Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;

www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com

TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test - 43 (15-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1. Despite making a good progress in STI, the transfer of scientific knowledge

and its benefits to society remains an area of concern. In this context discuss
the role of Scientific Social Responsibility (SSR)” Guidelines in facilitating the
integration of science and society.
Approach:

Introduction Define Scientific Social Responsibility (SSR)

Body Discuss few major SSR activities
Discuss the benefits of SSR Activities

Conclusion Conclude by Stating the importance of SSR

Answer:
Scientific Social Responsibility (SSR) refers to the ethical obligation of knowledge
workers in all fields of science and technology to voluntarily contribute their knowledge
and resources to the widest spectrum of stakeholders in society, in a spirit of service.

 Every scientist in the country is expected to contribute at least 10 days in a year

towards 'scientific social responsibility' (SSR) and such voluntary individual
activities over and above routine works would be given due weightage in their
annual performance appraisal.
 The enlisted illustrative SSR activities include lectures by scientists in schools and
colleges on modular or full courses or on a theme for inspiring students to study
science and take up a career in science; mentoring of school students in their
innovation projects; organising visits to planetariums, laboratories, sciences
centres and industries; skill development through training and workshops, and
sharing of infrastructure and knowledge resources.

1
  SSR has the potential to bring scientific and innovative solutions to societal
problems, especially marginalized sections of society, thereby transforming the
country.
Some of the envisioned benefits of SSR include:
1. Expanding the domain of science and its benefits to the community. Encouraging
students into science through handholding and nurturing their interest.
2. Creating an opportunity for cooperation and sharing of S&T resources in
laboratories with other researchers in universities and colleges.
3. Providing training for skill development and upgrading scientific knowledge.
4. Helping MSMEs, Start-ups and informal sector enterprises in increasing their
overall productivity.
5. Facilitating scientific intervention in rural innovation.
6. Empowering women, disadvantaged and weaker sections of the society through
scientific intervention.
7. Facilitating actions towards addressing Technology Vision 2035 Prerogatives and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the country such as water, ecology,
health and livelihood
India made significant progress in science and technology since independence. Recent
achievements in Science, Technology and Innovation have been quite unprecedented.
Despite making a good progress in STI, the transfer of scientific knowledge and its
benefits to society remains an area of concern. One way could be through the transfer of
scientific knowledge in achieving social goals which could be formalised through
guidelines on “Scientific Social Responsibility (SSR)”. These guidelines are about building
synergy among all stakeholders in our scientific community and about developing
linkages between science and society.
Sources:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/like-csr-ssr-guidelines-for-scientists-will-
sway-appraisal/articleshow/91584044.cms
https://static.psa.gov.in/psa-
prod/publication/SSR%20Guidelines%202022%20Book_0.pdf

2. What are Quantum technologies? Discuss The Importance of National Mission

on Quantum Technologies & Applications (NM-QTA).
Approach:

Introduction Discuss about Uniqueness of Quantum technologies

Body 1. Importance of Quantum technologies
2. Areas of Applications
3. Types of Quantum Technologies

2
 Conclusion Conclude by Stating the importance of
National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications

Answer:
Quantum Technologies are based upon phenomena exhibited by microscopic
particles (like photons, electrons, atoms etc.) which are quite distinct from the way
normal macroscopic objects behave.
Quantum Technology is based on the principles of quantum theory, which explains
the nature of energy and matter on the atomic and subatomic level. It concerns the control
and manipulation of quantum systems, with the goal of achieving information processing
beyond the limits of the classical world.
Quantum principles will be used for engineering solutions to extremely complex
problems in computing, communications, sensing, chemistry, cryptography, imaging and
mechanics. Quantum field has not yet matured for commercialization, due to the extreme
scientific challenges involved.
Quantum computers store and process information using quantum two level
systems (quantum bits or qubits) which unlike classical bits, can be prepared in
superposition states. This key ability makes quantum computers extremely powerful
compared to conventional computers when solving certain kinds of problems like finding
prime factors of large numbers and searching large databases.
Quantum Technologies can broadly be divided into four verticals:
1. Quantum Computing,
2. Quantum Communications
3. Quantum Sensors
4. Quantum Materials
To comprehensively address all these verticals and leapfrog India in this crucial & niche
area, India has launched National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications (NM-
QTA).
This initiative, with a budget of more than USD 1 Billion spanning over eight years, will
be led by Department of Science and Technology (DST) and will have active participation
from various other ministries e.g. Department of Telecommunications, Department of
Space, Department of Atomic Energy etc.
Importance of the Mission:
 The Mission will be able address the ever increasing technological requirements
of the society, and take into account the international technology trends and road
maps of leading countries for development of next generation technologies.
 Implementation of the mission would help develop and bring quantum computers,
secured communications through fibre and free space, quantum encryption and
crypt-analysis and associated technologies within reach in the country and help
address India specific national and regional issues.

3
  The mission will help prepare next generation skilled manpower, boost
translational research and also encourage entrepreneurship and start-up
ecosystem development.
By promoting advanced research in quantum science and technology, technology
development and higher education in science, technology and engineering disciplines
India can be brought at par with other advanced countries and can derive several direct
and indirect benefits.
Sources:
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1601563

3. Highlight the challenges associated with Innovation Ecosystem in India.

Approach:

Introduction Highlight current Innovation status

Body List out challenges with respect to R&D, Education system,

Lab to Land, Indigenous technologies , etc

Conclusion India’s policy makers have taken several initiatives to

promote science, technology and innovation.

Answer:
India made significant progress in science and technology since independence.
Recent achievements in Science, Technology and Innovation have been quite
unprecedented. India is placed in 3rd among countries in scientific publication as per
National Science Foundation (NSF) database. The country has featured within the top 50
innovative economies globally (at 46th rank), as per Global Innovation Index (GII). It has
also reached 3rd Position in term of number of PhDs in science and engineering, in terms
of size of Higher Education System as well as in terms of number of Startups.
While India has improved in most areas of technology, it is also necessary to recognize
the challenges that we need to overcome to become an innovation led society.
1. Low R&D expenditure, especially from the private sector, is a key challenge facing
the innovation ecosystem in India
2. The number of scientific R&D professionals in India at 218 per million population
is distressingly low compared to China’s 1,113 and USA’s 4,019
3. The link between research, higher education and industry is weak and nascent. It
needs to be strengthened and put on a firm platform
4. Our education system has so far not focused on cultivating a scientific
temperament at an early age. Even at the later stages of an aspiring scientist’s
career, the lack of career opportunities in basic sciences leads to the diversion of
potential researchers to other rewarding sectors

4
 5. “Lab to Land” time is too long. Renowned public funded institutions like the CSIR,
DRDO, BARC, ICMR, ICAR, ISRO, IGCAR etc., along with prominent universities
across the country, have developed many frontline technologies. However, the
rate of transfer of these technologies to industry and for societal benefits is low.
6. The adoption of indigenous innovations by Indian industry is not very
encouraging.
7. The public procurement system is heavily biased in favour of experienced and
established products and technologies. This strongly discourages new and
innovative technologies offered by start-ups, who do not get much needed support
from government procurement
8. There has been poor progress in the development and deployment of affordable
technologies for rural areas, particularly in agriculture, Agro-processing, micro
irrigation, etc
Recognizing the crucial role of technology and innovation in economic development,
India’s policy makers have taken several initiatives to promote science, technology and
innovation.
Sources:
https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/Strategy_for_New_India_2.pdf

4. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Discuss some Applications of AI for social

development and inclusive growth.
Approach:

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to

perform tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving
and decision making
Body Artificial Intelligence Applications in:
1.Health
2. Agriculture
3. Education
4. Mobility
5. Manufacturing
Conclusion In order to establish a leadership role, it is important for India to
take the plunge and start more focussing on AI

Answer:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks like
thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived
as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in multiple ways.
With incredible advances made in data collection, processing and computation
power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable
5
connectivity and enhance productivity. As AI’s capabilities have dramatically expanded,
so have its utility in a growing number of fields.
Artificial Intelligence for social development and inclusive growth:
Artificial Intelligence has the potential to provide large incremental value to a wide range
of sectors globally, and is expected to be the key source of competitive advantage for
firms.
a) Healthcare: Application of AI in healthcare can help address issues of high barriers
to access to healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas that suffer from poor
connectivity and limited supply of healthcare professionals. This can be achieved
through implementation of use cases such as AI driven diagnostics, personalised
treatment, early identification of potential pandemics, and imaging diagnostics,
among others.
b) Agriculture: AI holds the promise of driving a food revolution and meeting the
increased demand for food). It also has the potential to address challenges such as
inadequate demand prediction, lack of assured irrigation, and overuse / misuse of
pesticides and fertilisers. Some use cases include improvement in crop yield
through real time advisory, advanced detection of pest attacks, and prediction of
crop prices to inform sowing practices.
c) Smart Mobility, including Transports and Logistics: Potential use cases in this
domain include autonomous fleets for ride sharing, semi-autonomous features such
as driver assist, and predictive engine monitoring and maintenance. Other areas
that AI can impact include autonomous trucking and delivery, and improved traffic
management.
d) Retail: The retail sector has been one of the early adopters of AI solutions, with
applications such as improving user experience by providing personalised
suggestions, preference-based browsing and image-based product search. Other
use cases include customer demand anticipation, improved inventory management,
and efficient delivery management.
e) Manufacturing: Manufacturing industry is expected to be one of the biggest
beneficiaries of AI based solutions, thus enabling 'Factory of the Future' through
flexible and adaptable technical systems to automate processes and machinery to
respond to unfamiliar or unexpected situations by making smart decisions.
f) Energy: Potential use cases in the energy sector include energy system modelling
and forecasting to decrease unpredictability and increase efficiency in power
balancing and usage. In renewable energy systems, AI can enable storage of energy
through intelligent grids enabled by smart meters, and also improve the reliability
and affordability of photovoltaic energy.
g) Smart Cities: Integration of AI in newly developed smart cities and infrastructure
could also help meet the demands of a rapidly urbanising population and providing
them with enhanced quality of life.

6
h) Education and Skilling: AI can potentially solve for quality and access issues
observed in the Indian education sector. Potential use cases include augmenting
and enhancing the learning experience through personalised learning, automating
and expediting administrative tasks, and predicting the need for student
intervention to reduce dropouts or recommend vocational training.
There has been tremendous activity concerning AI policy in different countries over
the past couple of years. Governments in USA, UK, France, Japan and China have released
their policy and strategy papers relating to AI. In order to establish a leadership role, it is
important for India to take the plunge and start more focussing on AI and roll out of an
ambitious programme that would ensure for India its rightful place in this
transformational era.
Sources:
https://indiaai.gov.in/documents/pdf/NationalStrategy-for-AI-Discussion-Paper.pdf

5. Highlight various ICT (Information & Communication Technologies)

initiatives by Government of India in Agriculture Sector.
Approach:

Introduction Government has taken various initiatives/steps to enable

digitalisation of agricultural sector.

Body Digitisation Initiatives:

1.IDEA
2. National e-Governance Plan
3. e-NAM
4. DBT

Conclusion List out various mobile Apps for agriculture sector

Answer:
Government has taken various initiatives/steps to enable digitalisation of agricultural
sector in the country and to promote agri-tech business, which are given below:
i. Government has finalized an India Digital Ecosystem of Agriculture (IDEA)
framework. The IDEA would serve as a foundation to build innovative agri-
focused solutions leveraging emerging technologies to contribute effectively in
creating a better Ecosystem for Agriculture in India.
ii. Under plan scheme viz. National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)
wherein, funds are released to the State(s)/UT(s) for project involving use of
modern technologies viz. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML),
Robotics, Drones, Data Analytics, Block Chain etc.

7
iii. Government of India has launched National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) Scheme
with the objective of creating online transparent competitive bidding system to
facilitate farmers with remunerative prices for their produce.
iv. To make provisions of subsidy for farm machinery more transparent Government
has developed Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) portal, Centralized Farm Machinery
Performance Testing Portal and FARMS Mobile App.
v. A Central Sector Scheme of financing facility under ‘Agriculture Infrastructure
Fund’ for investment in digital Connectivity and optic fibre infrastructure is an
eligible activity for the projects covered under the scheme.
vi. Krishi Yantra App : Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (ICAR-
CIAE) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) has developed Krishi
Yantra App to augment research, operations and technology dissemination
process in the field of agricultural engineering. In order to ensure that appropriate
mechanization technology is selected by the entrepreneurs, a web-portal has been
made available by ICAR-CIAE on their website. This helps prospective and existing
entrepreneurs in selection of machines and available choices for procurement.
vii. Besides, ICAR-CIAE has also developed the following Mobile Apps:
a. ‘Farm mech’ App: The App is related to decision support for selection of
suitable farm machineries for five major crops of Tamil Nadu. It also has
dynamic Networking of 2250 Custom hiring service operators in Android
platform.
b. ‘Farm Safety’: Provides information about Safety Guidelines and Safety
Gadgets to avoid accidents while using different type of agricultural
machinery.
c. Water Balance Simulation Model for Roof Water Harvesting (Mobile App): It is
helpful to decision makers to make recommendations for design requirements
where roof water harvesting system adoption may lead to water saving and
water security.
Sources:
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1777684

8
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test - 44 (16-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1Q) What is GAGAN? Discuss its importance for Indian Aviation sector. Also
Highlight other Applications.
Approach:
Introduction Discuss briefly about GAGAN
Body 1 Importance of GAGAN
saving fuel and equipment cost, flight safety etc.

Application in other areas

Body 2
Conclusion Though primarily meant for aviation, GAGAN will provide
benefits to many other user segments
Answer:
GAGAN is the acronym for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. It uses a
constellation of satellites and a network of ground stations to provide necessary
augmentations to the GPS standard positioning service (SPS) navigation signal for use in
air traffic management.
 The Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) have collaborated to develop the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
(GAGAN) as a regional Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS).
 GAGAN provides accuracy, availability, and integrity essential for each phase of
flight, en route the approach for airports within the GAGAN service volume. This
makes airline operations more efficient and effective, increase air safety, and fuel
efficiency.

