8

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 13:
“Using Inductive or
Deductive Reasoning in an
Argument”

CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 13: Using Inductive or Deductive Reasoning in an Argument
First Edition, 2020

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 8

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 13:
“Using Inductive or
Deductive
Reasoning in an
Argument”
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

ii
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for you to answer the activity you’ve missed
while you are away from school. It is here to help you familiarize with the types of
reasoning in an argument. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes your diversity and
diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains:

Lesson 1- Using Inductive or Deductive Reasoning in an Argument

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define inductive and deductive reasoning.
2. differentiate inductive and deductive reasoning; and
3. apply inductive and deductive reasoning in an argument.

1 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 What I Know

Pre – Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Look carefully at the figures, what is next?

A. B. C. D.

2. It is a form of reasoning that uses specific examples to arrive at a general

rule, generalizations, or conclusion.
A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

3. What is the next term in the sequence 6, 12, 18, 24, …?

A. 28 C. 32
B. 30 D. 34

4. What is the next term in the sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …?

A. 9 C. 17
B. 15 D. 19

5. Which of the following best describes deductive reasoning?

A. making a conclusion based on logical reasons.
B. making a conclusion based on specific examples.
C. making a conclusion based on accepted statements
D. making a conclusion based on personal feelings and emotion.

6. What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, …?

A. 20 C. 30
B. 25 D. 36

2 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
7. All rectangles have congruent diagonals.
Square is a rectangle.
Therefore, square has congruent diagonals.

The statements above use:

A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

8. What comes next in the given sequence of figures below?

_________

A. C.

B. D.

9. What type of reasoning draws a conclusion based on collective experiences?

A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

10.Which of the following is a valid conclusion to the statements below?

In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.

In parallelogram ABCD, ∠ A and ∠ B are consecutive angles.
Therefore, _________________

A. m∠ A + m∠ B<90 C. m∠ A + m∠ B=180
B. m∠ A + m∠ B=90 D. m∠ A + m∠ B>180

11.What number should come next in the sequence: 2, 6, 18, 54, …?

A. 108 C. 162
B. 148 D. 216

12.Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning?

A. making a conclusion based on logical reasons.
B. making a conclusion based on specific examples.
C. making a conclusion based on accepted statements
D. making a conclusion based on personal feelings and emotion.

13.What conclusion can be logically deduced based on the following

statements?
“If a student passes an entrance exam, then the student will be accepted into
college. Magdalena passed the entrance exam.”

3 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 A. Magdalena can choose any course.
B. Magdalena shall take another exam.
C. Magdalena will be accepted into college.
D. Magdalena will not be accepted into college.
14.If 2 x+5=17 , then _____________________.
A. x=3 C. x=11
B. x=6 D. x=22

15.All right angles are congruent angles.

∠ 1and∠ 2 are right angles.
Therefore, ________________.

A. ∠1≇∠2
B. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2
C. m∠1 ≠ m∠2
D. m∠2 ≠ 90

Lesson Using Inductive or

Deductive Reasoning in an
1 Argument

Reasoning is part and partial of daily life. There is an involved reasoning in

choosing which music to play because we consider the genre, singer, or lyrics.
There is also reasoning involved in the way we choose which route to take in going
to school, may be because it is the shortest and the fastest route, the most
convenient, the safest, or because a friend’s house is along the way. In deciding to
do certain things, our decision is grounded in reasons.

Drawing a conclusion from events, experiences and logical reasons are also
part of scientific methods among scientist and mathematicians in order to
formulate general view and greater knowledge. In this module, you will be taught
how to make a sound and logical conclusion from specific or general reasons.

4 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 What’s In

Activating Prior Knowledge

Directions: Rewrite each statement into if – then form, then identify the hypothesis
by underlining it once and the conclusion twice.

1. Adjacent sides of a rectangle are perpendicular.

2. A pentagon is a polygon with five sides.
3. Two points determine a line.
4. Filipinos are from the Philippines.
5. A quadrilateral has four sides.

Guide Questions:

1. How did you arrive at your answers?

2. Were you able to rewrite each statement correctly into its if-then form?
Justify your answer.
3. Were you able to correctly identify the hypothesis and conclusion? Justify
your answer.

What’s New

In the previous modules, you have learned about identifying the hypothesis and
conclusion of conditional statements, the inverse, converse and contrapositive of an
if-then statements, the validity of conditional statements based on truth value.
Learning these concepts are important for you to understand how to deduce a
conclusion based on logical reason.

Activity 1: Why Oh Why?

Directions: Fill in the blanks with what is asked. Write your answer on separate
sheet of paper.

1. What comes next in the sequence of figures below?

_________

5 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 2. You wake up in the morning and realize that the sun rises in the east.
You also notice that at school the sun rises in the east.
You remembered that when you had your vacation, the sun did rise in the
east.
Based on these observations, you conclude that the sun ______________.

