Chapter 3

KeyWords:
MAC- Medium Access Layer

MDI- Media Dependent Interface
DTE- Data Equipment Terminal
PoE- Power Over Ethernet
Sr-Short Range base
Lasers- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
IEEE 802.3
● It is the standard & protocols that defines an ethernet based network.
● Ethernet cable are primarily used in LANs Though they can be used in MANs
and WANs
● It defines the Physical Layers & they medium access layer (MAC), sublayer of
data link layer for wired ethernet networks.
● 10Base-50
○ 10 - 10 Mbps
○ Base - Baseband
○ 50 - 50 meter
● IEEE 802.3ae with 10 Gbit/s Ethernet, since 2002
● IEEE 802.3af with DTE Power via MDI, since 2003 (PoE, Power over
Ethernet)
● IEEE 802.3an with 10GBase-T, since 2006
● IEEE 802.3aq with 10GBase-LRM, since 2006
● IEEE 802.3at with DTE Power Enhancements, since 2009 (PoE
enhancements)
● IEEE 802.3ba with 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet, since 2010
● IEEE 802.3bg with 40 Gbit/s serial, in progress
40GBASE-SR4
● 40GBase- 40 Giga bits per second
● It is playable optical transceiver
● Short range transceiver module- SR4
● It is a 4 channel optical transceiver module for short range data
communication and interconnecting the application.
● The module contains 4 channels in each direction with 40 Gbps with
aggregate bandwidth with each channel operating at 10 Gbps upto 100m (328
ft.) using OM3 fiber & upto 150m using OM4 fiber.
● The electrical interface used a 38 contact edge type connector.
● The OM3 fiber makes 85% of the channel available while OM4 fiber provides
100% availability of the channel in the database center.
Lasers
● Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
● Lasers used in data centers are usually surface emitting semiconductor
lasers, so-called Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
● the specifications for this spectral width were also relaxed during the transition
from 10 to 40/100 GbE.
● The laser’s maximum permitted spectral width was creased from 0.45 to
0.65nm by IEEE802.3ba,which led to increased chromatic dispersion
● Chromatic dispersion is the phenomenon of an optical pulse spreading during
its transmission through the optical fiber
● A glass fiber has different refractive indices for different wavelengths. That is
why some wavelengths spread faster than others
Ethernet
● most network traffic these days begins and ends its trip on Ethernet.
● the development of 40 and 100 gigabit Ethernet came at just the right time to
allow the Ethernet to continue its triumphant march
10GBase-T
● 10 gigabit data transmission for copper cables, was standardized in the
summer of 2006
● It allows for use of a 4-pair cable (transmission on all 4 pairs) and a segment
length of 100 m.
● There is a “higher speed study group” for 40GBase-T and 100GBase-T, which
allows 40 Gbit/s over copper cables, at this point only over 10 m via Twinax
cables or 1 m via backplane
Fiber Channel
● Fiber Channel was designed for the serial, continuous high-speed
transmission of large volumes of data
● Most storage area networks (SAN) today are based on the implementation of
Fibre Channel standards
● The data transmission rates that can be achieved with this technology reach
16 Gbit/s.
● Fiber optic cables for connecting storage systems to one another
● Each device in Fibre Channel has a WWNN (World Wide Node Name) as well
as a WWPN (World Wide Port Name) for every port in the device
● These are 64-bit values that uniquely identify each Fibre Channel device
● Topologies
● Two different types of fiber channel implementations; switch fabric(Fiber
Channel or FC-SW for short) and Arbitrated loop, FC-AL
● Switched Fabric:
○ Point to point connections are switched between terminal devices
○ This configurations provides highest performance (high data transfer
rate & greatest degree of failure safety)
○ Located at center of the switched fabric
○ It is possible to switch direct point-to-point connections cia fiber
channel switch between any two connected devices
○ Advantages:
■ Very broad support is provided by hardware and software
manufacturers
■ The technology has reached a high level of maturity (high
reliability)
■ The system has very high-performance (High-data transfer)
■ High- availability solutions can be set up (redundancy)
● Arbitrated loop:
○ a logical bus in which all terminal devices share the common data
○ It is a low cost fiber channel that is widely used in SAN.
○ FC-AL implementations are frequently found in small clusters in which
it is possible for multiple physical nodes to directly access a common
mass storage system.
○ It is possible to operate up to 127 devices on one logical bus of the
arbitrated loop configurations
○ The Data transmission rate is 8 Gbps in all devices
○ Gabling is implemented in a Star topology using fiber channel hub
○ Ring topologies are also be implemented but it is not common
Transmission Media
#Define Transmission Media. Explain the Types of media (2+10=12)
Twisted Pair
● Category 6 (specified up to a bandwidth of 250 MHz)
● Category 6A / 6A (specified up to a bandwidth of 500 MHz)
● Category 7 (specified up to a bandwidth of 600 MHz)
● Category 7A (specified up to a bandwidth of 1,000 MHz)
Cable Selection
● It is generally known that maximum bandwidth usually also allows a maximum
data rate.
Plug Connectors for Twisted Copper Cables

