Chapter One

Introduction to Multimedia Systems

What is Multimedia?

Before we go on, it is important to define multimedia. Let us define it from two

perspectives:

1) In terms of what multimedia is all about?

It refers to the storage, transmission, representation, presentation and perception of
different information types (data types) such as text, graphics, voice, audio and video
where:
Storage- refers to the type of physical means to store data.
-Magnetic tape
-Hard disk
-Optical disk
-DVDs
-CD-ROMs, etc.
Presentation- refers to the type of physical means to reproduce information to the user.
-Speakers
-Video windows, etc.
Representation- related to how information is described in an abstract form for use
within an electronic system. E.g. to present text to the user, the text can be
coded in raster graphics, primitive graphics, or simple ASCII characters.
The same presentation, different representation.
Perception- describes the nature of information as perceived by the user
-Speech
-Music
-Film

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2) Based on the word ”Multimedia"
It is composed of two words:
Multi- multiple/many
Media- source
Source refers to different kind of information that we use in multimedia.

This includes:
-text
-graphics
-audio
-video
-images
Multimedia refers to multiple sources of information. It is a system which integrates all
the above types.

Definitions:
1) Multimedia means computer information can be represented in audio, video and
animated format in addition to traditional format. The traditional formats are text and
graphics.
2) Multimedia application is an application which uses a collection of multiple media
sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.

General and working definition:

Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, and any other media
where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted, and processed
digitally.

What is Multimedia Application?

A Multimedia Application is an application which uses a collection of multiple media
sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.

What is Multimedia system?

A Multimedia System is a system capable of processing multimedia data. A Multimedia
System is characterized by the processing, storage, generation, manipulation and
rendition of multimedia information.

Characteristics of a Multimedia System

A Multimedia system has four basic characteristics:
 Multimedia systems must be computer controlled
 Multimedia systems are integrated
 The information they handle must be represented digitally
 The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive

Multimedia Applications (where it is applied)

 Digital video editing and production systems
 Home shopping

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  Interactive movies, and TV
 Multimedia courseware
 Video conferencing
 Virtual reality (the creation of artificial environment that you can explore, e.g. 3-
D images, etc)
 Distributed lectures for higher education
 Tele-medicine
 Digital libraries
 World Wide Web
 On-line reference works e.g. encyclopedias, etc.
 Electronic Newspapers/Magazines
 Games
 Groupware (enabling groups of people to collaborate on projects and share
information)

World Wide Web (WWW)

Multimedia is closely tied to the World Wide Web (WWW). Without networks,
multimedia is limited to simply displaying images, videos, and sounds on your local
machine. The true power of multimedia is the ability to deliver this rich content to a large
audience.

Features of Multimedia
Multimedia has three aspects:
Content: movie, production, etc.
Creative Design: creativity is important in designing the presentation
Enabling Technologies: Network and software tools that allow creative designs to be
presented.

History of Multimedia Systems

Newspaper was perhaps the first mass communication medium, which used mostly text,
graphics, and images.
In 1895, Gugliemo Marconi sent his first wireless radio transmission at Pontecchio, Italy. A
few years later (in 1901), he detected radio waves beamed across the Atlantic. Initially
invented for telegraph, radio is now a major medium for audio broadcasting. Television
was the new media for the 20th century. It brings the video and has since changed the
world of mass communications.
On computers, the following are some of the important events:
1945 -Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) wrote about Memex.
MEMEX stands for MEMory EXtension. A memex is a device in which an
individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is
mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an
enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.
1960s-Ted Nelson started Xanadu project (Xanadu – a kind of deep Hypertext).
Project Xanadu was the explicit inspiration for the World Wide Web, for Lotus
Notes and for HyperCard, as well as less-well-known systems.