1
  It will enable aircraft to land even at smaller and regional airport not equipped
with expensive ground-based landing systems. GAGAN can bring benefits in terms
of saving fuel and equipment cost, flight safety, especially in adverse weather
conditions and increased air space capacity, according to ISRO.
 Other than GAGAN, there are only three space-based augmentation systems in the
world— US (WAAS) Europe (EGNOS) and Japan (MSAS). GAGAN is inter-operable
with all three. Its footprint extends from Africa to Australia and has expansion
capability for seamless navigation services across the region.
Application in other areas
One essential component of the GAGAN project is the study of the ionospheric behaviour
over the Indian region.
Though primarily meant for aviation, GAGAN will provide benefits to many other
user segments such as intelligent transportation, maritime, highways, railways,
surveying, geodesy, security agencies, telecom industry, personal users of position
location applications etc
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-why-isros-gagan-satellite-
navigation-programme-is-a-landmark-in-indian-aviation/articleshow/91186634.cms

2. Highlight the importance of PSLV-C54 Mission of ISRO which was launched in

November 2022. Also Explain the objectives of EOS-06 satellite launched in
this mission.
Approach:

2
 Introduction ISRO’s work horse PSLV-C54 has successfully launched EOS-06
satellite along with Eight Nano-satellites
Body 1 Importance
Indo-Bhutan
Nano satellites
EOS-06
Payloads
Body 2 Mission Objectives

Answer:
ISRO’s work horse PSLV-C54 has successfully launched EOS-06 satellite along with
Eight Nano-satellites. The mission was accomplished from Satish Dhawan Space Centre
SHAR on 26th November 2022.
 In one of its longest missions, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
successfully placed nine satellites, including an Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-
06) in multiple orbits with the help of the space agency’s Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle (PSLV-C54).
 The eight nano satellites include ISRO Nano Satellite-2 for Bhutan (INS-2B),
Anand, Astrocast (four satellites), and two Thybolt satellites.
 The India-Bhutan satellite is a very important milestone in the history of joint
collaboration of Indian scientist and Bhutanese scientists in building this satellite
with two payloads.
EOS-06
EOS-6 is the third-generation satellite in the Oceansat series. This is to provide continuity
services of Oceansat-2 spacecraft with enhanced payload specifications as well as
application areas.
Payloads
• Ocean Color Monitor (OCM-3)
• Sea Surface Temperature Monitor (SSTM)
• Ku-Band Scatterometer (SCAT-3)
• ARGOS
Mission Objectives
EOS-06 is envisaged to observe ocean colour data, sea surface temperature and wind
vector data to use in oceanography, climatic and meteorological applications. The
satellite also supports value added products such as potential fishing zone using
chlorophyll, SST and wind speed, and land based geophysical parameters.
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c54-carrying-earth-observation-
satellite-and-co-passenger-satellites-lifts-off/article66186582.ece

3
3. What is space tourism? Is it important in Indian context? Discuss some of the
issues associated with Space tourism.
Approach:

Introduction Space tourism is about humans travelling into space for

recreational purposes.
Body Indian Context:
Importance
Need for private Participation

Issues associated with Space tourism.

Answer:
Space tourism is about humans travelling into space for recreational purposes. Space
travel is referred to as any flight operation that takes one or more passengers beyond the
altitude of 100 km and thus into space.

 The first space tourist was US millionaire Dennis Tito, who in 2001 paid $20
million to hitch a ride on a Russian Soyuz spacecraft to visit the international space
station and spent eight days there.
 Three private companies – Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic and Elon Musk’s SpaceX —
are now spearheading the human endeavour to explore space. These are early
stages for the space tourism industry offering only sub-orbital flights (flights
cannot complete an orbit around earth) and will give an experience of only a few
minutes in space.
Indian Context:
India must accelerate progress in this field. While space tourism might seem a needless
indulgence, the concept may not just be recreational.

 It can provide a base for testing super-sonic travel between different destinations
on earth, significantly compressing travel time.
 Besides, it heralds the entry of the private sector into this arena. Blue Origin was
founded in 2000, SpaceX in 2002, Virgin Galactic in 2004. It’s taken these
companies nearly two decades and substantial funding and effort to come this far.
 While the Indian government last year announced a policy to open space
exploration to the private sector, it is imperative, to get a strong foothold in space.
Issues with respect to emerging space tourism:
1. Unclear status of Space tourist: No international space law has defined space
tourists. Existing space treaties such as Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement etc.
are only applicable to astronauts, envoys of mankind, or personnel of a spacecraft
2. Many National and International agencies are not clearly stating about
authorization of space travel with tourists aboard.
3. Space insurance: It is an excruciatingly technical issue and requires expert
knowledge of the launch vehicles, satellites, and other issues.

4
 4. Issues with respect to passenger liability
5. Many health risks associated with space flight are still not well understood, and
very little research has been done on medical consequences of such flights on the
health of participants.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/slate/all-you-wanted-to-
know-about/article34814909.ece

4. Discuss the applications of Space Technology for the development of

Agriculture sector in India.
Approach:

Introduction ISRO major areas of collaboration for agriculture sector

Body Satellites associated
Major Applications for agriculture
Conclusion These applications are useful to the decision makers to adopt
suitable interventions for planning and management of various
activities in agriculture sector.

Answer:
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) collaborates with Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare on various applications using satellite data and
geospatial technology in agriculture sector, which include –
(i) horticultural crop inventory and site suitability for expansion in under-utilised
areas,
(ii) crop assessment using medium and high resolution satellite data,
(iii) field data collection with field photos using mobile App,
(iv) crop cutting experiments based on satellite derived crop vigor information

5
A more inclusive model FASAL (Forecasting agricultural output using Space, Agro-
meteorology and Land based observations) was initiated.
The current FASAL R&D activities include Techniques for Early Area Estimation of new
crops –Sugarcane ,Cotton, Soybean, Crop Assessment
The satellites designed by ISRO, which are currently in operation, to support these
services and applications, include Resourcesat-2, Resourcesat-2A, RISAT-1, Cartosat-1,
Kalpana-1, INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR. They are useful in various ways like:
1. To provide multispectral images for inventory and management of natural
resources, Crop production forecast, wasteland inventory, Land & Water
Resources development, and Disaster Management Support.
2. To provide high resolution images for various Applications – Contour, Drainage
network, etc.
3. To provide meteorological data to enable weather forecasting services.
The data and value added products derived from these satellites have benefitted the
concerned user ministries/ departments in Natural Resources Inventory & Monitoring,
crop assessment, wasteland inventory, topographic Mapping & DEM, land & water
resources development, weather forecasting and Disaster Management Support. These
applications are useful to the decision makers to adopt suitable interventions for
planning and management of various activities in agriculture sector.
https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=155408

5. Discusss various Disaster Management services provided by ISRO

Introduction India is prone to many natural disasters like floods,

landslides, cyclones, forest fires, earthquakes, drought, etc.
Body The Disaster Management Support
Floods
Cyclones
Forest fires
Landslides etc.
Conclusion The information derived from satellite data is shared among
various international agencies for unifying the efforts and
coordinating rescue operations.

