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A Review on the Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Plants

Article · February 2017

DOI: 10.22214/ijraset.2017.2103

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5 II February 2017
www.ijraset.com Volume 5 Issue II, February 2017
IC Value: 45.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
A Review on the Effect of Organic and Chemical
Fertilizers on Plants
Ameeta Sharma1, Ronak Chetani 2
1.2
Department of Biotechnology, The IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Abstract: The industrial revolution followed by green revolution caused an increase in yield per unit area in crop production, but
they also increased the use of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture. Intensive inorganic fertilizer usage in agriculture causes so
many health problems and unrecoverable environmental pollution. To reduce and eliminate the adverse effects of Synthetic
fertilizers on human health and environment, new agricultural practices have been developed that all so-called organic
agriculture. The organic fertilizers include peat, animal wastes, plant waste from agriculture, and treated sewage sludge whereas
inorganic fertilizers include chemicals like ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride, urea, NPK etc. Inorganic fertilizers
accumulate salt which expends more energy to draw water from the soil and cause them to appear wilted or dried out and if
there is a rainfall shortly after they are applied them the fertilizers wash away and can pollute streams, ponds and other water
bodies. It can also leach away from the root zone of the plant it may enter through the plant to the food chain and they get
accumulated and harm us. The plants are an efficient source of basic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well
as secondary and micronutrients such as calcium, boron, magnesium, and manganese. High chlorophyll content, the high
percentage of protein and carbohydrate indicates, better physiological and biochemical conditions. It is usually suggested that
the use of organic fertilizers and amendments are eco-friendly. The effect of organic and chemical fertilizers occurs significantly
on the biochemical performance like chlorophyll content, protein and carbohydrate concentration of the crop plant and
highlights the prospects and potential of using organic fertilizers.
Keywords: Inorganic fertilizers, organic fertilizers, plants.

I. INTRODUCTION
Less soil fertility is one of the most vital constraints on improved agricultural production (A.T. Ayoub, 1999). Fertilizers are used to
improve soil fertility but intensive inorganic fertilizer usage in agriculture causes so many health problems and unrecoverable
environmental pollution. Thus, to reduce and eliminate the adverse effects of Synthetic fertilizers on human health and environment,
now-a-days a new agricultural practice have been developed called as organic agriculture, sustainable agriculture or ecological
agriculture (Aksoy, 2001; Chowdhury, 2004). Organic fertilizers are primarily cost effective, easily available from locality products
than chemical fertilizers (Solomon, et al., 2012). Organic matter is the basis of soil fertility (Aboudrare, 2009). Microbial fertilizers
are distinctly environment friendly, non- bulky, cost effective which plays a significant role in plant nutrition (Mahajan et al., 2008).
On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are known for their high cost and their negative environmental effects if managed poorly
(Morris et al., 2007). All these give rise to reduced crop yields as a result of soil degradation and nutrients imbalance (Ojeniyi,
2000). Also, inorganic fertilizer differs from organic fertilizers in the way that they consist of simple chemical compounds of known
composition (Lockeretz, 1995). Because of this issue, farmers create a “mix” of both organic and inorganic fertilizers for their crop.
The choices of suitable fertilizer are usually governed by multi factors like climate, locality, natural conditions and soil variation
with regard to their suitability for crops cultivation. The leafy vegetables, fruits and cereal crops are efficient source of basic
nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as secondary and micronutrients such as calcium, boron, magnesium and
manganese. The present article reviews the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on varied aspects of plants.

II. IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZER

The basic purpose of fertilizer application in soil is to improve the nutrient status and quality of soil by enriching it with nutrients
which it lacks. Crop plants require nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium to maintain normal physiological function of the cell. In
similar way according to Mani (2002) lack of nitrogen results in poor growth and slow growth, but the excess use of nitrogen results
in delayed maturity and low quality of leaf (Ewulo et al., 2008). Fertilizers have all the ingredients that are needed by plants to
grow, so they are added to the soil in order to improve the physical, biological and chemical properties of the soil. A physical
property includes soil friability, porosity and absorption. Biological properties are associated with the microorganisms living in the

