIGN:
Step1: Choose C=0.01 µF
Step2: using the formula, F = 1.45/ (R1 + 2R2) C, Get a relation between R1& R2.
Step3: Consider the expression for duty cycle, D= (TON /TON+ TOFF) = (R1 + R2) / (R1 +2R2)
& obtain a relation between R1& R2.
Step4: Using the relations between R1& R2., obtained in step2 & step3, solve for R1& R2.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the IC 555 timer in Astable mode as shown infig.
2. Connect the C.R.O at the output terminal (pin 3) and observe theoutput.
3. Record the waveforms at pin3, across the capacitor & compare them
with the sample output waveforms as shown in fig(3)
4. Measure the charging time (tc), discharging time (td) and total time period/
Frequency from the outputwaveform.
5. Calculate tc, td, time period (T), frequency (f) of the square wave output and
percentage duty cycletheoretically.
6. Compare the theoretical values charging time (tc), discharging time (td) total
time period/ Frequency & % Duty cycle with the practicalvalues.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Fig 9.2: expected output waveforms of astable multivibrator

Observations:
Applications:
1. square wavegenerator
2. Voltage controlledoscillator
3. FSK(frequency shift keying)generator
RESULT: Hence designed & studied IC 555 timer as an Astable multivibrator and also
calculated the frequency of oscillations & time period of output waveform.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. List the important features of the IC555 Timer. 2. Define Dutycycle.
2. What are the modes of operation of Timer and explain the difference between two
operating modes of the 555Timer.
3. Consider the Astable multivibrator with R1=10KΩ,R2=200KΩ and C=0.1µF.Determine
a) Frequency b) Dutycycle.
4. Design an Astable 555 timer circuit to produce a 2kHz square wave with a dutycycle of

70%.
5. What is the function of control input (pin5) of 555timer?
6. Compare thetime period „T‟of the Astable multivibrator using IC555 timer&op-amp IC741.
7. Why do we connect pin 4 of IC 555 timer to supply pin when it is notused.
8. List out the applications of astblemultivibrator.
Redraw Circuit:

GRAPH

Schmitt Trigger Circuits – using IC 741 and IC 555

AIM: To construct and study the Schmitt Trigger using IC741 and IC 555 Operational Amplifiers
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3. Dual ChannelOscilloscope(CRO)
4. DigitalMultimeter
5. CDS Board / BreadBoard
6. Connectingwires
IC 555 1No
1kΩ 2No
100kΩ 2No
0.01µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Fig 10.1: circuit diagram of schmitt trigger using IC741 Fig 10.2: circuit diagram of schmitt trigger using IC555
THEORY:
In Schmitt Trigger two internal comparators are tied together and externally biased
at VCC/2 through R1& R2. Since the upper comparator will trip at (2/3) VCC and lower
comparator at (2/3) VCC the bias provided by R1 & R2 is centered within these two
thresholds. Thus a sine wave of sufficient amplitude (>VCC/6 = 2/3 VCC – VCC/2) to
exceed the reference levels causes the internal flip –flop to alternately set and reset
providing a square waveoutput.

PROCEDURE for IC 741

1. Connect the circuit as shownFig.
2. Set Function Generator output for sine wave signal of Amplitude at 1V(p-p) & frequency
1KHz.
3. Set R1 and R2 values at fixed positions and note down the values in tabular column.
Calculate theoretical values of Vut and Vltand note down the values in tabular column.
(+Vsat = 14V,-Vsat =-14V).
4. Apply Function Generator output at input terminals Vi, connect C.R.O- CH2 at output
terminals Vo, C.R.O-CH1 at input terminalsVi.
5. Observe square wave output on C.R.O for the given input sine wave & compare them
with the sample waveform as shown infig.2.
6. Note down the practical Vut ,Vlt and VH values in tabularcolumn.
7. Compare the theoretical and practical values of Vut,Vlt andVH
PROCEDURE for IC 555:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(10.2).
2. Apply the input sine wave 5V (P-P) using function generator at 1KHZfrequency.
3. Observe the output waveform at Pin No:3.
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE FORMS OF SCHMITTH TRIGGER:
Fig 10.3: expected input and output waveforms of Schmitt trigger

Observations for Schmitt trigger using IC 741:
Input signal
Output signal
Observations for Schmitt trigger using IC 555:
Input signal
Output signal