2x 10= 20
4x 10= 40
6x 10= 60
8x 10= 80
10x 10= 100
12 x 10= ___________
3.

Activity 2: Fill-Me-In
Directions: Complete the table by filling in the conclusion. Item 1 is done for you.
Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.

Statement Conclusion

1. Supplementary angles are two angles whose The sum of ∠ A and ∠ B is

sum is 180 °.∠ A and ∠ B are supplementary 180 °.
angles.

2. Even numbers are divisible by 2.

12 is an even number.

3. A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides.

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral.

4. An angle is acute if its measure is between 0 °

and

90 ° . Angle B is acute
5. Collinear points are points that lie on the same
line. Points X, Y, and Z are collinear.

Guide Questions:
1. Were you able to draw the correct conclusion in each activity?
2. How did you come up with your answers in Activity 1?
3. How did you come up with your conclusion in Activity 2?

6 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 What is It

In activity 1, you were able to give an answer or draw a conclusion based on

specific examples or events. This kind of logical reasoning is called inductive
reasoning. While in activity 2, you were given general truth or facts which you
utilized in making conclusion on specific situations or examples. This kind of
logical reasoning is called deductive reasoning. This section will provide you an
in-depth discussion about inductive and deductive reasoning.

Definition:
Inductive reasoning gathers specific information, usually through
observation and measurement, formulate conjecture/s, then draw
generalization or conclusion based on the carefully gathered information.

Example:

1. In the sequence, 10, 20, 30, …, the next term is 40.

2. John, a math challenger is good in mathematics. Joan, Josh, and Bea
who are also math challengers are good in mathematics. Therefore, all
math challengers are good in mathematics.
3. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is
red. Therefore, the color of the chairs in the house is red.

Inductive reasoning allows you to make a general rule from specific

examples. Like in example 1, you are given a sequence with first three terms are
10, 20 and 30. From these specific examples, you may then generalize that the
sequence is a sequence of numbers that are divisible by or multiple of 10. Hence,
you conclude that the next term is 40.

In example 2, you are given specific names of math challengers, Jim, Jane,
Josh and Bea who are good in mathematics. From these specific examples, you can
then generalize that all math challengers are good in mathematics. Similarly, in
example number 3, you generalize that all chairs in the house are red as you
observed that the chairs in the living and dining rooms are red.

Note however that necessary precaution should be done before making a

generalization or conclusion. For example, you may observe that a carabao is black
and another carabao is black then you immediately conclude that all carabaos are

7 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
black. This conclusion is wrong, because not all carabaos are black. Although most
of the carabaos are black, there are some that are not. Hence, we have to be careful
in making conclusion specially in using the word “All”. In inductive reasoning, a
single case that is not true will invalidate the general conclusion. Thus, analysis
and investigation of different cases are important.

Another type of logical reasoning is deductive reasoning which allows you to

make a specific conclusion based on a general truth or fact.

Definition:
Deductive reasoning uses acceptable facts, proven theorem as proof to
draw a specific case or situation.

Examples:

1. Sally does not drink soft drinks. Then, it follows that she does not
drink Cola.
2. All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. Number 35 ends with
5. Therefore, it must be divisible by 5.
3. Right angles measure 90 ° . ∠ A is a right angle. Therefore, ∠ A
measures 90 ° .
4. All mathematics challenge contestants are good in mathematics. Jim,
Jane and Jelian are math challenge contestants. Therefore, Jim, Jane
and Jelian are good in mathematics.

Deductive reasoning starts from a general statement or fact to conclude into

specific example or claim. For instance, in example 1, you are given that Sally does
not drink soft drinks. Since a cola is a specific example of a soft drink, then it
follows that Sally does not drink cola.

Similarly, in example 2, it is a fact that all numbers ending with 0 or 5 are

divisible by 5. Since 35 is a number ending with 5, you then conclude that number
35 must be divisible by 5. In number 3, you are given with a general statement that
right angles measure 90 degrees. Knowing that ∠ A is a right angle. Then the
conclusion is ∠ A measures 90 degrees.

Example 4 provides a general statement that all mathematics challengers

are good in math since Jim Jane and Jelian are mathematics challenge
contestants. Then you can specifically conclude that, Jim, Jane and Jelian are
good in mathematics.

8 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 What’s More

Activity 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Draw a conclusion from each given situation and identify the kind of
reasoning used. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90 ° .∠ A and ∠ B are

complementary. Therefore, ______________.
2. In the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, … . The next number is __________.
3. All rectangles have congruent diagonals. Square is a rectangle. Therefore,
_______________.
4. 2, 4, 6, 8,... The sum of the first 5 even numbers is ___________.
5. A pentagon is a polygon with five sides. Polygon ABCDE is a regular
pentagon. Therefore ________________.

