Chemistry-I 39

Unit 7
Chemical Equilibrium and Acids - Bases

Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

1. State law of Chemical Equilibrium.

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Ans. At a given temperature, the product of concentration of the reaction product raised to the

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respective stiochiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation divided by the
product of concentrations of the reactants raised to their individual stochiometric coefficients

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has a constant value. This is known as the Equilibrium Law (or) Law of Chemical
Equilibrium.

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2. What is Homogenous Equilibrium? Write two Homogeneous reactions?
Ans. The Equilibrium in which all the substances are present in the same phase is known as

3.
Ex: 1.
2.
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Homogeneous Equilibrium.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
CH3COOH(l)+ C2H5OH(l)  CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)

What is Heterogeneous Equilibrium? Write two Heterogeneous reactions?

Ans. The Equilibrium in which the substances involved are present in different phases is called
Heterogenous Equilibrium.

Ex: 1. CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + Co2(g)

2. H2O(l)  H2O(g)
4. Define the Equilibrium Constant?
Ans. The ratio of product of molar concentration of products to product of molar concentration
of reactants at a given temperature is called Equilibrium Constant.
5. Write the relation betweem KP and KC ?
Ans. KP = KC(RT)n
n = [Number of moles of gaseous products - Number of moles of gaseous reactants]
40 Basic Learning Material

6. Can Catalyst disturb the state of Equilibrium?

Ans. No, but equilibrium is attained quickly because the Catalyst increases both the rate of
forward and backward reactions.
7. What is the effect of temperature on a system at Equilibrium?
Ans. Increase in temperature favours Endothermic Reactions,
Decrease in temperature favours Exothermic Reactions.
8. What is a Bronsted Base? Give One Example.
Ans. Proton acceptor is called "Bronsted Base".

 N H 4  Cl
NH 3  HCl 
In the above reaction, NH3 accepts a proton H+ from HCl, so NH3, is a Bronsted Base.
9. What is Lewis acid? Give an example.
Ans. Lewis acid is the substance which can accept a pair of electrons.

10.
Ex: BF3.

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All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases. Explain?

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Ans. Bronsted base is a proton acceptor Lewis base is an electron pair donor. In order to accept
a proton, bronsted base must donate an eletron pair.

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Hence, All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases.
Ex: H3N: + H+  [H3N  H]+
11.

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All Lewis acids are not Bronsted acids. Why?
Ans. Substances which accept electron pair are Lewis acids.
Ex: BF3 can accept pair of electrons. Hence, it is an Lewis acid.
Substances which donate proton are Bronsted Base.
Ex: HCl.
Though BF3 is an Lewis acid, it does not have a proton, so it is not a Bronsted Base. Hence,
Lewis acids are not Bronsted acids.
12. Ice melts slowly at high attitudes. Explain why?
Ans. Ice has more volume than water. When pressure is increased Ice converts into water. When
Pressure is decreased the above reaction occurs slowly. Since, at high attitudes pressure is
low, Ice melts slowly.
Short Answer Type Questions (4 Marks)
1. Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium reaction.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
Ans. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
Chemistry-I 41

2
 NH3 
2
PNH
KC  , KP  3

PN2  PH
3
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3
2

n
PV  nRT  P  RT
v
 P  cRT ( n/v = con = C)
 PNH3  [NH 3 ]RT
PN 2  [N 2 ]RT
PH 2  [H 2 ]RT

[NH3 ]RT
2

KP 
[N 2 ]RT[H 2 ]RT
3

[NH3 ]2

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KP  3
(RT) 24  K C (RT)2
[N 2 ][H 2 ]
K P  K C (RT)2

KP 
KC
(RT) 2

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2.