Applications:
1. on/offcontrollers
2. Used as acomparator
RESULT: Hence constructed and studied Schmitt trigger using IC 741 and IC 555
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. How can a comparator be converted to Schmitttrigger
2. What do you mean by the Phenomenon hysteresis orbacklash?
3. Why do we short pin 2 and pin 6 of IC 555 timer for Schmitt triggeroperation.
4. Why do we connect pin 4 of 555 timer toVcc.
5. Why do we call Schmitt trigger as square wavegenerator.
6. How do you vary the duty cycle of the outputwaveform?
7. What are the applications of Schmitttrigger?
8. Design a Schmitt trigger with an UTP =3V and LTP=5V and an input voltage of10v.
Redraw Circuit:

GRAPH

GRAPH

PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) USING IC 565
AIM: To calculate free running frequency, capture range and lock range of PLL System.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. C.R.O
3. DC powersupply
4. CDS board / BreadBoard
5. Connectingwires
1. LM 565IC : 1No
2. Resistors 10K :1No
680Ω :2No
3. Capacitors 0.1µ F : 1No
1µ F : 1No
0.01µ F : 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 11.1:circuit diagram of PLL using IC 565

THEORY:
The fig.11.1 shows the phase-locked loop (PLL) in its basic form. The PLL consists of i)
a phase detector ii) a low pass filter and iii) a voltage controlled oscillator as shown.
The phase detector, or comparator compares the input frequency f IN with the feedback
frequency fOUT. The output of the phase detector is proportional to the phase difference between fIN
and fout. The output voltage of a phase detector is a dc voltage and therefore is often referred to as
the error voltage. The output of the phase detector is then applied to the low-pass filter, which
removes the high-frequency noise and produces a dc level. This dc level, in turn, is the input to the
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The filter also helps in establishing the dynamic
characteristics of the PLL circuit. The output frequency of the VCO is directly proportional to the
input dc level. The VCO frequency is compared with the input frequencies and adjusted until it is
equal to the input frequencies. In short, the phase-locked loop goes through three states: free
running, capture, and phaselock.
Before the input is applied, the phase-locked loop is in the free-running state. Once
the input frequency is applied, the VCO frequency starts to change and the phase-locked loop is
said to be in the capture mode. The VCO frequency continues to change until it equals the input
frequency, and the phase-locked state. When phase locked, the loop tracks any change in the input
frequency through its repetitive action.
Lock Range: The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with incoming signal
is called the “ Lock Range” or “Track Range”
FL= 8f0/V where V= + V –(–V), where f0 is free running frequency. Capture

range: The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is called
the capturerange.
PROCEDURE:
1. Apply +5v to pin 10 and –5v to pin 1 ofLM565
2. Connect R1= 10KΩ resistor from pin 8 to10 and C1 =0.01µ F capacitor from pin 9 to1.
3. Connect 680Ω resistor from pin 2 & pin 3 toground.
4. Connect pin 4(VCO o/p) to CRO and measure its frequency. This frequency is called the
free running frequency,fo.
5. Calculate f0 theoretically using the formula f0 = 1.2 /4R1C1 and compare it with
practicalvalue.
6. Connect the circuit as shown infig.
7. Apply square wave at the input with amplitude of 2Vpp and also connect it to
channel 1 ofCRO.
8. Connect pin 4(VCO o/p) to channel 2 ofCRO.
9. Vary the input signal frequency in steps and measure its corresponding o/p
frequency.
10. Find the lock range and capture range from the obtaineddata.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Input frequency Output frequency Fc in HZ FL in

in HZ inHZ HZ
Applications:
1. Frequencymultiplier
2. Frequencysynthesizer
3. FMdemodulator
4. FSKdemodulator
5. AM detection
6. Frequencytranslation
RESULT: Free running frequency, lock range and capture range of PLL are measured
practically and compared with theoretical values.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define lockrange
2. Define capturerange
3. What is the basic operating frequency ofVCO
4. What is meant by phasedetector
5. What are the types of phasedetector
6. Calculate lock range and capture range with basic operating frequency of 2khz and a
cut of frequency of1khz
Redraw Circuit:

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (IC 566)
AIM: To construct and study the voltage controlled oscillator-using IC 566.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. FunctionGenerator.
2. C.R.O.
3. CDS Board/ BreadBoard
4. Connecting Patchchords.
IC 566 1No
Resistor 10kΩ 1No
1.5kΩ 1No
20kΩ 1No
Capacitor 1µf 1No
0.1µf 1No
0.01µf 1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 12.1: circuit diagram of VCO using IC 566

