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Retrofitting Building Roof for Energy Efficiency

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 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017, Chennai, India, 3rd – 8th September 2017

Retrofitting Building Roof for Energy Efficiency

Bandana Jha (1) and Dr B. Bhattacharjee (2)
(1)
Architect and Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT, Delhi, India
(2)
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT, Delhi, India

ABSTRACT
A major source of heat ingress in existing-buildings is through the roofs. A bulk of cooling-
load in existing-buildings can be reduced by using energy-efficient roof-retrofitting material.
The available methods for calculating heat ingress in large-scale existing structures are
lengthy/cumbersome and manually impractical. The popular energy simulation software is
black-box type requiring inflexible/voluminous data-entries and does not optimize/select the
most energy-efficient roof retrofitting material out of available options. This paper proposes
roof-retrofitting scheme for energy efficiency through an Excel spread-sheet application. The
CIBSE admittance method is used for determination of thermal load of buildings. The
developed model is used to find the most energy-efficient solution for roof-retrofitting of a 5-
Star hotel in Delhi with minimum heat ingress, initial cost and maximum NPV. Cooling load
has been primarily considered. To confirm the validity of proposed model, energy
performance of existing roof and selected roof retrofitting materials has been evaluated using
eQuest, an established software. Results obtained confirm that the ratio of annual plant-load
of existing and optimized roof solution obtained through eQuest and proposed model are
similar. Developed model can help users select the right energy efficient roof retrofitting
material, improve thermal comfort and reduce cooling-load in existing buildings.
Keywords: Energy efficient roof retrofitting of existing buildings, Excel spread sheet roof
retrofitting tool, 5-star hotel energy efficient roof retrofitting, energy efficient roof retrofit
optimization, reduce roof cooling load, CIBSE admittance method.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of Energy Efficient Retrofitting of Existing Buildings
The basic definition of ‘building retrofit’, is the modification of the infrastructure of the
building to improve its energy usage, comfort, safety, health and durability (by David H
Allen an American expert in energy-efficient building improvement) This could mean
improving building components, building operating systems and equipment, and installing
energy-efficient appliances. While the concept of constructing green buildings is now well
established, retrofitting of existing buildings for energy efficiency is still a comparatively
new concept in India. Retrofitting for energy efficiency has environmental, economic, social
and regulatory benefits.
1.2 Environmental Benefits
Buildings are responsible for more than 40 percent of global energy use and one third
of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), both in developed and developing countries. The
Building Sector has the largest potential for delivering long-term, significant and cost-
 International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Vol. 4

effective reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The main source of greenhouse gas
emissions from buildings is energy consumption. While historically the majority of emissions
emanated from developed countries, it is expected that in the near future the level of
emissions from buildings in rapidly industrializing countries will surpass emission levels
from buildings in developed countries [1]. Energy efficient retrofitting lowers the carbon
footprint and greenhouse gas emission by the buildings.

Source: US Department of Energy

Figure 1: Energy Use in the US.

1.3 Economic Benefits
The main purpose of retrofitting for energy efficiency is to reduce energy consumption in
buildings leading to lower operating costs. Rising fuel prices and energy crisis can lead to
obsolescence of existing buildings with respect to its energy consumption even before their
structural life span is over as they become too expensive to maintain. Knocking down the old
structure and constructing new ones in busy areas is not easy. Demolition as well as
construction cause environmental hazards, cripple traffic movement and lead to down-
time losses. An energy efficient improvement to an existing building increases its overall
capital value & commands a higher rental value due to its prospects of reduced energy bills.
A building with minimal running cost will attract and retain quality tenants and is preferred
by investors in the property market. As per America Rebuilding program 2009[2], building
retrofits can cut energy use by 20% to 40%. With proven techniques and off-the-shelf
technologies, they can pay for themselves from the energy saved.

