Orientation to Computing-I

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 Unit-4 (Computer Network and
Communication)
• Network types (wired and wireless), Network topologies,
Network communication devices (Routers, Switches,
Modems, Hubs, access point),
• Setting IP addresses, sharing files and folders, Remote
Login, SSH, Wireless Security (http vs
• https), Client Server model, Types of Servers (Proxy
servers, Application server, Web server,
• File server, Database server, Synchronization server, Log
server).

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 Unit-4 (Cloud Computing)
• Types of Cloud ( Public, Private, Hybrid, Community)
• Cloud based services( SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, FaaS)
• Virtualization Types
• Hypervisor Types ( Type 1 and Type 2)
• Major Cloud service providers

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 Types of Network

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 Types of Computer Network

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 Network Topologies

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 Types of Network Topologies
Bus Topology: Bus topology is the kind of network topology where every
node, i.e. every device on the network, is connected to a solo main cable line
Ring Topology :Ring Topology is a topology type in which every computer is
connected to another computer on each side.
Star Topology: Star Topology is the kind of network topology in which all the
nodes are connected via cables to a single node called a hub, which is the
central node. The hub can be active or passive in nature.
Mesh Topology: Mesh topology is the kind of topology in which all the nodes
are connected with all the other nodes via a network channel.
Tree Topology: Tree topology is the topology in which the nodes are
connected hierarchically, with all the nodes connected to the topmost node or
root node.
Hybrid Topology :A Hybrid Topology is basically a network topology
comprising two or more different types of topologies. It is a reliable and
scalable topology, but simultaneously, it is a costly one.

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Do you know….

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 Network Communication Devices
There are different types of network devices through which the
transmission occurs. These devices act as intermediates between the
source and destination. These devices are also sometimes referred to as
nodes or hosts and paths to find out the best paths which help them for
communication.

• Router: It is also known as a layer-3 device of the Open Standard

Interface (OSI) model. It adds the source and destination address with the
data packets it receives. This facilitates the data packets to easily reach to
their corresponding destination.
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 Network Communication Devices
• Hub: It is a layer-2 device of the OSI model. It sends the frames (layer-2)
to all the devices connected to a network. Hubs are usually used by LAN to
connect it’s all segments. It is comprised of multiple ports so that whenever
any fame arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets.
• Switch: A switch is another important networking device which is
commonly known as intelligent Hub. It also works on layer -2 of OSI
model but it maintains the record of all Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses of the connected devices, therefore whenever the same device
sends the request for transmission through a switch it checks its record if
the entry of the MAC address of that device is found it send the data to that
destination immediately on the other hand if the entry is not found it adds
the new entry for the newly connected device. This function makes a
switch more efficient than a Hub

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 Difference

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 Network Communication Devices
• Modems: It is a device that enables a computer to send or receive data over
telephone or cable lines. The data stored on the computer is digital whereas
a telephone line or cable wire can transmit only analog data. The main
function of the modem is to convert digital signal into analog and vice
versa..
• Access Points: It is a device that creates a wireless local area network, or
WLAN, usually in an office or large building. An access point connects to a
wired router, switch, or hub via an Ethernet cable, and projects a Wi-Fi
signal to a designated area.

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 Difference

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 Activity-1

Show in packet tracer how topologies and networks work by sending data
packets/ simple execution at tutor’s end……

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 Setting IP Address
To set the IP address within Windows XP and Windows 2000, complete these
steps….

•Click Start >Settings >Control Panel.

•On the control panel, double-click Network Connections.
•Right-click Local Area Connection.
•Click Properties.
•Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click Properties.
•Select Use the Following IP Address.
•Complete the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields by using the
values in step 4 from Accessing the ASMI using a Web Browser.
•Click OK on the Local Area Connection Properties window. It is not necessary
to restart your PC.

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 Activity -2 (Setting up your
IP address)

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 Activity-3 Sharing Files and Folders

• File sharing over a network in Windows 10 allows you to share files and
folders on your computer with other users over a private or public network
in your workgroup or domain.
• You can set the permissions of a shared file or folder to allow groups or
users to have a read only, change (modify), or full control access rights.
• Starting with Windows 10 version 1803, some features of file sharing over
a network have changed, including the removal of HomeGroup. However,
even though HomeGroup has been removed, you can still share printers and
files by using features that are built into Windows 10.
• Right-click (or long-press) a file, and then select Show more options >
Give access to > Specific people.
• Select a user on the network to share the file with, or select Everyone to
give all network users access to the file..

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 Remote Login
• Remote Login is a process in which user can login into remote site i.e.
computer and use services that are available on the remote computer.
• With the help of remote login a user is able to understand result of
transferring result of processing from the remote computer to the local
computer.

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 Activity-4 -Procedure of Remote
Login :

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 Activity-4
• It is implemented using Telnet.
• Procedure of Remote Login :
• When the user types something on local computer, then local operating
system accepts character.
• Local computer does not interpret the characters, it will send them to
TELNET client.
• TELNET client transforms these characters to a universal character set
called Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) characters and it will pass them to
the local TCP/IP protocol Stack.
• Commands or text which is in the form of NVT, travel through Internet and
it will arrive at the TCP/IP stack at remote computer.
• Characters are then delivered to operating system and which later on passed
to TELNET server.