THOERY:
Fig.12.1 shows the circuit diagram of VCO. This arrangement R1C1 combination
determines the free running frequency and the control voltage Vc at terminal 5 is sent by the
voltage divider formed with R2 and R3. The initial voltage Vc at terminal is
3
Vcc≤Vc≤Vcc Where +V is the total supplyvoltage.
4

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown infig.
2. Switch on the power supply of 12V DC & observe square wave output at pin no.3 &
triangular wave output at pinno.4.
3. Keep the product of R1 C1 asconstant.
4. By varying the control voltage Vc, between ¾(Vcc) and Vcc observe the outputfrequency.
WAVEFORMS:
Fig 12.2: expected output waveforms of VCO

Observations:
Applications:
1. Functiongenerators,
2. The production of electronic music, to generate variabletones,
3. Phase-lockedloops,
4. Frequency synthesizers used in communicationequipment.
RESULT: Voltage controlled oscillator-using IC 566 is constructed and the frequency of

oscillations is estimated. Also observed the variations in the output signal frequency in
accordance with the modulating or control voltage, Vc.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Mention the applications of voltage-controlledoscillator.
2. How do you vary the VCOfrequency?
3. Why it is called as Voltage controlledoscillator.
4. Draw the internal block diagram of IC 566 andexplain.
5. Derive f0 of the voltage-controlledoscillator.
6. What is the voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv of IC566?
7. Give the pin configuration of IC 566 and explain eachpin.
8. list out the applications ofVCO.

Redraw Circuit:

GRAPH

VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC 723
AIM: a) To construct and study low and high voltage regulators using IC 723. b)
To find the %regulation of low and high voltageregulators.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Oscilloscope.
5. Regulated Power Supply
1. IC 723 : 1No.
3. Resistors ---- 2.2KΩ :2No.
3.3kΩ,30kΩ,330kΩ :1No.
4. Capacitors ---- 100pF :1No.

0.1 µF :1No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Fig 13.1:circuit diagram oflowvoltageregulator Fig 13.2:circuit diagram of high voltageregulator
Theory:
The IC 723 is a monolithic integrated circuit voltage regulator featuring high ripple
rejection, excellent input and load regulation & excellent temperature stability etc. It consists of a
temperature compensating reference voltage amplifier, an error amplifier, 150mA output transistor
and an adjustable output current limiter.
The basic low voltage regulator type 723 circuit is shown in figure.1.The unregulated input
voltage is 24V and the regulated output voltage is varied from 0.2V to 7.5V by varyingthe value of

R2. A stabilizing capacitor (C1) of 100pF is connected between frequency compensation terminal
and inverting (INV) terminal. External NPN pass transistor is added to the basic 723-regulator
circuit to increase its load current capability. For intermediate output voltages the following
formula can be used
Vout = (R2/R1+R2) Vref
The basic high voltage regulator type 723 circuit is shown in figure.2.The output voltage can be
regulated from 7 to 37Volts for an input voltage range from 9.5 to 40Volts.
PROCEDURE:
LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown infigure.13.1.
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the 723 IC and note down the regulator outputvoltage.
3. Calculate the line regulation of the regulator using theformula
Line Regulation = ΔVO / ΔVi
4. By varying 10K potentiometer at the load section and note down the regulator output
voltage.
5. Calculate the Load regulation of the regulator using theformula
Load Regulation ==ΔVO / ΔIL

6. Also calculate the Percentage of load regulation using theformula
7. Where E1 = Output voltage without load &E2= Output voltage withload.
HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure13.2
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the 723 IC and note down the regulator outputvoltage.

5. By varying 10K potentiometer at the load section and note down the regulator output
Voltage.
Load Regulation = ΔVO / ΔIL

6. Also calculate the Percentage of load regulation using theformula
7. Where E1 = Output voltage without load & E2 = Output voltage withload.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

i) FOR LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR

LINE REGULATION: (RL is constant)
S.No Unregulated DCinput,Vi in volts regulated DC input,Vo in volts
3.3kΩ 33kΩ 330kΩ
LOAD REGULATION: (Vi is Constant)

S.No Load resistance,RL in Ohms regulated DC input,Vo in volts
OBSERVATION TABLE:
i) FOR HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR
S.No Unregulated DC input,Vi in volts regulated DC input,Vo in volts

3.3kΩ 33kΩ 330kΩ

LOAD REGULATION: (Vi is Constant)