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www.ijraset.com Volume 5 Issue II, February 2017
IC Value: 45.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
soil. The chemical properties are related to the soil pH (acidity level) and the availability of nutrient to the plants. It has been
reported earlier that both organic and inorganic fertilizer which has been used by the farmers increases yield and sustain soil
productivity (Chukwu et al., 2012). The use of several organic materials especially cows dung, poultry droppings and farm yard
manure as soil amendments are suitable for increasing crop production (Asadu and Unagwu, 2012). So fertilizers are required and
thus applied to replenish nutrients taken away from the soil by crop harvest and so they are applied to supplement more nutrients to
boost crop yield (Olatunji and Ayuba, 2012).

III. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

Organic fertilizers are derived from biological or living materials. These fertilizers take longer time to release the nutrient in the soil.
In contrast, Inorganic fertilizers are classified as those fertilizers that are synthesized artificially or mined from non-living materials.
Also known as chemical fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers are absorbed by the plants relatively fast. Organic fertilizers come in the
different forms such as:
Manure derived from livestock such as cows, chickens, goats and others.
Green manure which are obtained from young plants, especially different type of legumes.
Compost derived from agricultural that is waste organic material such as straw, corn stalks or decomposed waste.

IV. ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

Organic farming is one of the fastest growing sectors of the agriculture worldwide and its main objective is to create a balance
between the inter-connected system such as soil organism, plants, animals and humans (Berova, et al., 2010). The organic
fertilizers offer the biological process necessities of plants and conjointly suppress the plant pests’ populations (Heeb et al., 2005a;
Heeb et al., 2005b; Heeb et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2007; Tonfack et al., 2009). Additionally, they increase the microorganism activity
in soil, anion and cation exchange capability, organic matter and carbon-content of soil. Organic fertilizers increase the quality and
yield of agricultural crops in ways similar to inorganic fertilizers (Bulluck and Ristaino, 2002; Bulluck et al., 2002; Arancon et al.,
2004), however it does not cause environment pollution. Some of the important advantages of organic fertilizers include improved
soil texture, water retention and resistance to erosion. Organic fertilizers provide nitrogen in a usable form, which will help plant to
improve plant growth while at the same time neither cause burning of roots nor destroying beneficial micro-organisms in the soil.
Organic fertilizers help to prevent diseases by meeting the plants ‘nutritional needs and enhancing plant tolerance. This action
removes a serious source of stress. Plant wastes such as wood ash, spent grain, rice bran, and sawdust were effective as fertilizers
(Ogbalu, 1999). According to Ogbalu (1999) ancient sources of nutrients are accessible to farmers and therefore the use of chemical
fertilizers by villagers isn't common.
V. DISADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Organic fertilizers improve the structure, chemistry, and biological activity of the soil by providing nutrients and contribute to the
quality of soil. They are known for the gradual release of nutrients, and they increase soil organic matter content (Sarkar et al.,
2003). Soil organic components are favoured when decomposition is slow. However, decomposition of organic material is strongly
affected by temperature and soil moisture thus nutrients may be released when the plant does not need them. Because the nutrient
content is low in organic fertilizers, and only a limited amount of organic material is available in many regions and it is generally
difficult to meet crop nutrient demands through organic fertilizers alone (Morris et al., 2007). This implies that crops can suffer
initial starvation from nutrient immobilization prior to mineralization. They are also required in large quantities which may not be
readily available to small scale farmers (Agbede and Kalu, 1995; Okigbo, 2000; Adekiya et al., 2012).

VI. TYPES OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

Different types of inorganic fertilizers include nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, fertilizer, compound
fertilizers and leaves.
The category of Nitrogen fertilizers includes the followings:
ZA( Zwavelvuur Ammonium) 20.5 to 21% nitrogen level
Urea or CO(NH2) 45-46% nitrogen content
Chile saltpetre with 15%nitrogen
Ammonium nitrate or NH4NO3 who had higher levels of nitrogen by 35%
The category of phosphorous fertilizers includes the followings
Superphosphate multiple (DS=Double superphosphate) who had levels of 30% P2O5.

