1. What is abnormal behavior ?

A behavioral feature known as abnormality (or dysfunctional behavior) is given to people with
disorders that are viewed as unusual or dysfunctional.

2. What is Criminal Behavior?

The goal of studying criminal behavior is to better understand offenders and provide answers
to issues like: who criminals are, why they commit crimes (to identify strategies for deterring
criminal conduct), how do they think, and what do they do (in order to predict their future
actions and assist investigation in catching offenders).
3. What is Mental Retardation?
Insufficient intelligence is a lifelong condition that limits learning and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is characterized by this.

4. Give the three Structures of Personality by Sigmund Freud and give atleast 5 examples each.
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego is the realistic component of the mind
that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. The id is the basic instinct and
instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives as well as hidden
memories. example of id :
the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive
drives and hidden memories,
example of ego
the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego
example of super ego:
super-ego operates as a moral conscience,

5. Give the five Traits by Allport and give atleast 5 example each.
5 Traits by Allport
Agreeableness: level of cooperation and caring for others.
Conscientiousness: level of thoughtfulness and structure.
Extraversion: level of socialness and emotional expressiveness.
Neuroticism: level of mood stability and emotional resilience.
Openness: level of adventure and creativity.
Examples :
1. ambition.
2. self-sacrifice.
3. greed.
4. lying.

6. Give atleast two Kinds of Trait by Golgerg?

Openness to Experience
prefers routine, practical vs. imaginative, spontaneous
Extraversion
reserved, thoughtful vs. sociable, fun-loving
 7. Discuss the relationship of mental disorder to crime or criminality atleast 300 words.

There are damaging preconceptions that mentally ill persons are typically violent offenders,
although the role of mental illness in violent crime remains elusive. According to studies,
persons with mental illnesses had higher rates of both perpetrating and being the victim of
violence, as well as greater psychopathology than other violent criminals, particularly those who
have been convicted of murder. One way that mental illness may contribute to aggressive and/or
criminal behavior is through the dysregulation of emotions. These figures demonstrate that
people with mental illnesses are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, despite the fact
that there is no direct causal relationship between having a mental health problem and
committing a crime. This significantly strains the entire system and jeopardizes society's ability
to control crime. The word "mental illness" covers a wide range of illnesses, including
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. These circumstances have a
significant impact on a person's emotions and social interactions. In the end, branding a group of
individuals with major medical illnesses as "violent" or "dangerous" simply serves to further
alienate them from the community and ignores the fact that "mental illness" is a broad phrase
that covers a variety of conditions. This is particularly true for people affected by psychotic
disorders, where symptoms such as agitation, delusions or hallucinations can directly motivate
criminal behaviour. Psychotic episodes accompanying particular mental illnesses can lead to a
person engaging in offending behaviour. Studies have also revealed that symptoms of bipolar
disorder can directly relate to crimes. Additionally, where a person is suffering from anxiety or
extreme stress they are at greater risk of acting out of violence due to an increase in anger,
agitation and/or impulsivity.  If you or anyone you know is struggling with anxiety or stress,
always remember it’s okay to ask for help. 

8. Discuss how intelligence is associated to crime or criminality. at least 300 words.

Since impulsivity, academic difficulties, a lack of social connections, and a lack of foresight are all
associated with criminal behavior, many dominant theories of intelligence contend that those with lower
IQs are those who are most prone to break the law. Contrarily, it has long been believed that those who
are intelligent are less prone to commit crimes, and numerous studies conducted over the years have
supported this belief. However, there might be a point at which having a high IQ becomes more of a risk
factor. Knowing more about the origins of intelligence and analysis will make it simpler for us to grasp
how and why we got to where we are today. It also increases our awareness of how the field of
intelligence analysis is ever-evolving and developing, necessitating a continuous flow of fresh concepts,
novel techniques, and innovative methodology to remain relevant and useful. A skilled intelligence
analyst knows that no two tasks or projects are ever exactly same and that each new task calls for a
different approach. Leaders in the military, the church, and the community routinely assigned people to
information-gathering tasks throughout history, and they frequently based their decisions on the data they
gleaned from these tasksSun Tzu, a Chinese mercenary warlord, wrote The Art of War, The Art of
Strategy in the 5th century BC, which is thought to be the earliest book on intelligence gathering and
intelligence-based actions. He was renowned for his ability to command military operations, most of
which was credited to his excellent information gathering and intelligence-based decision-making. The
fact that this book is still in print today and that intelligence agents from all over the world, as well as
corporate and military strategists, are expected to read it speaks volumes about the quality of this work.
From these early beginnings until quite recently, the use of information-gatherers for only military goals
has been a recurrent tendency throughout history.