S.No Load resistance,RL in Ohms regulated DC input,Vo in volts
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS
Fig 13.3:expectedlineregulationwaveform Fig 13.4:expected load regulationwaveform
Applications:
1. Low currentconsumption
2. Overvoltage/ Short-circuitprotection
3. Reverse polarityprotection
4. Over temperatureprotection
5. Loadprotection
RESULT: Low and high voltage regulators using IC 723 were constructed and studied. Also the
line and load regulations of the low & high voltage regulators are verified.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of a voltageregulator?
2. What is a voltage reference? Why is itneeded?
3. Draw the functional block diagram of 723 regulators andexplain.
4. Design a high voltage and low voltage regulator using IC723.
5. Define line and load regulation of aregulator.
6. List the features of a voltage regulator IC723.
7. List the different types of IC voltageregulators.
8. What are the applications of voltageregulator?
Redraw Circuit:

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GRAPH

THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS
AIM: a) To construct and study the 3-terminal fixed voltage regulator using IC 78XX
and 79XX series.
b) To find line regulation and load regulation of the IC regulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Multimeter
2. Regulated DC Dual Powersupply
4. Connecting patchChords
IC‟s
7805 :1No
7812 :1No
7809 :1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 14.1circuit diagram of Fixed PositiveVoltage regulator Fig 14.2circuit diagram of Fixed negative Voltageregulator
PROCEDURE:
For fixed positive voltage regulator (78XX):
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown infigure.14.1
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the IC 78XX and note down the regulator output voltage,
vary input voltage from 7V to 20V and record the outputvoltages

5. By varying the load resistance RL note down the regulator output voltage.

For fixed negative voltage regulator (79XX):

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown infigure.2.
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the IC 79XX and note down the regulator output voltage,
vary input voltage from 7V to 20V and record the outputvoltages

4. By varying the load resistance RL note down the regulator outputvoltage.
OBSERVATION TABLES:
FOR POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
S.No Unregulated DC input, Vi in volts regulated DC input, Vo in volts
5V 9V 12V
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:
Fig 14.3:expected output waveforms Line regulation for 78xx

RESULT: Hence constructed and studied the 3-terminal fixed voltage regulator using IC
78XX and 79XX series & also the line regulation and load regulation of them are verified.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define line and loadregulation.
2. Mention the application of voltageregulator.
3. List the types of voltageregulator.
4. Listthedifferenttypesof3-terminalvoltage regulatorIC‟s?
5. Draw and explain the internal block diagram of 3- terminal regulatorIC.
6. What is the difference between a +ve and a –ve voltageregulator.
7. Compare three terminal voltage regulators with 723 voltageregulator.
8. List the features of IC voltageregulators.
Redraw Circuit:

GRAPH

DIGITAL TO ANALOG (D/A) CONVERTERS
AIM: To obtain analog output voltages for the digital input data using 4-bit R-2R ladder type
D/A converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 4 – Bit D/A converter (R-2R) TrainerKit.
2. Multimeter.
IC 741 1No
Resistor 10kΩ 3No
22kΩ 6No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 15.1: circuit diagram of D/A converter
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer to the mains and switch on the powersupply.
2. Measure the supply voltages of the circuit as +12V &-12V.
3. Calculate theoretically Vo for all digital Input data usingformula.
4. In this experiment Rf = 22kΩ & R=10kΩ.

5. Note down Output voltages for different combinations of digital inputs and compare it
with theoreticalvalues.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Model graph:
Applications:
1. Audio
Most modern audio signals are stored in digital form (for example MP3sand CDs) and in
Order to be heard through speakers they must be converted into an analog signal.
2. Video
Video signals from a digital source, such as a computer, must be converted to analog form
If they are to be displayed on an analog monitor.
RESULT: Obtained analog output voltages for the given digital input data using 4- bit R-2R
ladder network D/A converter.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Derive the expression for the output voltage V0 of R-2R type D/Aconverter.
2. What are the advantages of R-2R type D/Aconverter?
3. Compare R-2R Type with weighted resistor type D/Aconverter.
4. Mention the applications of D/Aconverters.
5. Define the terms full-scale voltage and one least-significant bit for D/Aconverter.
6. Determine the output voltage for the following input digital words when 4-bitD/A
converter with Vr=10V,Rf=10KΩ is considered
i) 0001 ii) 0110 iii)1010
7. What is the difference between Inverted R-2R and Non-Inverted R-2R type D/A
converter?
8. What are the applications of D/Aconverter?
Redraw Circuit:

GRAPH

Projects to be implemented:
Automatic StreetLight
Introduction:
Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is a need of light
1.
itautomatically switches ON. When darkness rises to a certain level then sensor circuit gets
activatedand switches ON and when there is other source of light i.e.daytime, the street light gets
OFF.
The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted. In our project we have used four L.E.Das
a symbol of street lamp, but for high power switching one can connect Relay
(electromagneticswitch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555 that will make easy to turn ON/OFF any
electricalappliances that are connected throughrelay.
Principle:
This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6
connectedwith positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd
level of thesupply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So
small changeinthe voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and
0 to 1. Theoutput has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It
is poweredby a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4, 6
and 8 isconnected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present of an object
we haveused LDR and a source oflight.
LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which
isfalling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of
onlyabout 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. We
havemade a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series.
Weknow that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from
thisdivider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to
pin2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness
andfallbelow 1/3rd in darkness.Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon
asLDR gets dark the voltage of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and
LEDor buzzer which is connected to the output getsactivated.
Circuit Diagram of Automatic Street Light

Component used :
1. 9v Battery withstrip
2. Switch
3. L.D.R (Light DependingResistance)
4. I.C NE555 withBase
5. L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 3 to 6 pieces.
6. Variable Resistance of 47 KΩ
7. P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board.

2. TemperatureSensor
This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature.
Linearitydefines how well over a range of temperature a sensor‟s output consistently changes.
Unlikethermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of 0.5°C accuracy and has
widetemperature range. its output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range.It draws only 60 µA from
itssupply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. LM35 Operates from 4 to 30 volts.
Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output of sensor is 280 mV then temperature is
28degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the degree temperature. For
triggerpoint you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC 741 by using preset or
potentiometer.Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or deactivate a
device at aparticular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for indication of both low
(Green)and high (Red)temperature.
Circuit Diagram of temperature sensor

Working: The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature by 10 mV per degree.
Thisvarying voltage is feed to a comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are among the
mostwidely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. It has two
inputinverting (-) and non-inverting (+) and one output pin. We have used IC741 as non-inverting
amplifierwhich means pin 3 is the input and the output is not reversed. This circuit amplifies the
differencebetween its input terminals.
As a comparator, Bistable output of an op amplifier is as follows :-

Partlist:
ICLM35,ICLM741
Resistance:10KOhms,470Ohms-
2PcsPreset orP.O.T of 2KOhms
LED-
2pcs(RedandGreen)9VBatterywithSnapSwitch
,wire
*By making this Temperature Sensor Project, student will be capable of making many similar project
i.e Automatic room heater controller, determine hotness of Tea or Coffee to avoid burning your
tongue, Automatic Fan Controlleretc.
You may also be Interested in our experiment: Making a Digital Thermometer.

3. ElectronicEye
Electronic eye has much use in this electronic age, also Known as magic eye. It can be used as
anautomatic guest indicator at the door, if fitted on the bottom of the door entrance. Once it is installed
atthe door there is no need to install a call bell. It can also be used at homes or in banks as a
burglaralarm. Fix the LDR to the wooden door or a locker to be protected in such a manner that when
anybodytries to open it, a shadow falls on the LDR and the circuit gets activated and produce a
pleasant soundthrough the buzzer.This electronic eye circuit uses NOT gate from CMOS I.C CD 4049.
CD 4049contains six independent NOT gate in one package; we have used one only. NOT gate output
goeshigh(1) when the input pin 3 is at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage, conversely the
outputgoes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to
changethe level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low
and cannot remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 9V battery for portable use. The circuit
iseconomical in power consumption. Pin 1 is connected to the positive supply and pin 8 is
grounded.To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special
type ofresistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light that is falling on it. It has
resistance ofabout 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when
brightnessilluminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.We have made a potential divider
circuit withLDR and 220 KΩ resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly
proportional toconductance so more voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light
and low voltagein darkness. This divided voltage is given to input of NOT gate.As soon as LDR gets
dark the voltageof input not gate drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 2 gets high and LED or
buzzer which isconnected to the output gets activated. Advantage of using Logic gate is that data can
be easily send toother digital interface device ieone can easily fed data to computer using parallel port
or for furtherprocessing.
Circuit Diagram of Electronic Eye