Answer:
India is prone to many natural disasters like floods, landslides, cyclones, forest
fires, earthquakes, drought, etc. Satellites provide synoptic observations of the natural
disasters at regular intervals that helps in better planning and management of disasters.
Satellite communication and navigation systems also play an important role in disaster
management with improved technological options.

6
Disaster Management Support (DMS) Programme, comprehensively addresses various
aspects of natural disasters in the country, using space based inputs. ISRO disseminates
relevant information in interactive geo-spatial domain through various geoportals like
Bhuvan, National Database for Emergency Management and MOSDAC for the
administrators to better understand the impact and for improved decision support.
Disaster Management Support (DMS) Programme
 The Disaster Management Support - Decision Support Centre (DMS-DSC)
established at National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is actively engaged in
monitoring natural disasters such as flood, cyclone, landslides, earthquakes and
forest fires.
 Floods: Floods are mapped and monitored in all major states and flood inundation
maps were provided in near real-time to the concerned State Relief
Commissioners, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Disaster Management
Authority, National Disaster Response Force, Central Water Commission and India
Meteorological Department. Value added flood products were populated on the
Bhuvan and NDEM web portals.
 Cyclones: All the depressions and cyclones originated in the Indian Ocean region
were monitored and the track, intensity and landfall were predicted. All the
information was regularly updated on the MOSDAC website
(http://www.mosdac.gov.in) as part of information dissemination.
 Forest Fire: The Indian Forest Fire Response and Assessment System (INFFRAS)
provides observations of active forest fires from TERRA and AQUA MODIS data on
a near real time basis. Active forest information is available to users within 30
minutes of acquisition on Bhuvan as well as through Forest Survey of India.
 Landslides: Landslide is monitored using CARTOSAT data and regular updates on
impoundment area, volume of water and possible scenario due to breach is
provided to NDMA. The inputs are used by NDMA to assess the threat and clear
the blockade.
 Earthquake: Pre- and post-disaster high-resolution satellite images (Cartosat-,
Resourcesat) are used to map co-seismic landslides triggered during the
earthquake. Many landslide-dammed lakes have also been mapped.
The processed data and information were sent to Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA),
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and National Disaster Response Force
(NDRF), in addition to uploading to Bhuvan and NDEM web portals of ISRO.
The information derived from satellite data is shared among various international
agencies for unifying the efforts and coordinating rescue operations.
https://www.isro.gov.in/DisasterManagementSupport.html

7
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test - 45 (17-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1Q) Discus about hydro power potential in India. Highlight the advantages
associated with Hydroelectricity.
Approach:
Introduction Mention India’s hydro power potential, river basin wise.
Body Mention advantages of Hydro electricity with respect to Cost,
efficiency, etc..
Conclusion Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and
environmentally benign source of energy.
Answer:
INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to
be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition,
6782 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have
been assessed.
However, only 27.51 % of the potential has been harnessed so far.

1
Advantage of Hydro power
 A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves.
 Non-polluting and hence environment friendly.
 Long life - The first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation at
Darjeeling
 Cost of generation, operation and maintenance is lower than the other sources of
energy.
 Ability to start and stop quickly makes it suitable to meet peak demand
 Has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around
50%).
 Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial installation.
 Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of irrigation, flood
control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation, tourism, pisciculture etc.
 Being located in remote regions leads to development of interior backward areas
(education, medical, road communication, telecommunication etc.)
Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and environmentally benign source
of energy. It saves scarce fossil fuel resources of the country, which are non renewable.
http://terienvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=4342&subsublinkid=1399&langid=1&mid=1

2Q) List out the power sector scenario with respect to various fuels in India.
Discuss the reasons for India’s dependence on coal.
Approach:

Introduction Describe the power share for major fossil and Non Fossil fuels.
Body List out the reasons for dependence on Coal
Conclusion Considering the limited reserve potentiality of petroleum &
natural gas, eco-conservation restriction on hydel project and
geo-political perception of nuclear power, coal will continue
to occupy centre-stage of India 's energy scenario.

Answer:
Power Sector at a Glance :

2
Non Fossils:

India’s Dependence on Coal:

1. Coal makes up more than 50 per cent of India’s installed electricity generation
capacity.
2. India also possesses the fourth-largest global reserves of the mineral.
3. Cheap and abundant power is a key driver of economic growth and increasing the
electricity coverage of the population has been a central goal of the government,
for which dependency is there on Coal.
4. While India has committed to stepping up on renewables, setting up the
infrastructure to maximise on clean energy requires vast investments,
5. Lack of enough support from developed nations with respect to renewable energy
technologies.
6. India still have to address the issue of pulling millions of people out of poverty. To
that extent, experts note, India is looking to use its abundant coal stocks to ensure
energy security.
7. India’s dependence of coal means the country also imports sizeable chunks of coal
to meet its power needs.
8. Domestic electricity demand is predicted to double by 2040. India’s installed
capacity at present is at 400GW, of which coal, or thermal power, makes up more
than 200GW.
9. While India is committed to add more capacity through non-fossil sources, coal-
based generation capacity may still be required to be added in the country, as it
continues to be the cheapest source of power generation.
10. Also, close to 40 lakh people across the country are dependent on the coal industry
and any abrupt move to end the dependence on coal would also jeopardise their
livelihood.
Driven by the rising population, expanding economy and a quest for improved quality of
life, energy usage in India is expected to rise. Considering the limited reserve potentiality
of petroleum & natural gas, eco-conservation restriction on hydel project and geo-
political perception of nuclear power, coal will continue to occupy centre-stage of India
's energy scenario.
https://coal.nic.in/en/major-statistics/coal-indian-energy-choice

3
3Q) Highlight the applications of radiation technology in Industries and water
resources management.
Approach:

Introduction Radiation and isotopes are used for wide range of industrial
and societal applications.
Body List out:
Industrial Applications
Water resource management applications

Answer:
Radiation and isotopes are used for wide range of industrial and societal applications.
This includes radiation processing of materials for property enhancement and
modification, degradation & mineralization of pollutants and deactivation of pathogens
in contaminated matrices.
Isotopes find applications for water resources development and management, process
optimization and troubleshooting of industrial systems.
Industrial Applications:
 Leak detection in buried pipelines & high pressure heat exchanger systems
 Flow rate measurement
 Mixing time measurement
 Sediment transport in ports and harbours
 Effluent dispersion in coastal water
 Effective management of oil fields
 Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) Technique
 Radiation processing of Industrial products, food products, medical products
 Environmental applications such as treatment of wastewater, sewage sludge and
industrial effluents
 Modification of various materials for value addition and design of new materials

Water resources management

 Identification of source and origin of groundwater recharge
 Identification of recharge area of natural springs
 Surface water-groundwater and aquifer-aquifer interconnections
 Estimation of residence time of groundwater
 Identification of source, mechanism and pathways of groundwater contamination
 Estimation of groundwater discharge in coastal regions
 Identifying the origin of geothermal waters
 Quantification of various components in the stream flow (Hydrograph separation)

https://www.barc.gov.in/randd/artnp.html

4
4) What are The Advantages and Disadvantages associated with Hydrogen Fuel
Cells?
Approach:

Introduction Describe Hydrogen fuel cell.