Activity 2: Let’s Do this!

Directions: Identify the type of reasoning used in each of the following situations.
Write IR if the statement is inductive reasoning and DR if it is deductive
reasoning. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Today, Sam notices that the city alarm sounds at 9:00 P.M. The next day of
the same time, she notices that the city alarm sound again. She remembers
that the city alarm did sound at the same time the other day. She then
concludes that the city alarm sounds every 9:00 P.M.

2. No foreigner can be elected senator in our country. Peter is a foreigner.

Therefore, Peter cannot be elected senator in our country.

3. Grade 11 students at Javier NHS conducted an experiment on tomatoes by

applying Ferrous Sulfate. After three weeks, they observed the number of
tomatoes produced increased. They concluded that the use of Ferrous
Sulfate as organic fertilizer can increase the production of tomatoes.

4. A student who gets a perfect score in mathematics 10 will be given extra

credits. Ann got a perfect score in mathematics 10. Thus, Ann will be given
extra credit.

9 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 5. All the residents of Barangay Guinhalinan are exempted from paying taxes.
The parents of Melanie reside in Barangay Guinhalinan. Therefore, Melanie’s
parents are exempted from paying taxes.

Activity 3: Let’s Conclude

A. Directions: Supply the conclusion for the given hypothesis. Item 1 is done for
you. Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.

1. If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B, then m∠ A=m ∠B .

2. If AB=CD , then ____________.

3. If m∠ A+ m∠ B=90° , then ____________.

4. If ∠ A and ∠ B form a linear pair, then ___________.

5. If ∠ Band ∠ C are complementary angles, then ____________.

B. Directions: Fill in the blanks with a valid conclusions and corresponding reason
in each given. Item 1 is done as an example. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

Given Conclusion Reason

If an angle is right angle, then

1. If ∠ B is a right angle then m∠ B=90 .
its measure is90 ° .

2. If Y is the midpoint of XZ
then ______________. _____________________________
,

3. If ⃗
BD bisects ∠ ABC , then ______________. _____________________________

4. If q ⊥ r  and  s ⊥r , then ______________. _____________________________

5. If∠ 1and ∠3 are

supplementary and, ∠2and
then ______________. _____________________________
∠ 3 are also
supplementary,

What I Have Learned

Activity: Answer Me!

10 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word to complete the statement.

_____(1)______ gathers specific information, usually through observation and

measurement, regarding a conjecture and then proceeds to make a _____(2)______
conclusion based on the gathered information.

_____(3)______ uses general facts (statements) and applies them to _____(4)______

situations.

What I Can Do

Activity: Let’s Write!

Directions: Complete the table below by listing some situations on how each type of
reasoning is used in different subjects.

Subject Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

Cacti are plants. All plants All organisms are made of

perform photosynthesis. cells. Human is an
Science
Therefore, Cacti perform organism, then human is
photosynthesis. made of cells.

Mathematics

English

Filipino

T.L.E.

Assessment

11 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the next term in sequence 25, 50, 75, 100?

A. 115 B. 125 C. 135 D. 145

2. Which reasoning refers to the gathering of information through observation and

measurement, formulating conjecture/s, then drawing generalization or
conclusion based on the carefully gathered information?
A. Argument B. Assumption C. Deductive D. Inductive

3. The following are deductive reasoning, EXCEPT:

A. If 5 x=25 ,then x=5 .
B. Since today is Friday, tomorrow will be Saturday.
C. If an isosceles triangle has at least two sides congruent, then an equilateral
triangle is also isosceles.
D. Maria earned A's on her first six geometry tests so she concludes that she
will always earn A's on geometry tests.

4. Which reasoning uses proof, acceptable facts to draw specific case or situation?
A. Analogy B. Argument C. Deductive D. Inductive

5. If a number is divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 2. 12 is divisible by

four. Therefore,
A. 4 is divisible by 2. C. 12 is divisible by 2.
B. 4 is not divisible by 2. D. 12 is divisible by 4.

6. Which reasoning is used in the statements “Acute angles measure less than 90°.
∠A measures 650. Therefore, ∠A is an acute angle.”?
A. Analogy B. Argument C. Deductive D. Inductive

7. All vegetarians do not eat meat. Dario is a vegetarian. What can you conclude
about Dario?
A. Dario is a meat lover.
B. Dario is non-vegetarian.
C. Dario does not eat meat.
D. Dario is neither a vegetarian nor a meat lover.