4. PWM Based DC FanController:

We use DC fans in many systems in our day to day life. For example, CPU fans, fume
extinguishers and many more appliances which we make use of are operated by DC. Most of the
times we will have a need to adjust the speed of the motors to our requirement. Although some
systems have an automatic adjustment system for fan speed, not all systems possess this
functionality. So, we will have to adjust the speed of our fan ourselves occasionally.To adjust the
speed of our fan manually, there are multiple ways to do that. We can adjust the speed by using a
resistance in series with the motor. This is the simplest of all ways but it is not usually preferred
because if we want to use any devices like microcontrollers or any other digital equipment for
automating our DC fan speed, then this method will not work in general. A more efficient way to
proceed is by using pulse width modulation technique to manage the speed of our DCmotor.
Circuit Diagram of PWM Based DC Fan Controller:
In this circuit, the DC motor is operated by a 555 integrated circuit. The IC 555 in this circuit is
being operated in astable mode. In this mode, the circuit can be used as a pulse width modulator
with a few small adjustments to the circuit. The frequencyof operation of the circuit is provided by
the passive parameters of resistances and capacitances attached to it. The resistance between pin-7
and pin-8, the resistance between pin-6 and pin-7 and the capacitance between pin-2 and the
ground govern the frequency of operation and duty cycle of the ic555 in astable mode. The duty
cycleisgovernedbytheresistorwhichisinbetweenpin-6andpin-7oftheIC555timer.So,by

taking advantage of the circuits working, we can change the 555 astable multivibrator into a pulse
width modulator by using a variable resistor instead of a constant resistor in between pin-6 and
pin-7.One of the best things about this circuit is that we can make it work as an astable
multivibrator with little hardware and by little cost which can save both the cost involved in
making it as well as the space on the printed circuit board is saved. if we want a sophisticated pulse
width modulator which works more accurately and which can have more adjusting capabilities,
then it is better to use a microcontroller based pulse width modulator than the one which we are
using now. However, the circuit or the application for which we are using a pulse width modulator
is not so sensitive and hence does not demand so much of accuracy. In such a case, the circuit
which we are using with a bare IC 555 is better as it saves our monetary as well as space resources
in building the circuit.Theduty cycle of the circuit can be changed by changing the resistance
between pin-7 and pin-6. If we increase the duty cycle, the speed of the motor increases and if we
decrease the duty cycle, the speed of the motordecreases.

5. Automatic Washroom Light Switch
We turn On the lights in our washroom when we enter it and turn them off when we leave.
Wesometimes forget to turn Off the lights after leaving the washroom. This may lead to
powerwastage and also the lifetime of the lights may decrease. To avoid these problems, we are
going tomake a circuit which automatically turns On the lights when a person enters the washroom
and itautomatically turns it Off when he leaves it.By automating this, there are many advantages
like,the person need not care to turn On the light always when he is using the washroom. The
circuitwhich we are doing does it automatically for that person. Also, the person need not turn it off
afterusing the washroom. There is no fear that he forgets to turn it Off. The circuit is also designed
toconsume lesser power so that the circuit can be used in any household or public
washroomswithout worrying about the powerbills.
Automatic Washroom Light Switch Circuit Diagram:
The operation of the circuit is as follows. When the door of the washroom is opened and closed,the
circuit turns switches On the light using a relay. When the door opens and closes for the
secondtime, the circuit turns Off the light by turning off the relay.The element which is used to
detect theopening and closing of the door is a reed switch. There are two types of reed switches.
We areusing the one which will be closed in normal state and open when there is a magnetic field
nearby.A reed switch electrically is just a relay kind of component but unlike a relay which
activates whena coil voltage is supplied, the reed switch activates when a magnetic field is detected
in thevicinity. The circuit is given a power supply of 9V. The pin-16 of IC 4017 is given 9V. The
pin-8of 4017 is given to ground.The circuit uses IC 741 op-amp as a comparator arranged such that
itsoutput is high by default when the door is closed. The circuit is attached to the door

framewhereas

a permanent magnet is attached to the door in such a way that it comes closer to the reed
switchwhen it is closed. The IC 4017 is made to alternate between each door open and door close.
Whenthe door is opened and closed for one time, the circuit turns On the relay and the the Light
turnsON. When the door is opened and closed for the next time, the circuit turns Off the relay and
thelight turns off. The IC 4017 is capable of counting uptonine counts but we are restricting it
tocount only two and reset back. The ability of this IC to adjust the count value as desired helped
usin this project to use it as a one bit counter.When the door is closed, the reed switch opens
andhence the op-amp output which is the 6th pin of IC 741 is HIGH. When the door is closed, the
pin-6 of IC 741 is turned Off. When the dooris closed back, it triggers the IC 4017 decade counter
andhence the relay toggles ON and OFF for each door open and closeoperation.