Body Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion The advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as one of the best
renewable energy sources are evident, however there are still
a number of challenges to overcome
Answer:
Hydrogen fuel cells use hydrogen as a fuel in an electrochemical process that combines
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical energy and water.
Advantages
1. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe and despite the challenges
associated with its extraction from water, is a uniquely abundant and renewable
source of energy,
2. Hydrogen fuel cells provide an inherently clean source of energy, with no adverse
environmental impact during operation as the byproducts are simply heat and
water. Unlike biofuel or hydropower, hydrogen doesn’t require large areas of land
to produce.
3. Hydrogen fuel cell technology provides a high-density source of energy with good
energy efficiency.
4. Hydrogen fuel cells are more efficient than many other energy sources, including
many green energy solutions
5. Hydrogen fuel cells do not generate greenhouse gas emissions
6. The charge time for hydrogen fuel cell power units is extremely rapid, Where
electric vehicles require between 30 minutes and several hours to charge,
hydrogen fuel cells can be recharged in under five minutes.
7. Hydrogen fuel cells do not produce noise pollution like other sources of renewable
energy, such as wind power
8. Hydrogen fuel cells offer greater efficiencies with regard to usage times. A
hydrogen vehicle has the same range as those that use fossil fuels (around 300
miles)
Disadvantages
1. Despite being the most abundant element in the Universe, hydrogen does not exist
on its own so needs to be extracted from water via electrolysis or separated from
carbon fossil fuels. Both of these processes require a significant amount of energy
to achieve.
2. Hydrogen fuel cells need investment to be developed to the point where they
become a genuinely viable energy source.

5
 3. Precious metals such as platinum and iridium are typically required as catalysts
in fuel cells and some types of water electrolyser, which means that the initial cost
of fuel cells (and electrolysers) can be high.
4. The cost for a unit of power from hydrogen fuel cells is currently greater than
other energy sources, including solar panels
5. Storage and transportation of hydrogen is more complex than that required
for fossil fuels.
6. Hydrogen is a highly flammable fuel source, which brings understandable safety
concerns.
The advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as one of the best renewable energy sources are
evident, however there are still a number of challenges to overcome to realise the
full potential of hydrogen as a key enabler for a future decarbonised energy system.

5Q) Discuss some of the Waste-to-Energy conversion technologies?

Approach:

Introduction Give a brief introduction regarding increasing generation of

waste in recent times and need for
Waste-to-Energy.
Body Discuss about:
Bio methanation
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis

The increasing industrialization, urbanization and changes in the pattern of life, which
accompany the process of economic growth, give rise to generation of increasing
quantities of wastes leading to increased threats to the environment.
In recent years, technologies have been developed that not only help in generating
substantial quantity of decentralized energy but also in reducing the quantity of waste
for its safe disposal.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to recover the energy from the waste in the
form of Electricity and Biogas/Syngas are given as below:

BIOMETHANATION:

 Biomethanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted

into biogas.
 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bacterial fermentation process that operates
without free oxygen and results in a biogas containing mostly methane (~60%),
carbon dioxide (~40%) and other gases.
 Biomethanation has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end
product.

6
  This technology can be conveniently employed in a decentralized manner
for biodegradation of segregated organic wet wastes such as wastes from
kitchens, canteens, institutions, hotels, and slaughter houses and vegetables
markets.

INCINERATION:

 Incineration technology is complete combustion of waste (Municipal Solid Waste)

with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through
steam turbines.
 The flue gases produced in the boilers have to be treated by an elaborate air
pollution control system.
 The resultant ash from incineration of solid waste can be used as construction
material after necessary processing while the residue can be safely disposed of in
a landfill.
 This technology is well established technology and has been deployed in many
projects successfully at commercial level in India to treat solid wastes
like Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial solid Waste etc. and generate electricity.

GASIFICATION

 Gasification is a process that uses high temperatures (500-1800o C) in

the presence of limited amounts of oxygen to decompose materials to produce
synthetic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
 This gas further can be used for thermal or power generation purposes
 The purpose of gasification of waste is to generate power more efficiently at lower
power level (< 2MW) and also to minimize emissions and hence it is an attractive
alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste.

PYROLYSIS

 Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials in the absence of oxygen,
producing a mixture of combustible gases (primarily methane, complex
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), liquids and solid residues.
 The products of pyrolysis process are: (i) a gas mixture; (ii) a liquid (bio-oil/tar);
(iii) a solid residue (carbon black)
 The gas generated by either of these processes can be used in boilers to provide
heat, or it can be cleaned up and used in combustion turbine generators

https://mnre.gov.in/waste-to-energy/current-status

7
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com - mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test -24 (26-11-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1. What are Cyber Physical Systems? Discuss the ways in which Cyber Physical
Systems would be helpful in building Smart Cities.

Introduction Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are complex engineered systems that link
cyberspace with the physical world
Body In Smart Cities, mention applications regarding:
Water management
Traffic
Public Safety etc.
Conclusion In today’s context, CPS are emerging from the integration of embedded
computing devices, smart objects, people and physical environments,
which are normally tied by a communication infrastructure

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are complex engineered systems that link cyberspace with the
physical world through a network of interconnected computational elements, such as sensors,
actuators, and computational processing units. These systems are highly automated, intelligent, and
collaborative.

In general Cyber means computation, communication, and control that are discrete and logical.
Physical means natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of physics and operating in
continuous time. Computing and communication systems bridges with the physical world are
referred to as Cyber Physical Systems
 Examples of CPS include medical devices and systems, aerospace systems, transportation vehicles
and intelligent highways, defence system, robotics system, process control, factory automation,
building and environmental control and smart spaces. CPS must interacts with the real world with
proper security, safely and efficiently.

Cyber-physical systems for Smart Cities:

1. Smart water management systems would regulate water supply depending on the demand in
the area. Wastage of water could be monitored and reduced.
2. Smart electricity connections would ensure energy conservation in urban area, and help light
up remote rural places.
3. The number of vehicles on the roads are increasing more than what can be handled. This in
turn leads to the traffic jams during the busy hours that cause delays especially in case of
emergencies. Automated cars and smart road management networks can help this regulate
traffic and also reduce accidents.
4. Medical facilities could be given immediately to emergency case patients if there could be
some far visioned smart ambulances; and smart hospitals.
5. Public safety demands for an interconnected smart surveillance cameras that will send alerts
to nearby police stations if they sense any crime.
6. There can be some SOS alarm triggers at the roads in case of emergency.
7. The unnecessary littering on streets can be prevented by smart garbage collection methods;
thereby making clean cities.