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1967 - Nicholas Negroponte formed the Architecture Machine Group at MIT. A
Combination lab and think tank responsible for many radically new approaches to
the human-computer interface. Nicholas Negroponte is the Wiesner Professor of
Media Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1968 - Douglas Engelbart demonstrated NLS (Online Systems) system at SRI.
Shared-screen collaboration involving two persons at different sites
communicating over a network with audio and video interface is one of the
many innovations presented at the demonstration.
1969 - Nelson & Van Dam hypertext editor at Brown
1976 - Architecture Machine Group proposal to DARPA: Multiple Media
1985 - Negroponte, Wiesner: opened MIT Media Lab
Research at the Media Lab comprises interconnected developments in an unusual
range of disciplines, such as software agents; machine understanding; how
children learn; human and machine vision; audition; speech interfaces; wearable
computers; affective computing; advanced interface design; tangible media;
object-oriented video; interactive cinema; digital expression—from text, to
graphics, to sound.
1989 - Tim Berners-Lee proposed the World Wide Web to CERN (European Council for
Nuclear Research)
1990 - K. Hooper Woolsey, Apple Multimedia Lab gave education to 100 people
1992 - The first M-Bone audio multicast on the net (MBONE- Multicast Backbone)
1993 – U. Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications introduced NCSA
Mosaic (a web browser)
1994 - Jim Clark and Marc Andersen introduced Netscape Navigator (web browser)
1995 - Java for platform-independent application development.

Hypermedia/Multimedia

What is Hypertext and Hypermedia?

Hypertext is a text, which contains links to other texts. The term was invented by Ted
Nelson around 1965. Hypertext is usually non-linear (as indicated below).

Hypermedia is not constrained to be text-based. It can include other media, e.g., graphics,
images, and especially the continuous media -- sound and video. Apparently, Ted
Nelson was also the first to use this term.
The World Wide Web (www) is the best example of hypermedia applications.

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Hypermedia is the application of hypertext principles to a wider variety of media,
including audio, animations, video, and images.

Examples of Hypermedia Applications:

 The World Wide Web (WWW) is the best example of hypermedia
applications.
 PowerPoint
 Adobe Acrobat
 Macromedia Director

Desirable Features for a Multimedia System

Given the above challenges, the following features are desirable for a Multimedia
System:

1. Very high processing speed processing power. Why? Because there are large data to
be processed. Multimedia systems deals with large data and to process data in real
time, the hardware should have high processing capacity.
2. It should support different file formats. Why? Because we deal with different data

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 types (media types).
3. Efficient and High Input-output: input and output to the file subsystem needs to be
efficient and fast. It has to allow for real-time recording as well as playback of data.
e.g. Direct to Disk recording systems.
4. Special Operating System: to allow access to file system and process data efficiently
and quickly. It has to support direct transfers to disk, real-time scheduling, fast
interrupt processing, I/O streaming, etc.
5. Storage and Memory: large storage units and large memory are required. Large
Caches are also required.
6. Network Support: Client-server systems common as distributed systems common.
7. Software Tools: User-friendly tools needed to handle media, design and develop
applications, deliver media.

Challenges of Multimedia Systems

1) Synchronization issue: in MM application, variety of media are used at the same
instance. In addition, there should be some relationship between the media. E.g
between Movie (video) and sound. There arises the issue of synchronization.
2) Data conversion: in MM application, data is represented digitally. Because of
this, we have to convert analog data into digital data.
3) Compression and decompression: Why? Because multimedia deals with large amount
of data (e.g. Movie, sound, etc) which takes a lot of storage space.
4) Render different data at same time — continuous data.

Multimedia System Requirement

1) Software tools
2) Hardware Requirement

Software Requirement
3-D and Animation Tools:
These softwares provide 3D clip art object such as people, furniture, building, car,
airplane, tree, etc. You can use these objects in your project easily.

A good 3D modeling tool should include the following features:

 Ability to drag and drop primitive shape into screen
 Ability to create objects from scratch
 Ability to add realistic effects such as transparency,
shadowing, fog, etc.
 Multiple window that allow user to view model in each
dimension
 Color and texture mapping
Examples:
-3Ds Max
-Log motion
-Discrete

Text editing and word processing tools:

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Word processors are used for writing letters, invoices, project content, etc. They include
features like:
 spell check
 table formatting
 thesaurus
 templates ( e.g. letters, resumes, & other common documents)
Examples:
-Microsoft Word,
-Word perfect,
-Note pad

In word processors, we can actually embed multimedia elements such as sound, image,
and video.