1.4 Regulatory and Social Benefits

World over the Government regulatory agencies are gradually moving towards making
the energy efficient environment protection norms in buildings mandatory. An energy
efficient retrofitted building will meet and comply with the energy and environmental
performance demands of the future. The private sector under company social responsibility
(CSR) is also switching over to demanding a minimum energy efficiency & environment
performance level from the space they lease or procure. The private sector also perceives it
as an opportunity to improve corporate image. Furthermore, large scale energy efficient
retrofits will open new job opportunities and create market for construction sector.
 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017, Chennai, India, 3rd – 8th September 2017

2 ROOF RETROFITTING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Roofs are a critical part of the building envelopes that are highly susceptible to solar
radiation and other environmental changes, thereby, influencing the indoor comfort
conditions. Roofs account for large amounts of heat gain/loss, especially, in buildings with
large roof area such as sports complexes, auditoriums, exhibition halls etc. In accordance
with the UK building regulations, the upper limits of U-value for flat roofs in 1965, 1976 and
1985 were 1.42 W/m2K, 0.6 W/m2K and 0.35 W/m2K, respectively. Currently, 0.25 W/m2K
or less is required for all new buildings in the UK. This reduction in the U-value over the
years emphasizes the significance of thermal performance of roofs in the effort to increase the
overall thermal performance of buildings. [3]
In the developing countries of South Asia and the Middle East, masonry houses with
reinforced cement concrete (RCC) roofs are popular owing to their pest (termite) resistance,
natural calamity (cyclones) resistance, availability and cost effectiveness of concrete
ingredients. During tropical summers, they tend to exhibit unfavourable thermal
characteristics such as high soffit temperature and long heat retaining capacity that affect the
indoor air comfort conditions and increase energy costs. The indoor temperatures exceed
40◦C due to high roof temperatures of about 65°C [4]. Higher soffit temperatures emit long
wavelength infrared radiation which continues at night due to the heat capacity of the slab.
This problem of high roof temperatures can be mitigated by employing roof shading, cool
roof coatings or compound roof systems. A compound roof system developed with a
combination of radiation reflectors and thermal insulation demonstrated substantial lowering
of the heat conducted through a concrete roof. By lowering the roof temperature using this
system, it was observed that the roof heat gain in summer was reduced by 45 kWh/day for a
roof area of 208 m2. and the overall roof heat transfer coefficient was reduced from 3.3
W/m2K to 0.54 W/m2K. [4]
2.1 Roof Retrofitting Solutions, Approach and Need for a Retrofitting tool
The problem of high roof temperatures can be solved by employing energy efficient roof
retrofitting Solutions. All these solutions are either roof coatings or insulation or a
combination of the two used to mitigate the impact of solar radiation. The market solutions
for Energy Efficient Roof Retrofitting can be categorised under the following:
(i) Cool Roof Coatings: High solar reflectance and high emissivity are the factors that
govern the selection of a roof coating.
(ii) Compound Roof Systems: A compound roof system developed with a combination
of radiation reflectors and thermal insulation substantially lowers the heat conducted
through a concrete roof.
A wide variety of energy efficient roofing retrofitting solutions are available these days,
making the selection of the right option difficult for the users. The approach/methodology
towards making an existing building roof into an energy efficient structure cannot be similar
to a new construction. An existing building roof retrofitting has the following constraints:
a. An Already Existing Roof Surface; b. Budget Issues; c. Structural issues
In case of retrofitting of existing structures for energy efficiency, the budget is an important
issue as it may not fit in the normal maintenance allowance budgeted for the building. The
returns from the investment have to be attractive enough to convince the owners/tenants or
investors to go for energy efficient retrofitting measures in buildings. Some old existing
structures with limited load capacity may have difficulties in imbibing energy efficient
measures which may require breaking and making.
Given the above constraints in existing buildings and the various available measures for
energy efficient roof retrofitting, there is a need to develop a technique / tool to find the
optimal solution for energy efficient roof retrofitting of existing buildings.
 International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Vol. 4