In today’s context, CPS are emerging from the integration of embedded computing devices, smart
objects, people and physical environments, which are normally tied by a communication
infrastructure. These include systems like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Factories, Smart
Buildings, Smart Houses and Smart Cars where every object is connected to every other object. They
are aimed to provide an adaptive, resilient, efficient and cost effective scenario

https://dst.gov.in/interdisciplinary-cyber-physical-systems-icps-division
2. Discuss some of the initiatives by Department of Science & Technology for
strengthening R&D infrastructure in the country.

Introduction The R&D Infrastructure Division of the Department of Science &

Technology aims to strengthen the S&T infrastructure
Body Explain the Schemes:
FIST
PURSE
SAIF
SATHI
STUTI

The R&D Infrastructure Division of the Department of Science & Technology aims to strengthen the
S&T infrastructure of the country by fostering well-equipped R&D labs in the academic/ research
institutes/ universities as well as a strong culture of research collaboration between institutions and
across disciplines.
It has four schemes the objectives of which, at large, are establishment of R&D labs, centres,
upgradation of research facilities orienting towards creating a self- reliant India.

FIST (Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational
Institutions): This scheme is operated in competitive mode of support. The financial support
circumscribes six basic purposes i.e. Equipment, Infrastructural Facilities, Networking &
Computational Facilities, Industrial R&D Support, SSR Activities and Maintenance.
The program prefers to focus towards supporting interdisciplinary problems, solution-centric and
translational research, and increasing the scope for participation of industries and start-ups and new
ideas, aiming towards AatmaNirbhar Bharat’

PURSE (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence): The main objective of the
scheme is to strengthen the research capacity of performing Indian Universities and provide support
for nurturing the research ecosystem and strengthening the R&D base of the Universities in the
country. A combination of i10-index of faculty members in the University, H-index of the
University along with NIRF Ranking is used to formulate the new criteria for selection of
Universities under PURSE.

SAIF (Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities) The SAIF scheme is being implemented
regionally with the objective to provide facilities of sophisticated analytical instruments to the
research workers in general and especially from the institutions which do not have such instruments
to enable them to pursue R&D activities. This enables the institutions acquiring such facilities to
keep pace with development taking place globally.
 SATHI (Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institutes): This scheme initiates the setting
up of shared, professionally managed Science &Technology Infrastructure facility readily accessible
to academia, start-ups, manufacturing units, industries and R&D Labs. SATHI Centres will be
equipped with major analytical instrument and advanced manufacturing facility, which is usually not
available at Institutes/ Organisations. The aim is to provide professionally managed services with
efficiency, accessibility and transparency of highest order under one roof to service the demands of
industry, start-ups and academia.

STUTI (Synergistic Training program Utilizing the Scientific and Technological

Infrastructure): The program has been designed to cater to human resource and its capacity
building through open access to S&T Infrastructure across the country by organizing short term
courses/ workshops on the awareness, use and application of various instruments and analytical
techniques.
https://dst.gov.in/rd-infrastructure-0

3. What are the Opportunities and challenges associated with Additive

Manufacturing?

Introduction Additive manufacturing is the process of creating an object by building

it one layer at a time
Body List out Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion To get ahead in the additive manufacturing or 3D printing space, India
must adopt it in all sectors, including in defence and public sectors.

Additive manufacturing is the process of creating an object by building it one layer at a time. It is the
opposite of subtractive manufacturing, in which an object is created by cutting away at a solid block
of material until the final product is complete.
Technically, additive manufacturing can refer to any process where a product is created by building
something up, such as moulding, but it typically refers to 3-D printing.
To create an object using additive manufacturing, someone must first create a design. This is
typically done using computer aided design, or CAD, software, or by taking a scan of the object
someone wants to print. Software then translates the design into a layer by layer framework for the
additive manufacturing machine to follow. This is sent to the 3-D printer, which begins creating the
object immediately

Advantages of 3D printing
 It Is Affordable
o 3D printing is a single-step manufacturing process, so it not only saves you the costs
linked to using different manufacturing processes and machines but also valuable
time.
  Rapid Prototyping
o Can cheaply and quickly create a new prototype with every design modification,
unlike the expensive and lengthy prototype machining process.

 Sturdy and Lightweight Parts

o 3D printing allows complex, organic shapes to be made that are much lighter than
traditionally machined parts.

 Environmentally Friendly
o The use of 3D printing technology reduces the quantity of waste materials created
during the production process.

 Improved Healthcare Facilities

o 3D printing has revolutionized the medical sector as it is now possible to print human
body organs such as hearts, kidneys, and livers.

Disadvantages of 3D Printing

 Restricted Build Size

o The chamber size integrated into 3D printers is usually relatively small, thereby
restricting the part sizes that you can print. Therefore, any larger item needs to be
printed separately and later assembled after its production.
 Job Losses in The Manufacturing Sector
o The use of 3D printing allows you to create prototypes and product designs within a
few hours with one simple step.
o Most of the steps followed in subtractive manufacturing are eradicated, and this helps
save on the cost of labour as fewer people need to be hired to complete the
manufacturing process.
 Not Very User-Friendly
o It is a new technology; there is often an element of trial and error required when
creating parts on a 3D printer.
 Limited Materials
o The materials needed during the manufacturing process are limited, with some still
being developed.
 3D Printing Machines are Expensive
o The materials and equipment used in 3D printing are costly because the initial capital
required to embark on using 3D printing technology is prohibitively expensive.
 Production of Dangerous Items
o Creating explosives, guns, knives as well as other harmful weaponry is theoretically
more accessible because of 3D printing technology.
o This is because it gives people access to a method of manufacturing items in their
own homes that were previously impossible.

To get ahead in the additive manufacturing or 3D printing space, India must adopt it in all sectors,
including in defence and public sectors. The government’s financial support and private funding
would be needed to promote the domestic AM ecosystem and supply chains.
https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/3d-manufacturing-policy-target-of-500-
items-by-2025-7789876/
4. What is IRNSS of ISRO? Highlight various applications of IRNSS.

Introduction The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an

operational name of NavIC, is an autonomous regional satellite navigation
system
Body Highlight the applications areas of IRNSS
Conclusion There are plans to expand the NavIC system by increasing its constellation
size from 7 to 11.

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an operational name of NavIC, is an
autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and
timing services. It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km around it, with plans for further
extension.
IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is
provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to
the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20
meters in the primary service area.

