Unit 2
Unit 2
Unit 2
FUNDAMENTAL OF AC
CIRCUITS
AC Fundamentals
Previously you learned that DC sources have fixed polarities and constant
magnitudes and thus produce currents with constant value and unchanging
direction
Starting at zero,
the voltage increases to a positive peak
amplitude, decreases to zero,
changes polarity,
increases to a negative peak amplitude,
then returns again to zero.
Average Value: The average value of an alternating current or voltage is the average of all
the instantaneous values during one alternation. Since the voltage increases from zero to
peak value and decreases back to zero during one alternation, the average value must be
some value between those two limits.
Average Value
• To find an average value of a waveform
– Divide area under waveform by length of its base
• Areas above axis are positive, areas below axis
are negative.
• The average of all the instantaneous values
of an alternating voltage and currents over
one complete cycle is called Average Value.
• Average values also called dc values
14
Average Value
• Divide the positive half cycle into (n) number
of equal parts as shown in the above figure
• Let i1, i2, i3…….. in be the mid ordinates
• The Average value of current Iav = mean of the
mid ordinates
Average Value
Derivation of Average Value of
Current [I ] av
The average value of A.C. is the average over one complete cycle and is clearly zero,
because there are alternately equal positive and negative half cycles.
Alternating current is represented as I = I0 sin ωt
Root Mean Square Value
Derivation of RMS Value
Derivation of RMS Value
QUIZ POLL
A sinusoidal signal has peak to peak value of 200V.
The rms value is:-
(a) 100 V
(b) 70.7 V
(c) 141.4 V
(d) 200 V
Effective Values or RMS Value
Ieff = .707Im
Veff = .707Vm
QUIZ POLL
A) 40 ohm, 10 A
B) 40 mohm, 10 mA
C) 4.4 ohm, 50 A
D) 4.4 mohm, 50 mA
3. Purely Capacitive Circuits
A 318 µF capacitor is connected to 200V, 50 Hz supply. Determine a) capacitive
reactance b) maximum current c) rms value of current. Write the expressions for
voltage and current.
QUIZ POLL
Maximum value of current is :-
A) 30 A
B) 28.28 A
C) 30 mA
D) 28.28 mA
QUIZ POLL
A.Very high
B.Zero
C.Equal
D.Very low
4. Series RL Circuit
QUIZ POLL
QUIZ POLL
A) 200W
B) 144 W
C) 90 W
D) 80 W
5. Series RC Circuit
A circuit consists of 20 ohm resistance and in series with capacitance 200 µF, connected
across 50 Hz supply. The current through the circuit is 10.8 sin 314t amperes. Determine
the voltage across each component and across the circuit.
QUIZ POLL
Total Voltage
A) 250 V
B) 152.74 V
C) 121.55 V
D) 195.2 V
Reactance in Parallel Circuits
QUIZ POLL
QUIZ POLL
Z is :-
A) 19.4 ohm
B) 50 ohm
C) 25.8 ohm
D) 9.8 ohm
An RLC series resonant circuit has a resistance of 5 ohm,
Inductive reactance of 50 ohm and capacitive reactance of 50
ohm at a frequency 1000 Hz. The applied voltage is 10 V.
The voltage across the resistance is
A. 10V
B. 5V
C. 1V
D. 0.1V