9. Explain the application of McNaughton Rule, Durham Rule and ALI test in our criminal law (Revised
Penal Code)
A defendant found "not guilty by reason of insanity" (or legally insane) can't be convicted for crimes
committed as a result of certain mental conditions, since willful intent is required for most convictions.
State and federal courts use a legal test to determine the mental state of the defendant at the time of the
incident if they use the insanity defense.
The four main types of tests are the M'Naghten Rule, the Irresistible Impulse Test, the Model Penal Code
Test, and the Durham Rule. This article discusses the Durham Rule, which is currently only used in the
state of New Hampshire.
The Durham Rule: The Basics
According to the Durham Rule, a criminal defendant can't be convicted of a crime if the act was the result
of a mental disease or defect the defendant had at the time of the incident. It has often been referred to as
the "product defect rule," but doesn't require a medical diagnosis of mental illness or disorder. Federal
courts and all but one state court rejected it for being too broad. For example, drug addicts were able to
use the defense to successfully avoid conviction for crimes related to their addiction.
As mentioned above, the only state that still uses this rule is New Hampshire. However, courts have
narrowed its interpretation in an effort to limit the defense to only the most serious cases. According to
the code section, defendants must prove legal insanity "by clear and convincing evidence."
Origins of the Durham Rule
This rule was first adopted by New Hampshire in 1871. It became more widespread after a 1954 U.S.
Court of Appeals decision (Durham v. United States) in which the court found the existing tests for legal
insanity inadequate. At the time, insanity was based on either the inability to know right from wrong or
the inability to control impulses (also, both tests required a clinical diagnosis of insanity). The court
decided that this approach failed to account for certain mentally defective individuals charged with
crimes, suggesting the following test instead:
"The question will be simply whether the accused acted because of a mental disorder, and not whether he
displayed particular symptoms which medical science has long recognized do not necessarily, or even
typically, accompany even the most serious mental disorder."
The case established a new approach in federal and some state courts, but quickly came under heavy
criticism because it lacked a clear legal standard of criminal responsibility. For instance, someone who
committed a crime related to a gambling addiction could successfully be found not guilty by reason of
insanity using the Durham Rule. Federal and most state courts abandoned this rule in 1972. Today, New
Hampshire courts place a fairly strict burden of proof on the defendant when the insanity defense is used.

10. Write your observation or evaluation regarding how our criminal justice system or process applies or
appreciates intelligence in the administration of justice. at least 500 words.

What comes to mind when you think of federal investigators? For most people, it is the much-
popularized movie characters. This includes people who are full of bravado and can infiltrate
even the most complex criminal organizations. This is true for some federal spies. However,
there is more to investigative work than the audaciousness portrayed by films and TV shows.

In the real world, intelligence analysts are responsible for the majority of the investigation job. They
are the ones that sift through enormous amounts of data to uncover concrete, verifiable evidence that
may be used to locate and halt criminal activity. Their efforts contribute to the imprisonment of
numerous dangerous offenders, leaving behind a safer nation. Does it sound okay? Let's examine
how intelligence analysts function and how you can train to become one. Their more complex and
dynamic criminal activities also include murder, fraud, extortion, and trafficking in drugs, weapons,
and people. As a result, it is constantly difficult for law enforcement to be ready for the increasingly
complex criminal activities. Criminal intelligence analysis is useful in this situation. It enables the
employment of proactive, forward-thinking, and incredibly thorough tactics to keep an eye on,
foresee, and stop criminal activity. The arsenal of information available helps law enforcement
organizations defend the country and its communities better. Law enforcement agents rely on
criminal intelligence analysis to create proactive responses to illegal activities. . They are able to
identify and comprehend criminal groups operating in their regions. Once they study the criminals' habits,
law enforcement officers begin to forecast, monitor, and hamper the development of perceived future
criminal activities. telligence allows law enforcement officers to know and choose the most appropriate
criminal threats. In such a manner, they are able to efficiently manage their resources, budget, and meet
their crime prevention objectives.