6. Circuit Diagram of ContinuityTester:
There are many circuit testers already designed but this comes with an improvement that when the
circuit detects the connection, it makes a melodious sound which is pleasing to hear instead of the
irritating buzzer sound which is intolerable to hear. That too, this circuit does it using integrated
circuits wherever possible in an efficient manner so that the hardware is kept to a minimum and the
circuit size is also reduced.The circuit uses the 555 IC timer in buffer mode. The output of the 555
IC is a DC voltage when the circuit probes detects the connection shorted. This output is given to a
music generating IC which is UM66. This music generating integrating circuit is then given the
input from the output of the IC 555. The output is high only when the circuit detects the probes are
shorted. If not, the output is kept low. The music which is generated by the integrated circuit um66
can he heard through the loudspeaker. The loudspeaker used is a mini 8 ohms loudspeaker. The
circuit can be conveniently assembled onto a printed circuit board so that it comes handy whenever
we need to test a circuit for continuity or short circuits. A battery power supply can be used for
powering this circuit as the circuit is made to consume very little power due to which using a
battery based power supply is ideal as the batteries will last longer maintaining the portability of
the circuit.

7. 555 Timer IC Testing SimpleCircuit:
555 Timer IC Testing Circuit

Components used in this Circuit:
 IC-NE555
 R1-68K
 R2-39K
 R3,R4-20E
 C1-1uF/25V
 C2-1nF
 LED1,LED2
This simple 555 IC testing-circuit tests your entire 555 timer IC, so before using your IC check
immediately that your IC is good or bad by checking it. This can be done by checking the IC that is
it is oscillating or not. Or you can use this circuit in some other circuits also to troubleshoot the
proper working of 555 IC.This tester will rapidly tell you if the timer is functional or not.
Important feature of this circuit is it will tell 555 timer is shorted or it is not oscillating. Assemble
the circuit properly as shown in circuitdiagram.

How to Check the 555 Timer IC:
First of all insert the IC in socket very carefully so that no pin of 555 timer get damage. Now to see
the result, switch on the power supply. If your 555 timer is working properly, both the LED1 and
LED2 will glow. And any of the LEDs is off or both LED1 and LED2 are not glowing means your
555 timer IC is faulty.
Working of 555 Timer IC Circuit:
In this circuit, we have used the NE555 IC as an astable multivibrator and when power is provided
to circuit, the LEDs will start blinking which will show that the IC is working. The blinking rate of
LEDs can be changed by increasing or decreasing the values of resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor
C1.You can calculate the time duration with the help of formula given below:
T = 0.7(R1+2R2)*C1 in seconds.
As soon as power supply is provided, C1 will start charging through R1and R2.When the voltage
across C1 rises above 2/ 3 of supply voltage, the internal Flip Flop toggles. As a result, pin 7
becomes low and C1 starts discharging. When the voltage across C1 goes below 1/ 3 of supply
voltage, the internal Flip Flop resets and pin 7 goes high. The C1 again starts charging. All this
will happen only when your IC is in good condition. According to the frequency as set with the
help of resistor R1, R2 and capacitor C1 charging and discharging take place and LED1 and
LED2 will flash accordingly. From these observations, we can conclude that IC NE555 is faulty or
not.

8. Circuit Diagram of Cell PhoneDetector:
Circuit Diagram of Cell Phone PhoneDetector
Circuit Components:
 V1 =12V
 L1 =10uH
 R1 =100Ohms
 C1 =100nF
 R2 =100K
 R3 =3K
 Q1 =BC547
 R4 = 200Ohms
 R5 = 100Ohms
 IC1=LM339
 R6 = 10 Ohms
 LED = BlueLED
Cell Phone Detector Circuit Design:
Detector Circuit Design:
The detector circuit consists of an inductor, diode, a capacitor and a resistor. Here an inductor
value of 10uH is chosen. A Schottky diode BAT54 is chosen as the detector diode, whichcan