3 OBJECTIVE OF TOOL DEVELOPMENT

The Objective is to develop a simple MS Excel spread-sheet based tool to select the most
suitable option of roof coating or compound roof system for retrofitting existing building roof
for energy efficiency. This tool would assess various energy efficient alternatives for
retrofitting building roof to arrive at the most energy efficient retrofitting solution with
maximum Net Present Value (NPV).
At First, the effort was to find out various energy efficient roof retrofitting materials
available in the market that could be applied to existing buildings with the aim towards
reducing the use of energy and thereby minimizing the air-conditioning load. Secondly, the
focus was on developing a user friendly Excel Spread Sheet based tool to help in selection of
the right energy efficient retrofitting materials for Existing Building Roofs in the three
climatic zones of India.
Developed model would be utilized to finalize the Energy Efficiency Retrofitting (EER)
measures to improve thermal performance of an air-conditioned building, where the aim is to
reduce the annual plant load. Focus in optimization is on cooling than heating as cooling is
predominant over heating load in tropical climates.
4 METHODOLOGY FOR TOOL DEVELOPMENT
Following are the important aspects of the Tool Development:
4.1 The Objective Function for the Model
The Model has been developed on the commonly available MS-Excel spread-sheet
platform. Existing roofing structures, maximum energy efficiency and budget are the most
important constraints for decision making. The Objective function for the Tool in an air-
conditioned building would be:
Minimization F(x) = Cooling Load & Maximization F(y) = Net Present Value (NPV)
4.2 Climatic Zones
The Figure: 1 below shows the five different climatic zones of India. Each climatic zone
needs its own design criteria on the building envelope in order to make the indoors
comfortable. Presently, for the purpose of this tool development the weather conditions of
three climatic zones i.e. Hot & Dry, Hot & Humid and Composite climatic zones have only
been considered. These climatic zones cover more than 85% of Indian Territory.

Source Ref. [5]

Figure 2: Climatic zones of India

4.3 Assumptions from Existing Construction Practices
Standard construction details for roofs in India since the last 30 years as per Table: 1,
have been assumed as the options for base case scenario for retrofitting purposes. The
construction details of the same have been referred from Delhi Schedule of rates (DSR) for
 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017, Chennai, India, 3rd – 8th September 2017

the year 1997[10]. For the purpose of the model, all Roofs are assumed to be flat only, the
occupancy and air change guidelines have referred from SP41 [12], Roof Area is calculated on
the basis of Building Byelaws laid in Delhi Master-plan 2021[13], and All Buildings are
assumed to be Air-Conditioned
Table 1: List of Typical Roof Construction Types in the Existing Buildings of India
References: CPWD DSR 1997, RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete, CPL: Cement Plaster

TYPICAL ROOF CONSTRUCTION LAYERS AS PER DSR 1997

Type (outside to inside) DSR97 Ref
1 Roof Finished with 40mm Cement Concrete flooring + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL 11.4.2
Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm
2 RCC+ 12 mm CPL 12.29
50 mm Flat Brick Tiles + 12mm cement mortar mixed with water proofing compound +
3 12.33
100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL
50 mm Flat Brick Tiles + 12mm cement mortar mixed with water proofing compound +
4
Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm 12.29
RCC+ 12 mm CPL
50 mm Flat Brick Tiles + 12mm cement mortar mixed with water proofing compound +
12.29
5 25mm mud mortar mixed with bhusa (@35kg per cum earth and gobri leaping) +100 mm
mud phaska + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL
6 20mm Pressed Clay Tiles + 20mm cement morter +100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL 12.33A
40mm thick Stone chips Terrazo Flooring + Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen 11.15.6
7 & 12.29
mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL
30mm thick Crazy Marble Stone Flooring + Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen 11.28.2
8 & 12.29
mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL
20mm Precast Terrazo Tiles with marble chips + 30mm bed of ordinary cement mortar + 11.29.3.4
9 Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm & 12.29
RCC+ 12 mm CPL
25mm Kota Stone Flooring + 20mm bed of ordinary cement mortar + Painting Roof Tops 11.48.1
10 & 12.29
with 12mm thick bitumen mixed with a coat of coarse sand + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL
100mm Lime Concrete + Painting Roof Tops with 12mm thick bitumen mixed with a coat 12.34
11 & 12.29
of coarse sand + 100mm RCC+ 12 mm CPL

Out of the following list of Roof Retrofitting Items Available in India as per
DSR2014 [11] around 40 compound roofing systems for energy efficient retrofitting were
considered and computed for optimization.
Table 2: List of Roof Retrofitting Items Available in India with their Costs
References: CPWD DSR 2014 based on prevailing market rates of material & labor excluding taxes