Sound Editing Tools

They are used to edit sound (music, speech, etc)
The user can see the representation of sound in fine increment, score or wave form. User
can cut, copy, and paste any portion of the sound to edit it. You can also add other effects
such as distort, echo, pitch, etc.

Examples: -sound forge

Multimedia authoring tools:

Multimedia authoring tools provide important framework that is needed for organizing
and editing objects included in the multimedia project (e.g graphics, animation, sound,
video, etc). They provide editing capability to limited extent. ( More on this in chapter 2).

Examples:
-Macromedia Flash
-Macromedia Director
-Macromedia Authoware

OCR software
These softwares convert printed document into electronically recognizable ASCII
character. It is used with scanners. Scanners convert printed document into bitmap. Then
these softwares break the bitmap into pieces according to whether it contains text or
graphics. This is done by examining the texture and density of the bitmap and by
detecting edges.
Text area  ASCII text
Bitmap area  bitmap image
To do the above, these softwares use probability and expert system.

Use:
 To include printed documents in our project without typing from keyboard
 To include documents in their original format e.g signatures, drawings, etc

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Examples:
-OmniPage Pro
-Perceive

Painting and Drawing Tools

To create graphics for web and other purposes, painting and editing tools are crucial.

Painting Tools: are also called image-editing tools. They are used to edit images of
different format. They help us to retouch and enhance bitmap images. Some painting
tools allow to edit vector based graphics too.
Some of the activities of editing include:
 blurring the picture
 removing part of the picture
 add texts to picture
 merge two or more pictures together, etc
Examples:
-Macromedia Fireworks
-Adobe Photoshop

Drawing Tool: used to create vector based graphics. Examples:

-Macromedia Freehand
-CorelDraw
-Illustrator

Drawing and painting tools should have the following features:

-Scalable dimension for restore, stretch, and distorting images/graphics
-customizable pen and brush shapes and sizes
-Multiple undo capabilities
-Capacity to import and export files in different formats
-ability to create geometric shapes from circle, rectangle, line, etc
-zooming for magnified image editing
-support for third party plug-ins.

Video Editing

Animation and digital video movie are sequence of bitmapped graphic frames rapidly
played back. Some of the tools to edit video include:
-Deskshare Video Edit Magic
-Videoshop
These application display time references (relationship between time & the video), frame
counts, audio, transparency level, etc.

Hardware Requirement
Three groups of hardware for
multimedia:

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1) Memory and storage devices
2) Input and output devices
3) Network devices

1) Memory and Storage Devices

Multimedia products require high storage capacity than text-based data. Huge drives are
essential for the enormous files used in multimedia and audiovisual creation.
I) RAM: is the primary requirement for multimedia system. Why?
Reasons:
- you have to store authoring software itself. E.g Flash takes 20MB of
memory, Photoshop 16-20MB, etc.
- digitized audio and video is stored in memory
- Animated files, etc.
To store this at the same time, you need large amount of memory

II) Storage Devices: large capacity storage devices are necessary to store multimedia
data.
Floppy Disk: not sufficient to store multimedia data. Because of this, they are not used to
store multimedia data.
Hard Disk: the capacity of hard disk should be high to store large data.
CD: is important for multimedia because they are used to deliver multimedia data to
users. A wide variety of data like:
 Music(sound, & video)
 Multimedia Games
 Educational materials
 Tutorials that include multimedia
 Utility graphics, etc
DVD: have high capacity than CDs. Similarly, they are also used to distribute
multimedia data to users. Some of the characteristics of DVD:
 High storage capacity "4.7-17GB
 Use narrow tracks than CDs" high storage capacity
 High data transfer rate"4.6MB/sec

2) Input-Output Devices
I) Interacting with the system: to interact with multimedia system, we use either
keyboard, mouse, track ball, or touch screen, etc.