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K P (RT) 2  K C  K C  K P (or) K P  K C
Explain the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.
Ans. 1. Acids are substances that dissociate into water to give hydrogen ions H+(aq) and bases
are substances that produce hydroxyl ions OH–(aq)
HX(aq)  H+(aq) + X–(aq)
MOH(aq)  M+(aq) + OH–(aq)
2. Acids such as HCl, HNO3 undergo almost complete ionization. These are strong ac-
ids. Acids such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) undergoes partial ionization. Hence it is a
weak acid. In the same manner bases which undergo complete ionization are strong
bases the ones which undergo partial ionization are weak bases.
3. According to this theory neutralization reaction is formation of water by the combina-
tion of H+, OH- ions.
H+(l) + OH–(l)  H2O(l)
3. What is the conjugate acid base pair? Illustrate with an examples.
Ans. A pair of acid and base that differ by 'One Proton' is called as Conjugate acid base pair.
42 Basic Learning Material

H
Ex: 1. HCl 
 
 Cl–
 H

(acid) (Conjugate base)

H
2. CH3 – COOH 
  CH3COO–
 
H
(acid) (Conjugate base)
4. The Species H2O, HCO3–, HSO4– and NH3 can act both as Bronsted acids and bases.
Give the corresponding conjugate acid and base for each of them.
Ans. (1) H3O+ –––––– H2O –––––– OH–
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
(2) H2CO3 –––––– HCO3– –––––– CO3–2
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
(3) H2SO4 –––––– HSO4– –––––– SO4–2
Conjugate acid Conjugate base

5.
(4) NH4+ –––––– NH3 –––––– NH2–
Conjugate acid Conjugate base

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Write the Conjugate acid and Conjugate base of each of following:
(a) OH– (b) H2O

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(c) HCO3– (d) H2O2

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Ans. (a) H2O –––––– OH– –––––– O2–
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
(b)

(c)

(d)
Conjugate acid

Conjugate acid
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H3O+ –––––– H2O –––––– OH–
Conjugate base
H2CO3 –––––– HCO3– –––––– CO3–2
Conjugate base
H3O2+ –––––– H2O2 –––––– HO2–
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
6. Discuss the Application of Lechatlier's Principle for the Industrial Synthesis of
Ammonia.
Ans. Lechatlien's Principle: When a system at Equilibrium is subjected to stress (like change
in pressure, temperature and concentration) the equilibrium position shifts in the directions
where the stress is reduced (or) nullified.
Applying Lechatlien's principle to synthesis of NH3 by Haber's Process:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2 NH3(g) G Temperature (H = –92kJ)
Effect of Concentration: According to Lechatlier's Principle increase in the concentration
of N2 and H2 favours the forward reaction there by increases the formation of NH3.
Chemistry-I 43

Effect of Temperature: Formation of NH3 is a Exothermic Reaction. According to

Lechatlier's principle low temperature favours the forward reaction. But at low temperature
reaction is very slow. Hence optimum temperature (725k - 775k) is used in Haber's Process.
Effect of Pressure: The formation of ammonia is accompanied with decrease in number
of moles (4  2). So, high pressure is required for the better yield of ammonia. Hence 200
at m pressure is used in Haber's Process.
Optimum Condition:
Pressure : 200 at m
Temperature : 725l - 775k
Catalyst : Iron (Fe)
7. Discuss the application of Lechatlier's principle for the industrial synthesis of sulphur

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trioxide.

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Ans: Lechatlien's Principle: When a system at equilibrium is subjected to stress (like change
of pressure, temperature and concentration) the equilibrium position shifts in the direction

B
where the stress is reduced (or) nullified.

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Properties of SO3
2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) + Temperature (H = –189kJ)

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Effect of Concentration: According to Lechatlien's Principle increase in the concentration
of reactants favours the forward reaction. Hence high concentration of SO2 and O2 are
required for better yield of SO3.
Effect of Temperature: Formation of SO 3 is a Exothermic Reaction. According to
Lechatlien's Principle low temperature favours the forward reaction. Hence, Temperature
673k is used.
Effect of Pressure: The formation of SO3 is accompained with decrease in number of
moles (3  2). So, high pressure is required for the better yield of SO3. Hence, to get better
yield of SO3 2 atm pressure is used.
Optimum Condition:
Temperature : 675k
Pressure : 2 atm
Catalyst : V2O5