TYPES OF ROOF RETROFITTING ITEMS AS PER DSR 2014

DSR Ref.No. Description Unit Rate Rs.
OVER THE DECK APPLICATIONS
1 11.15 18mm Crazy Marble Stone Flooring over 25mm Cement Concrete 1:2:4 Sqm 919.95
2 11.44 Crazy Ceramic Tile Flooring over 12mm thick cement mortar 1:4 Sqm 467
3 12.16.10 125mm thick mud phaska plastered with brick tile of class designation 10. Sqm 551
4 12.20 20mm thick Pressed clay tiles over 20mm thick cement mortar 1:4 Sqm 487.85
5 12.55 20mm thick Heat Resistant Terrace Tiles on 20 mm cement sand mortar 1:4 Sqm 1133.85
6 12.56 40mm PUF Insulation with wearing course of 40 mm cement screed 1: 2 : 4 Sqm 1167.25
7 12.63 Two coats of High Albedo white reflective paint Sqm 257.60
8 22.19-21 Roof Garden Sqm 1458.25
UNDER DECK (TOPMOST CEILING) APPLICATIONS
1 12.24.2 White face insulating board12 mm thick Sqm 684.75
2 2.34 50mm thick Resin Bonded Fibre glass wool Sqm 481.65
3 12.36 50 mm thick Expanded polystyrene Sqm 226.75
4 12.45.1 12.5 mm thick tapered edge gypsum plain board Sqm 907
5 12.60 50mm thick Resin Bonded Rockwool Sqm 490.60
 International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Vol. 4

4.4 The Principles of CIBSE Admittance Method Used [6, 7, 8, and 9]

The CIBSE admittance method has been used for determination of thermal load of
existing buildings. Cooling load has been primarily considered. In case of CIBSE Admittance
method linear heat transfer and fluctuating temperature can be handled independently to
evaluate their effect separately and summed up to obtain the overall effect of steady periodic
temperature variations. Both external and internal mean remain constant throughout the
seasons, i.e. they can be assumed as time invariant. Similarly, effect of external solar
radiation, ventilation heat transfer, casual heat gain etc. can also be handled treating them as
steady periodic variation. In case of steady periodic variation with mean and a fluctuation,
these means again remain constant with time and thus handled using principles of steady state
heat transfer [6, 7].
Assuming net heat transfer in a steady state case is equal to zero, one can obtain the
unknown internal mean temperature when rest all variables in the steady state heat transfer
are known. To deal with the fluctuating components, transmission matrix solution [8] of
transient heat conduction equation is used.
To estimate the fluctuating components of the internal temperature variation, decrement
response factor and admittance response factor are calculated. Similarly, the effect of
fluctuating component of direct radiation heat gain through the glasses and opaque surfaces,
fluctuating component of casual heat gain and fluctuating component of ventilation heat
transfers are considered. It is assumed that net periodic heat transfer in 24 hour cycle is again
zero as temperature variations are steady periodic, i.e. repeats itself after every 24 hour cycle
[7]. Thus, one can estimate the fluctuation of inside temperature above its mean, summing up
this fluctuation with internal mean yields the actual inside temperature as a function of time.
Thus, admittance procedure essentially uses frequency domain response solutions [8].
4.4.1 Steady State of Heat Flow [7]
In steady state, algebraic sum of various heat transfer modes, i.e. conduction heat
gain/loss through opaque surfaces, effect of solar radiation through opaque surfaces,
conduction heat gain/loss through transparent surface, radiation heat gain/loss through
transparent surface, heat gain/loss through ventilation and casual heat gain from people,
lighting and equipments is equal to zero. Following are the Steady State Heat Flow Equations
used for Developing the Tool:
Qcdm + QcdmI + Qgc + QdIm + Qmcv + QmC = 0 Watts…………………………………….. (1)
= Conduction heat gain or loss through opaque surfaces….. (2)
= Heat gain or loss through opaque surfaces due to radiation…..…… (3)
= Conduction heat gain or loss through transparent surfaces… (4)
= Radiation heat gain or loss through transparent surfaces ……..….. (5)
= Heat gain or loss through ventilation.…. (6)
= Casual heat gain or loss from people, lighting and equipment………….. (7)
where j and k indicates the particular opaque and transparent surface respectively, m and n are
the total number of exposed opaque and transparent surfaces respectively, U is the U-value
(W/m2K), A is the surface area (m2), α is the absorptivity of the surface, θ is the solar gain
factor, is the mean external temperature (K), is the daily mean internal
environmental temperature (K), is the mean solar radiation on particular surface (W/ m2),
ho is the convective heat transfer coefficient for outer surface, N is the number air changes , V
is the volume of enclosure (m3), Cv is the ventilation conductance (W/K), p is the total
 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017, Chennai, India, 3rd – 8th September 2017