8. What should replace the question mark?

A. B. C. D.

9. What are the next two terms of the sequence?

12 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 8 , 3 ,−2 ,¿.
A. -7, -12 B. -4, -6 C. 4, 6 D. 7, 12

10.Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

A. All deer are mammals; all mammals have kidneys; therefore, all deer have
kidneys. 
B. Mich, Krisna and Karen are all graceful. They are dancers. Therefore, all
dancers are graceful.
C. Obtuse angles are greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. An
angle is 110 degrees, so it is obtuse. 
D. Snakes are reptiles and reptiles are cold blooded. Therefore, snakes are
cold blooded. 

11.Which process of drawing conclusion is based on sets of observation?

A. Analogy C. Deduction
B. Argument D. Induction

12. Philippine Eagles have wings. Pag-asa is a Philippine Eagle. Using deductive
reasoning, what can you conclude about Pag-asa?

A. Pag-asa can fly. C. Pag-asa has wings.

B. Pag-asa is a bird. D. Pag-asa is a Philippine Eagle.

13. 1 x 100 = 100

2 x 100 = 200
3 x 100 = 300
5 x 100 = 500
2400 x 100 = _____

A. 2400 C. 24 000
B. 2400 D. 240 000

14. If ∠ A is an acute angle, then _______.

A. the m∠ A is between 0 ° and 90 ° .

B. them∠ A is between 90 ° and 180 ° .
C. the m∠ A is between 180 °and 270 ° .
D. the m∠ A is between 270 ° and 360 °

15. If m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 =90 , then______.

A. ∠ 1and∠2 are right angles.

B. ∠ 1and∠2 are obtuse angles.
C. ∠ 1and∠2 are complementary angles.
D. ∠ 1and ∠ 2 are supplementary angles

13 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
 Additional Activities

Directions: Write an entry in your activity notebook describing how much you have
learned about inductive and deductive reasoning, and how these can be
applied to real life situation.

Rubric for the Written Journal

2-Needs
Category 5-Excelent 4-Good 3-Average
Improvement

The written The written The written The written

journal is journal is journal is journal
completely generally generally contains
accurate and accurate, and accurate, but major
logically the presentation the inaccuracies
presented. It reflects presentation and
includes facts, understanding of lacks significant
concepts, and inductive and application of errors in some
Content examples deductive inductive and parts. The
involving reasoning. Minor deductive chosen real-
inductive and inaccuracies do reasoning. life situation
deductive not affect the The chosen is not timely
reasoning. The overall results. real-life and
chosen real-life The chosen real- situation is interesting.
situation is very life situation is somehow
timely and timely and timely and
interesting. interesting. interesting.

Journal is Journal is Journal is Journal is

Timelines submitted on or submitted within 1 submitted 1-2 submitted 2-3
s before deadline day. days after days after
deadline deadline

Answer Key

Points X, Y, and Z lie on the same line.

Angle B measures between and .
A trapezoid has four sides.
14 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
12 is divisible by 2.
The sum of . angle, then the two angles are congruent.
If two angles are supplements of the same
Activity 2: Fill-Me-In
5.
create parallel lines.
CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13 15
Applications. Makati City, Philippines: Salesiana Publishers, Inc., 2003.
Romero, Karl Freidrich Jose. Geometry in the Real World: Explorations and
Publishing House,Inc..
Esparrago,M.S., et.al (2017). Next Century Mathematics 8.Philippines.Phoenix
Diaz,Z.B., Mojica,M.P., Manalo,C.B., Suzara,J.L., Mercado,J.P.,
Phillipines: Book Media Press, Inc. and Prinwell, Inc., 2013.
Abuzo, Emmanuel, et.al. Mathematics 8 Learner’s Module. Pasig City,
References:
What I Know What's More Assessment
*Activity 1: Complete Me! B
A
The sum of . (Deductive Reasoning) D
D Inductive Reasoning)
B Square has congruent diagonals
D
(Deductive Reasoning) C
C
30 (Inductive Reasoning) C
C Polygon ABCDE has five sides. (Deductive D
B Reasoning) C
C A
B A
*Activity 1: Let’s Do this! B
D IR
C D
DR
C IR C
DR D
B
DR A
C C
B *Activity 2: Let’s Conclude
B
A.
1.
What’s In
2.
1. Adjacent sides of a rectangle are
3.
4. perpendicular.
5. 2. A pentagon is a polygon with five
sides.
B. 3. Two points determine a line.
1. 4. Filipinos are from the Philippines.
If an angle is right angle, then its measure is 5. A quadrilateral has four sides.
90
2.
If point Y is the midpoint of segment , then What’s New
point Y divides segment into two congruent
parts. Activity 1: Why Oh Why?
3.
Since is an angle bisector, it divides into two 1.
congruent angles.
4.  2. The sun rises in the east
Since q and s are perpendicular to line r, we
have two right angles where the intersections 3. 120
occur. Since all right angles are congruent, we
16 CO_Q2_Mathematics8_ M13
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