Mouse: multimedia project is typically designed to be used with mouse as an input

pointing device. Other devices like track ball and touch screen could be used in place of
mouse. Track ball is similar with mouse in many ways.
Wireless mouse: important when the presenter has to move around during presentation

Touch Screen: we use fingers instead of mouse to interact with touch screen computers.
There are three technologies used in touch screens:
i) Infrared light: such touch screens use invisible infrared light that are projected across
the surface of screen. A finger touching the screen interrupts the beams generating

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electronic signal. Then it identifies the x-y coordinate of the screen where the touch
occurred and sends signals to the operating system for processing.
ii) Texture-coated: such monitors are coated with texture material that is sensitive
towards pressure. When user presses the monitor, the texture material on the monitor
extracts the x-y coordinate of the location and send signals to operating system
iii) Touch mate:

Use: touch screens are used to display/provide information in public areas such as
-air ports
-Museums
-transport service areas
-hotels, etc
Advantage:
-user friendly
-easy to use even for non technical people
-easy to learn how to use

II) Information Entry Devices: the purpose of these devices is to enter information to be
included in our multimedia project into our computer.

OCR: they enable us to use OCR softwares convert printed document into ASCII file.
Graphical Tablets/ Digitizer: both are used to convert points, lines, and curves from
sketch into digital format. They use a movable device called stylus.

Scanners: enable us to convert printed images into digital format.

Two types of scanners:
-flat bed scanners
-portable scanners

Microphones: they are important because they enable us to record speech, music, etc. The
microphone is designed to pick up and amplify incoming acoustic waves or harmonics
precisely and correctly and convert them to electrical signals. You have to purchase a
superior, high-quality microphone because your recordings will depend on its quality.

Digital Camera and Video Camera (VCR): are important to record and include image
and video in MMS respectively. Digital video cameras store images as digital data, and
they do not record on film. You can edit the video taken using video camera and VCR
using video editing tools.
Remark: video takes large memory space.

Output Devices
Depending on the content of the project, & how the information is presented, you need
different output devices. Some of the output hardwares are:
Speaker: if your project includes speeches that are meant to convey message to audience,
or background music, using speaker is obligatory.
Projector: when to use projector:

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 -if you are presenting on meeting or group discussion,
-if you are presenting to large number of audience

Types of projector:
-LCD projector
-CRT projector

Plotter/printer: when the situation arises to present using papers, you use plotters and/or
plotters. In such cases, print quality of the device should be taken into consideration.
Impact printers: not good quality graphics/poor qualitynot used
Non-impact printers: good quality graphics

3) Network Devices
Why do we require network devices?
The following network devices are required for multimedia presentation:

i) Modem: which stands for modulator demodulator, is used to convert digital signal into
analog signal for communication of the data over telephone line which can carry only
analog signal. At the receiving end, it does the reverse action i.e. converts analog to digital
data.

Currently, the standard modem is called v.90 which has the speed of 56kbps (kilo bits per
second). Older standards include v.34 which has the speed of 28kbps.
Types:
 External
 Internal
Data is transferred through modem in compressed format to save time and cost.
ii) ISDN: stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is circuit switched telephone
network system, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary
telephone copper wires. This has the advantage of better quality and higher speeds than
available with analog systems.
 It has higher transmission speed i.e faster data transfer rate.
They use additional hardware hence they are more expensive.
iii) Cable modem: uses existing cables stretched for television broadcast reception. The
data transfer rate of such devices is very fast i.e. they provide high bandwidth. They
are primarily used to deliver broadband internet access, taking advantage of unused
bandwidth on a cable television network.
iv) DSL: provide digital data transmission over the telephone wires of local telephone
network. The speed of DSL is faster than using telephone line with modem. How? They
carry a digital signal over the unused frequency spectrum (analog voice transmission uses
limited range of spectrum) available on the twisted pair cables running between the
telephone company's central office and the customer premises.

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