Some applications of IRNSS are:

 Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation
 Disaster Management
 Vehicle tracking and fleet management
 Power Grid Synchronisation
 Location Based Services
 Earth and Atmospheric Studies
 Integration with mobile phones
 Fisheries
 Mining
 Precise Timing
 Mapping and Geodetic data capture
 Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers
 Visual and voice navigation for drivers

NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India and some consumer mobile
phones with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020. There are plans to expand
the NavIC system by increasing its constellation size from 7 to 11.
https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html

5. Discuss the purpose of “VEDAS” portal developed by Space Application centre

of ISRO. List out various application areas of “VEDAS” portal.
Introduction VEDAS stands for Visualisation of Earth Observation Data and Archival
System (VEDAS)
Body Highlight the applications areas
Conclusion VEDAS provides a platform (data, infrastructure and guidance) for
utilisation of information to develop custom crafted geo-spatial applications

VEDAS stands for Visualisation of Earth Observation Data and Archival System (VEDAS). Space
Applications Centre (SAC) is responsible for carrying out research and applications of optical and
microwave remote sensing data in a large number of disciplines. These are also aimed at meeting the
requirements of various user ministries of the country.
The site https://vedas.sac.gov.in depicts vast and varied information that is available at SAC (ISRO).
It provides access to thematic spatial derived data repository over land and natural resource
inventories generated using these data by SAC (ISRO) or SAC in collaboration with other
participating agencies.
The processed data for the Moon and the Mars are also available. The description of the spatial data
(metadata) including the view of the data is provided.
To develop VEDAS, advanced tools and technologies such as satellite remote sensing, Geographical
Information Systems (GIS), Geoprocessing, precise Positioning Systems, database and networking
infrastructure have been utilized.

Applications:
 Vegetation and Crop Monitoring
 Desertification and Land Degradation
 New and Renewable Energy
 Air Quality Monitoring
 Snow and Glaciers
 Urban Sprawl Information System
 Hydrological Science & Applications
 Wetlands
 Coastal Environment
 Polar Science
 Forest Biomass
 Mobile based Data Collection
 Special Products
 Planetary Science
 Geospatial Energy Maps of India

VEDAS provides a platform (data, infrastructure and guidance) for utilisation of information derived
over land using mainly Indian space-borne sensors to develop custom crafted geo-spatial applications
which can feed into or support the decision making system.
https://vedas.sac.gov.in/en/aboutus.html
6. Discuss the initiatives by ISRO for rural development.

Introduction Remote sensing satellites have enabled India to map, monitor and manage
its natural resources. This have huge applications for Rural Development.
Body List out applications
Watershed development
Land Management
MGNREGA
PM Krishi Sinchai etc...
Conclusion Various programmes are carried out by ISRO addressing the developmental
priorities of the country for planning, monitoring and impact assessment

Remote sensing satellites have enabled India to map, monitor and manage its natural resources. Data
generated from them is being used for a variety of applications covering agriculture, water resources,
urban planning, environment, forestry, ocean resources, hydrology, disaster management, biodiversity,
drought monitoring, flood risk zone mapping and mineral prospecting.
Scientists play a key role in providing data and should focus on the requirements of the common man,
more importantly of the farmer, and help in formulating strategies for better Governance

Applications for Rural development:

ISRO has facilitated geo-tagging of nearly 3.68 Crores of assets created under MGNREGA and
uploading the details on Bhuvan geo portal.
Cartosat satellite data was extensively utilised by NRSC for monitoring the progress of 100 irrigation
projects. Satellite derived information on periodic rainfall and groundwater prospects has facilitated
the water resource planners for prioritisation of works.
Satellite-based information should be available for supporting the management plans for rural
development, particularly at village / taluk level to enable decentralised planning.
India is committed to accord high priority to water conservation and its management through
Watershed Development Component of Kisan Sinchaayi Yojana.
Satellite data is being used to verify the execution of works under watershed development programme
and also to assess the impact in terms of additional crop area.
Major efforts of ISRO will help the planners in relation to mapping of various cropping systems,
analysing drought scenarios, preparing plans for crop intensification and locating the available
proximate water resources.
Periodic mapping, monitoring of natural resources like landscape changes, land utilisation, land
degradation, wasteland database would facilitate several projects of rural development.
Potential estimate of power generation in waste lands or suitable land parcels through satellite derived
solar parameters is a classic case of utilisation of satellite data to harness the renewable energy.
 Rural health sanitation improvement programmes are also playing major role in sustainable
development. Several projects are being executed for supporting Ministry of Rural Development and
are useful for governance.
Rural development applications are continuously focussing on water and land conservation through
systematic planning, implementation of development plans in rural sector. Applications of geospatial
solutions and their implementation in rural development sector provide customized near real time
natural resources databases, tools for the analytics and drawing the water and land resources plans.
Various programmes are carried out by ISRO addressing the developmental priorities of the country
for planning, monitoring and impact assessment viz. Monitoring of Integrated Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP), Space Based Information Support for Decentralized Planning (SISDP), and GIS
implementation of MGNREGA (GeoMGNREGA).

7. Discuss the application of Space technologies with regard to Environment and

Climate Change

Introduction Space based remote sensing data helps in identifying the indicators and
agents of climate change.
Body Highlight Broad Ares:
Indicators of climate change
Assessment
Modelling the impact of climate change
Conclusion To provide a sound scientific basis for developing national and
international policy relating to natural and human induced changes in the
Earth system

Climate change forms one of the most important global environmental challenges, with implications
for food production, water supply, health, energy, etc. It is essential to study the impacts of climate
change and thereby suggest mitigation measures.
Space based remote sensing data helps in mapping earth resources, monitoring their changes and
deriving bio-geophysical parameters. All this information helps in identifying the indicators and
agents of climate change.
The space-based inputs can also be integrated with physical simulation models to predict the impact
of climate change. It provides information related to three aspects:
(i) The indicators of climate change
(ii) Assessment of agents of climate change, their sources and distribution pattern and
(iii) Modelling the impact of climate change in various fields and natural resources that would be
of help in planning towards adaptation measures and preparedness.

The detailed objectives of different projects in this regard are:

 Modelling Eco-hydrology of India and Impact of Climate Change

TWater balance analysis and impact of climate change over major and medium rivers basins
of India, snow melt from Indian Himalayan, hilly regions etc.
  Alpine ecosystem dynamics and impact of climate change in Indian Himalaya
this study is about experiment and modelling for the establishment of long term ecological
records in alpine ecosystems of Indian Himalaya.
 Suitability Analysis for Indian Mangroves
Major goal of this study is to characterize mangrove ecosystems of India using remote
sensing data.
 Impact of Global Changes on Marine Ecosystems with special emphasis on Coral Reefs
this study highlights on developing region specific coral bleaching systems for major Indian
Reef regions of India.
 Investigations of Indian monsoon teleconnection with the polar environment processes
the major objective of this study is to develop models for understanding of teleconnection
between the polar environment and Indian monsoon using satellite derived data and indices.

Goal of space based global change observation, together with other observations and studies,
is to provide a sound scientific basis for developing national and international policy relating
to natural and human induced changes in the Earth system.
https://www.sac.gov.in/Vyom/envandclimate.jsp

8. What are the benefits of Human spaceflight programme (Gaganyaan) of

ISRO? List out the major new technologies required for Gaganyaan
programme.

Introduction Briefly Describe Gaganyaan Mission

Body The Human spaceflight programme has both tangible and intangible benefits
for India.
Discuss the benefits
Conclusion Highlight the major new technologies required for Gaganyaan programme

India's maiden human space-flight mission 'Gaganyaan' is expected to be launched in 2024. As part
of this programme, two unmanned missions and one manned mission are approved by the Indian
government.