rectify low frequency AC signal. The filter capacitor chosen in a 100nF ceramic capacitor, used to
filter out AC ripples. A load resistor of 100 Ohms is used.
Amplifier Circuit Design:
Here a simple BJT BC547 is used in common emitter mode. Since the output signal is of low
value, the emitter resistor is not required in this case. The collector resistor value is determined by
the value of battery voltage, collector emitter voltage and collector current. Now the battery
voltage is chosen to be 12 V (since maximum open source collector emitter voltage for BC 547 is
45V), operating point collector emitter voltage is 5 V and collector current is 2 mA. This gives a
collector resistor of approx 3 K. Thus a 3 K resistor is used as Rc. The input resistor is used to
provide bias to the transistor and should be of larger value, so as to prevent the flow of maximum
current. Here we chose a resistor value of 100K.
Comparator circuit Design:
Here LM339 is used as comparator. The reference voltage is set at the inverting terminal using a
potential divider arrangement. Since output voltage from the amplifier is quite low, the reference
voltage is set low of the order of 4V. This is achieved by selecting a resistor of 200 Ohms and a
potentiometer of 330 Ohms. An output resistor of value 10 Ohms is used as a current limiting
resistor.
Mobile Phone Tracking Circuit Operation:
In normal condition, when there is no RF signal, the voltage across the diode will be negligible.
Even though this voltage is amplified by the transistor amplifier, yet the output voltage is less than
the reference voltage, which is applied to the inverting terminal of the comparator. Since the
voltage at non inverting terminal of the OPAMP is less than the voltage at the inverting terminal,
the output of the OPAMP is low logic signal.Now when a mobile phone is present near the signal,
a voltage is induced in the choke and the signal is demodulated by the diode. This input voltage is
amplified by the common emitter transistor. The output voltage is such that it is more than the
referenceoutputvoltage.TheoutputoftheOPAMPisthusalogichighsignalandtheLEDstarts

glowing, to indicate the presence of a mobile phone. The circuit has to be placed centimeters away
from the object to be detected.

9. Battery Voltage State Indicator using741
Hereisasimplecircuitusingop-amp741called“Batteryvoltagestateindicator”usedto
indicatewhetherthebatteryischargedornot.Thecircuitshowsthreestateofbatteryvoltage
i.e.charged,dischargedandnormalusingthreedifferentcolorLEDs(LED 1,LED2 andLED3).
Circuit Description of Battery Voltage State Indicator: The circuit of battery voltage
stateindicator is build around very popular and low costs op-amp IC 741. This circuit uses two
op-amps in comparator mode, which compare the battery voltage with references voltage.
ThebatteryvoltageisconnectedtoE(pin2ofIC1
andpin3ofIC2)asshowincircuitdiagram,whichfurthercompareswithreferencevoltageE 1 andE2.
Ifthebatteryvoltageislessthen11V,LED 2 glow,similarlyifbatteryvoltageis11Vto13VLED3
glowandifthebatteryvoltageisgreaterthan13VLED 1 glow.
ThevariableresistorsVR1 andVR2 issoadjustedthatthevoltagebetweenpin2ofIC1 and

earthis13Vandvoltagebetweenpin3ofIC3 andearthI11V.
Resistor (all ¼-watt, ± 5%Carbon)
R1 – R3 = 2.7 KΩ, VR1, VR2 = 22KΩ
Semiconductors
IC1, IC3 = 741, D1, D2 = 1N4148, LED1 = Red LED, LED2 = Orange LED, LED3 = Green LED

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LIC APPLICATIONS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 1

Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted:

1. Study of OP AMPs – IC 741, IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 – functioning,parameters

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 2

3.Operating temperature range

Fig 1.3 Pin diagram for IC 555

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 4

Applications of IC 555: Multivibrators, Oscillators, generation of PWM

Fig 1.4 Pin diagram for IC 566

The NE/SE566 Function Generator is a voltage-controlled oscillator of exceptional

Applications of VCO: Frequency modulation, Voltage to frequency converter

Fig 1.5 Pin diagram for IC 565

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 5

Fig 1.6 Pin diagram for IC 723

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 6

f) THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGEREGULATORS

i) IC 78XX (Positive VoltageRegulators)

ii) IC 79XX (Negative VoltageRegulators)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 7

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (IC 741)

Fig 2.1 adder

Fig 2.2 subatractor

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 8

Fig 2.3 comparator

V0 = - (Va + Vb+ Vc)

V0 = - (Va + Vb+ Vc)/3

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 9

V1(volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical

V1(volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical

Observations for comparator:

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS FOR COMPARATOR:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 11

Applications of adder and subtractor:

1. Draw an Op- amp circuit whose output VO = V1+ V2 – V3–V4.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 12

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 13

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 14

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 15

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

Fig3.1Integrator Fig 3.2Differentiator

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 16

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 17

Fig 3.3 Output waveformofIntegrator Fig 3.4 Output waveform of Differentiator

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 18

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 19

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 20

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 21

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTERS

AIM: To design, construct and plot the frequency response of

Fig 4.1 Low pass filter

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 22

Fig 4.2 High pass filter

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 23

Frequency(Hz) V0(V) Gain =(V0/Vi) Gain in db=

High Pass Filter

Frequency(Hz) V0(V) Gain =(V0/Vi) Gain in db=

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 24

2. In instrumentation systems, engineers use filters to select desired frequency components or

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 25

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering Page 26