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www.ijraset.com Volume 5 Issue II, February 2017
IC Value: 45.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
Triple superphosphate (TS=Triple Superphosphate) 45% P2O5 . It is most widely used by the people.
The category of potassium fertilizers includes the followings:
Potassium chloride or KCl which had levels of 50%K2O
Potassium Sulphate (ZK=Zwavelvuur time) with a grade of 50%K2O.
The category of Compound fertilizers includes NPK. Nitrogen phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are single because it contains
only one type of primary nutrients whereas compound fertilizer contains more than one kind of primary nutrients. NPK fertilizers
consist of Potassium Chloride (KCl) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (Cooke,
1982). For Example: fertilizer NPK 10-15-20 means it contains 10% nitrogen, 15% phosphorus (P2O5) and 20% Potassium (K2O).
Another form is Leaf manure in which Foliar fertilizers are given to the plants by spraying the leaves and they are absorbed by
osmosis or diffusion through stomata. Examples of foliar fertilizers are Wuxal, Baypolan and so many more.

VII. ADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

There are certain advantages of inorganic fertilizers which makes them a potent candidate to enhance agricultural productivity.
Some of the major benefits are listed below:
There is no need of direct decomposition as the nutrients in mineral fertilizers are relatively high, and the release of these nutrients is
quick.
Inorganic fertilizers increase the growth rate and plant's overall productivity more rapidly.
There are abundant evidences that inorganic fertilizers can improve yield of crop significantly (Ojeniyi, 2002). According to Cooke
(1982) fertilizers raise soil fertility so that the yield of crops is independent and no longer be limited by the deficient amounts of
plant nutrients

VIII. DISADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

But in spite of all benefits there are serious major disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers which inculcates less desirability for them
and some of the chief shortcomings are:
Inorganic fertilizers are Human carcinogens: According to the EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs, most of the pesticides have
ingredients which known to cause cancer. Organic fertilizers are guaranteed to be safe for the environment, the body and are free of
pesticides.
Water pollution: Inorganic fertilizers accumulates salt which expend more energy to draw water from the soil and cause them to
appear wilted or dried out and if there is a rainfall shortly after they are applied them the fertilizers wash away and can pollute
streams, ponds and other water bodies. It can also leach away from the root zone of the plant it may enter through plant to the food
chain and they get accumulated and harm us.
Nutrient Imbalance: The reckless use of inorganic fertilizers can create nutrient imbalance that limits the uptake of other essential
nutrients and cause soil acidity leading to low crop yields. According to Ojeniyi (1995, 2002) there are problems that arise due to
continuous use of inorganic fertilizers as most farmers apply fertilizer without soil test. Deficiency of secondary and micronutrients
occur in soil and crop, if the common NPK type is consistently used. Total dependence on inorganic fertilizers leads to fall in soil
organic matter, increased soil acidity, degradation of soil physical properties and structure and increased erosion Ojeniyi (1981).
Dependence on fossil fuel: Agricultural chemicals have contaminated ground and surface waters, harmed fish and wildlife and
greatly increased agricultural dependence on fossil fuel resources. Thus there is a need to evolve an alternative method by which we
can reduce the use of chemicals.
IX. FUTURE PROSPECTS
The present review focuses on the effect of synthetic chemical and organic fertilizers on the performance of crop plant. It is
expected that organic and chemical fertilizers both effects morphological, physiological and biochemical performance of different
crop plants. This review suggests that the use of organic fertilizers and amendments are eco-friendly and has got an upper edge as
compared to inorganic synthetic fertilizers which causes environment pollution and also might get accumulated in the soil leading to
human health hazards. Micro- organism based fertilizers can be applied to plants globally as now the deleterious effects of
excessive use of chemical fertilizers are known to us. As done earlier with chemical fertilizers, for organic fertilizers also, bio-
fertilization programs, having recommended type and dose of fertilizers most suited for the varied crop growth stages of the crop,
should be implemented.

679
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
www.ijraset.com Volume 5 Issue II, February 2017
IC Value: 45.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to The IIS University for providing financial grant and necessary facilities to carry out this work.

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