● The RJ45 connection system has been being developed over decades, from a
simple telephone plug to a high performance data connector.
● RJ45, is a type of connector commonly used for networking
● It looks similar to telephone Jack, but is slightly wider
● Since ethernet cables have RJ45 connectors on each end. Ethernet cables
are also called RJ45 cable
● RJ45 stands for Registered Jack since it is a standardized networking
interface. The “45” refers to the no. of interface standard.
● Each RJ45 connector has 8 pins which means a RJ45 contains 8 separated
wires; 4 of them are solid colors white other are striped
● RJ45 cables can be wired in 2 different ways.
T-568A&B
T-568A T-568B
White/Green (Receiver +) White/Orange (Transmit +)
Green (Receiver -) Orange (Transmit -)
White/Orange(Transmit +) White/Green (Receiver +)
Blue Blue
White/Blue White/Blue
Orange (Transmit -) Green (Receiver -)
White Brown White/Brown
Brown Brown
● T-568B skin wire scheme is widely used scheme though many will support
T-568A as well
● Some networking applications require A crossover ethernet cable T-568A at
one end & T-568B at another end.
● This type of cable is used for direct computer to computer connection with a
switch are not available
GG45
● The advantage of the GG45 jack lies in its compatibility with existing RJ45
connection cables
● Tenders in which Cat 6A/A technology GG45 based technology were
compared show that the use of GG45 leads to triple the price.
Tera Connection
● The additional cost of the TERA connection system is not so high, but on the
other hand this system forces an immediate use of new connection and
patching cables (TERA on RJ45). As in the case of GG45, many clients
accept this restriction only reluctantly.
ARJ45
● It stands for Augmented Registered Jack
● This connection is for 10GBps ethernet & higher data transmission rate.
● Patented and plug design
● High frequency performance
● 10Gbase-T performance capability
● Built- in Latch protection register
● Nexson’s GG45 compatible
#What are the advantages of fiber optical

#Difference between FC-AL and FC-SW
1) Explain the offline and online UPS with block diagram working and and disadvantages?
( 10+ 10 marks)
2) Explain TIA-92 room standard for data center design? (15 marks)
3) Shorts Notes
a. NIC
b. Repeater
c. Switch
d. HUB
e. Firewall
4) Differentiate between HUB and Switch.
5) Determines the shortest path using Dijkstras algoritsm.
6) Compare FC-AL with FC-SW.
7) Differentiate betn Housing services and Hosting services.

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KeyWords:

MAC- Medium Access Layer

Plug Connectors for Twisted Copper Cables

White/Green (Receiver +) White/Orange (Transmit +)

Green (Receiver -) Orange (Transmit -)

White/Orange(Transmit +) White/Green (Receiver +)

Orange (Transmit -) Green (Receiver -)

White Brown White/Brown

#What are the advantages of fiber optical

4) Differentiate between HUB and Switch.

5) Determines the shortest path using Dijkstras algoritsm.

6) Compare FC-AL with FC-SW.

7) Differentiate betn Housing services and Hosting services.

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