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 Activity-4
• Then TELNET server changes that characters to characters which can be
understandable by remote computer.
• Remote operating system receives character from a pseudo-terminal driver,
which is a piece of software that pretends that characters are coming from a
terminal.
• Operating system then passes character to the appropriate application
program.

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Approximately 204 million
emails per minute are
sent over the Internet.
70% of them are spam
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 Secure Socket Shell (SSH)
• SSH, also known as Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network
protocol that gives users, particularly system administrators, a secure way
to access a computer over an unsecured network.
• SSH also refers to the suite of utilities that implement the SSH protocol.
• Secure Shell provides strong password authentication and public key
authentication, as well as encrypted data communications between two
computers connecting over an open network, such as the Internet.

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Understanding Different Encryption
Techniques

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 Wireless Security
• Wireless network security is the process of designing, implementing and
ensuring security on a wireless computer network.
• It is a subset of network security that adds protection for a wireless
computer network.
• Wireless network security primarily protects a wireless network from
unauthorized and malicious access attempts.
• Typically, wireless network security is delivered through wireless devices
(usually a wireless router/switch) that encrypts and secures all wireless
communication by default.
• Even if the wireless network security is compromised, the hacker is not
able to view the content of the traffic/packet in transit. Moreover, wireless
intrusion detection and prevention systems also enable protection of a
wireless network by alerting the wireless network administrator in case of a
security breach

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 HTTP vs HTTPs

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 HTTP vs HTTPs

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 Client Server Model
• The Client-server model is a distributed application structure that partitions
task or workload between the providers of a resource or service, called
servers, and service requesters called clients.
• In the client-server architecture, when the client computer sends a request for
data to the server through the internet, the server accepts the requested
process and deliver the data packets requested back to the client. Clients do
not share any of their resources. Examples of Client-Server Model are Email,
World Wide Web, etc.

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 Working of Client Server Model
• The Client-server model is a distributed application structure that partitions
task or workload between the providers of a resource or service, called
servers, and service requesters called clients.
• In the client-server architecture, when the client computer sends a request for
data to the server through the internet, the server accepts the requested
process and deliver the data packets requested back to the client. Clients do
not share any of their resources. Examples of Client-Server Model are Email,
World Wide Web, etc.

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 Types of Server
• Proxy server commonly called “proxy”. It acts as a gateway between users
and the internet. These types of servers are used for performance
enhancement, privacy, and anonymous surfing. When a client connects to a
proxy server and requests a service, its accessing IP address changes.
• Application Server is a framework, it is an environment where
applications run. Application Server includes a server operating system
(OS) and server hardware that provides computing-intensive operations and
other services to the application.
• A web server is a server that runs on websites. It is also called a computer
program. The main function of web servers is to store, process, and
deliver.Whenever we search on the internet through web browsers like
chrome, Mozilla, internet explorer, etc, receives the request for the URL
and then web server sends the data according to the need of the user. These
types of servers mainly show the data in format like images, text, video,
etc.
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 Types of Server
• A file server is a network that helps to transfer stored files. The file server
stores and manages all the files in a computer and sends a copy of the file
to the other computer on the request of the users. It shares the storage of
computer files such as documents, sound files, photographs, images,
databases, etc. These types of servers is used mainly on the local network.

• A database server runs a database management system and provides

database services to clients. The server manages data access and retrieval
and completes clients’ requests.

• Server synchronization allows to synchronize the database of two servers

located on different systems. In this way, several servers can be
synchronized with each other one after the other.

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 Types of Server
• A log server is a log file automatically created and maintained by a server
consisting of a list of activities it performed. It maintains a huge server
requests.
• Information about the request, including client IP address, request
date/time, the page requested, HTTP code, bytes served, user agent, and
referrer are typically added to the log server format.
• This data can be combined into a single file, or separated into distinct logs,
such as an access log, error log, or referrer log. server logs typically do not
collect user-specific information.
• These files are usually not accessible to general Internet users, only to the
administrative person of Internet service.
• A statistical analysis of the server log may be used to examine traffic
patterns by time of day, day of the week, referrer, or user agent.

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 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet
with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining
physical data centers and servers, you can access technology services, such as
computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud
provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS).

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 Types of Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the
pay-per-usage method.
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third
party.
• Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud.
• Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community.

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 Cloud Service Models

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 Comparison of Cloud Service
Models

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 Comparison of Cloud Service
Models

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 Types of Virtualization
Virtualization is the technology to generate virtual instances of computer
resources for multiple uses of the same physical resource. There are several
virtualization technologies available that are capable of virtualizing the server,
storage, networks, and operating systems.

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 Hypervisor
A hypervisor is hardware, software, or firmware capable of creating virtual
machines and then managing and allocating resources to them. Virtual
machines are machines set up to use the resources of the host machine.

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 Types of Hypervisor

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 How Does a Hypervisor Work?
• They operate on the server level and can be either physical or virtual, and
hardware or software-defined.

• They load the client operating systems of the VMs.

• It distributes the computing resources such as CPU, memory, bandwidth,

and disk storage for each of the VMs. It does this by creating pools of
hardware resources, which it then allocates to VMs.

• VMs can create requests for the hypervisor through API calls.

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 World Wide Cloud Market

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 Activity 5

Discussion on different websites such as google docs, mail, etc

for reference of concepts

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