number of casual sources. By solving the above equations daily mean internal temperature
Tmi is obtained.
Tmi = Tmo + ………………………………………………… (8)

Where, QT = + + …. (9)
Tia room temperature inside at any time (t) is sum of mean and fluctuating component Tfi (t):
Tia (t) = Tmi + Tfi (t) ……………………………… (10)
4.4.2 Fluctuating Component of Heat Flow [7]
Second part of admittance procedure is the fluctuating component of heat flow. The
response to fluctuating loads is determined mainly by material characteristic known as the
admittance of a surface (which is essentially a dynamic U-value), decrement response factor
and surface response factor as well as their thermal lag, to define their dynamic response.
The admittance, decrement and surface response factors are functions of the thickness,
thermal conductivity, density and specific heat capacity of each of the materials used within a
construction, as well as the relative positions of those materials.
A square matrix, known as overall transmission matrix is used to calculate values of the
factors. The overall transmission matrix provides fundamental relationship between
temperature and flux at inside and outside surfaces of a roof. The fluctuating component Tfi is
expressed in equation as:
Tfi(t) = …………………………………….(11) Where,

–
= UjAj [Toa (t – Øj) – Tmo] + + +
CmV +Tfo(t) + …..(12) Where, Øj = Ødj + ØYj ………….. (13)
Decrement response factor (μ):
The decrement response factor is defined as the ratio of the cyclic U-value to the steady
state U-value. It relates the effect of fluctuations (about the mean) in external temperature.
This gives the related fluctuations within a building at some later point in time depending on
the decrement factor time lag (Ødj) [7].
Admittance response factor ( a ):
The Admittance factor determines the storage of energy in the room surfaces following
fluctuations in internal temperature. It is related to the diffusivity and thickness of materials.
It has the same units as U-value (W/m2K) [8]. The admittance response factor is defined as
the amount of energy entering a surface for each degree of temperature swing at the point
near the surface. The time lag associated with the admittance factor (ØYj) represents the phase
lag between the cyclic flux load at the surface and temperature swing at the point near the
surface. Originally the method was intended to calculate peak internal temperature in the
building to provide assurance for thermal comfort during hot sunny periods. Now, it is also
used to evaluate the capacity of air-conditioning plant in buildings [7]
4.4.3 Calculation of Annual Hourly Plant Load
The admittance method is also used for the estimation of air conditioning plant capacity
to maintain constant air temperatures in buildings [9]. To calculate annual hourly plant
(heating and cooling) load, mean component and fluctuating component of the load are added
[7].For the hourly basis daily analysis, 24 equations can be obtained from the following:
QL (t) = (-) {[ ΔT + + + +Cmv (t)Tfo(t)+

–
UjAj[Toa(t – Øj)–Tmo] + + + }

For (t) = 1,2,3, ….,24 ……………………………………………………………..…(14)

 International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Vol. 4

4.5 Process Algorithm for Energy Efficiency Retrofitting (EER) Tool Development
This model for EER tool was developed to achieve the above objective function of
minimizing cooling load of existing buildings in the three major climatic zones of India. The
Climatic data and the thermal properties of construction materials for existing building were
stored in various linked spread sheets of the model. The simulation for calculating existing
cooling loads is automatic and is completed as soon as the manual input of building
parameters are fed in the Input Sheet. A study of Commercial Building Green Retrofits [15]
cites following areas of user concerns as barriers for green retrofitting: 50% expect an
IRR>30%, 42% base their decision on Initial cost, 21% emphasize on energy efficiency &
associated pay-back period and minimum concern on life-cycle cost. The detailed working
process of the tool has been discussed in the following process flow chart:

Figure 3: Process Algorithm of the Roof Retrofitting Tool

5 THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROOF RETROFITTING (EERR) TOOL
The tool has been developed on the MS Excel spread sheet platform without using
macros. The basic details of the existing building data are fed by the user in a simple “INPUT
FORM” which is linked to several stored data and simulation sheets. The energy efficient
retrofitting solutions recommended by the tool are displayed in the “OUTPUT SHEET” as
soon as the building data is fed in the Input Form. Based on the user concerns discussed
earlier, the recommendations for roof retrofitting are under the followings criterion:
1. Solution with Minimum Initial Cost; 2. Solution with Maximum Energy Efficiency;
3. Solution with Maximum NPV; 4. Solution with Minimum Life Cycle Cost
The user can select their preferred option based on their need, priority or affordability. The
initial cost of the retrofitting solutions is based on the prevalent rates of the composite items
as per DSR2014. Since the purpose of the cost analysis is to compare the retrofitting options,
therefore cost of common elements like taxes has been avoided.
5.1 Tool Application on the Case Study
The developed tool is being used to find the most energy-efficient solution for roof
retrofitting of a 5-Star hotel in Delhi as a trial run/application case study. The “Table No.3”
below shows the snap-shot of the basic details of the hotel which were the manual input.
 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017, Chennai, India, 3rd – 8th September 2017

Table 3: Existing Building Data “INPUT FORM”

The “Table 4”below shows the snap-shot of the recommendations by the tool for energy
efficient retrofitting of the roof of this hotel based on stored climatic and material properties
data and computation process inbuilt in the model based on CIBSE admittance procedure.
The simulation process was immediate and gives the users four solutions for energy efficient
roof retrofitting of this hotel from which the Operator / owner can choose one based on their
need, priority or affordability.
Table 4: Tool Output “ROOF RETROFITTING SOLUTIONS”

5.2 Tool Validation with eQUEST

To confirm the validity of proposed model, the ratio of energy performance of existing
building and retrofitted building was evaluated using eQuest [16, 17] and compared to the
results obtained through the Excel spread-sheet tool developed. Each of the 40 compound
roofing systems for energy efficient retrofitting were checked individually on the eQuest
platform and their energy saving ratios compared to the energy savings ratio obtained by
using the developed tool . The results were found to be corresponding. The range of results
was also found to be the same around 0.45 in both and the solution with maximum energy
savings was also the same. The results cannot be compared on absolute terms as the eQuest
simulation is for whole building energy loads including active cooling / heating controls.

Figure 4: Energy efficiency ratio of retrofitting options using Excel Tool

 International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Vol. 4

Figure 5: Energy efficiency ratio of retrofitting options using eQuest

6 CONCLUSIONS
The developed tool is a workable model of an instrument to find the most energy efficient
solution for roof retrofit in three climatic zones of India. Since the tool has been developed on
a commonly available spread-sheet platform MS Excel, it is easy to understand and can be
used widely by masses having no access or know how to use specialized software. The tool in
its present format is very simple to modify and audit for other climatic zones. It is simpler to
use in comparison to many black box software which require voluminous data-entries and do
not optimize/select the most energy efficient retrofitting material out of available options.
Furthermore, it gives users the opportunity to select the best roof retrofitting solution from
any of the four yardsticks of Minimum Initial Cost, Maximum Energy Efficiency, Maximum
NPV and Minimum Life Cycle Cost based on their need, priority or affordability.
7 REFERENCES
1. ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC & USDOE, 2011. “Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium
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2. ASHRAE, 2009. Energy Efficiency Guide for Existing Commercial Buildings: The Business Case for
Building Owners and Managers. Source : http://www.ashrae.org
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3465-4222. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com
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10. Delhi Schedule of Rates 1997, Government of India , Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
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building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment, 43 (4). pp. 661-673. ISSN
0360-1323

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