The first test-flight will be followed by sending a female-looking spacefaring humanoid robot --
VyomMitra -- in outer space likely next year.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will send at least two astronauts into a low earth orbit
(LEO) in 2024 after assessing the outcome of the two orbital test flights.

The objective of this space programme is to demonstrate indigenous capability to undertake human
space flight mission to LEO.

The Human spaceflight programme has both tangible and intangible benefits for India, which
includes:
 1. progress towards a sustained and affordable human and robotic programme to explore the
solar system and beyond;
2. advanced technology capability for undertaking human space exploration,
3. sample return missions and scientific exploration and future capability to actively collaborate
in global space station development
4. To carry out scientific experiments of interest to the nation.
5. It will also create a broad framework for wider academia -- industry partnership in taking up
development activities for national development.
6. It will generate ample scope for employment generation and human resource development in
advanced science and R&D activities.
7. The mission will provide unique opportunity to inspire and excite Indian youth and steer
many students toward careers in science and technology towards challenging jobs that
encourage knowledge, innovation and creativity.
8. The programme will strengthen international partnerships and global security through the
sharing of challenging and peaceful goals.
9. Having a vibrant human spaceflight programme can be leveraged as a potent foreign policy
tool.

The major new technologies required for Gaganyaan programme are

1. human rated launch vehicle,

2. crew escape systems,
3. habitable orbital module,
4. life support system
5. Training and associated crew management activities.
According to ISRO, the uncrewed missions are for technology demonstration, safety and reliability
verification and will be heavily instrumented to study the performance of systems before crewed
flight. https://www.isro.gov.in/Gaganyaan.html

9. Discuss the importance of Biomass Energy as an alternative source of energy.

Also highlight various resources for biomass feedstock.

Introduction Biomass is an organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial

and aquatic and their derivatives
Body List out Various Biomass Sources:
Crop residue
Anil Waste
Food Processing Etc.
Conclusion India is a tropical country blessed with sunshine and rains and thus
offers an ideal environment for Biomass production
 Biomass being a product of natural resources viz. land, water, air and sun’s energy, gives
much hope as an alternative, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Biomass is an organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial and aquatic and their
derivatives. Plant materials use the sun’s energy to convert atmospheric carbon -di-oxide to
sugars during photosynthesis. On combustion of the Biomass, energy is released as the sugars
are converted back to carbon-di-oxide.

Thus energy is harnessed and released in a short time frame, making Biomass a renewable
energy source. Though fossil fuels have also been derived from atmospheric carbon -di-oxide,
the time frame is very long - in the order of millions of years as compared to a few years in
case of Biomass.

Currently, Biomass contributes 14% of the total energy supply worldwide and 38% of this
energy is consumed in developing countries, predominantly in the rural and traditional
sectors of the economy.

Biomass feedstock is an organic matter used as fuel for heat/gas/electricity generation.

The resource of biomass feedstock can be categorized as follows:

1 Crop Residue Bagasse (sugarcane residue), Corn stalk, Rice hulls & Rice-
straw, wheat straw, Nutshells

2 Animal Waste Animal excrement (manure). Animal by-product from

processing.

3 Food Processing Potato waste, Cheese whey waste, Fruit pits, Leftover sludge
Waste and other energy-rich FPW.

4 Wood waste Wood waste includes any type of wood or wood-based

product.

India is a tropical country blessed with sunshine and rains and thus offers an ideal
environment for Biomass production. Further, the vast agricultural potential, also makes
available huge agro-residues to meet the energy needs.

https://www.ireda.in/biomass-power-generation

10. What are the advantages of Nuclear energy? Highlight the challenges associated
with it in Indian Context.

Introduction The Indian government plans to triple its nuclear power generation
capacity in the next decade.
 Body Advantages with regard to Energy Security, Net Zero Emissions, Land
requirement, etc...
Highlight Challenges

Conclusion Overcoming these challenges will be critical as India strives to reduce

its dependency on coal and achieve its net-zero targets

The Indian government plans to triple its nuclear power generation capacity in the next decade.
India is heavily dependent on coal, which is highly polluting, for most of its electricity generation,
leading to the country having some of the world’s most polluted cities.

The government is striving to move towards cleaner forms of energy to address the problem, and
nuclear is an option, given that it is a zero-emission source of energy.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy:

 India's power needs are set to grow over the coming years as the population and economy
expands. This means that the country also needs to ensure its energy security. Nuclear
energy is important for Energy Security.
 As the country's appetite for energy rises, developing alternatives to fossil-fuel power is
becoming more urgent. India can meet its net-zero targets with nuclear power.
 The surge in global commodity prices is also another warning sign that India needs to
reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.
 Nuclear Energy has no greenhouse gases or air pollutants.
 It requires 360 times less land than a similar-capacity wind farm and 75 times less land than
solar plants.
 Solar and wind energy are intermittent and unstable. Nuclear Energy is much more reliable.

Challenges:

 Initial high costs will be main obstacle for India’s nuclear power ambitions.
 Delays Associated with Nuclear Projects
 public opposition over safety concerns
 Issues with India's nuclear liability law,

Overcoming these challenges will be critical as India strives to reduce its dependency on coal and
achieve its net-zero targets, with nuclear likely to be an important part of the solution to these
problems

https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/2022/08/29/why-india-is-pushing-ahead-with-nuclear-
power-plans/
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test - 47 (19-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1Q) Discuss the importance of Various Nutrients (Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals,

etc..) for the human body. Also Highlight the issues caused due to their
Deficiency.
Approach:

Introduction Nutritious diet is vital for proper growth and development in

humans
Body Discuss the Importance of:
Proteins
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Conclusion Need for Balanced Diet.
Answer:
Nutritious diet is vital for proper growth and development in humans. It helps in
preventing diseases, besides maintaining the body metabolism for physical- and mental-
well being. Food provides energy, protein, essential fats, vitamins, antioxidants and
minerals to meet our daily metabolic requirement. Most of them cannot be synthesized
in human body, therefore are to be supplemented through diet.
Nutritional factors:
 Protein: It provides essential amino acids for growth and tissue repair. Its
deficiency leads to poor intellectual development, disorderly physical functioning
and even mortality.
 Lysine: It is a building block in protein synthesis besides serving as precursor for
several neurotransmitters and metabolic regulators. Deficiency of lysine leads to

1
 fatigue, dizziness, nausea, anaemia, delayed growth, loss of appetite and
degeneration of reproductive tissue.
 Tryptophan: It is also a building block of proteins, and functions as precursors for
several neurotransmitters and regulators of metabolic pathways. Its deficiency
leads to depression, anxiety and impatience.
Weight loss and slow growth in children are the major symptoms of tryptophan
deficiency.
 Iron: It is a mineral element required for the proper functioning of muscle and
brain tissues. It carries oxygen from the lungs to various tissues by red blood cell
haemoglobin. The occurrence of anaemia is the most common characteristics of
iron deficiency in human. Deficiency of iron also causes retarded growth and
development.
 Zinc: It is a mineral element which serves as cofactor in as many as 300 enzymes
required in humans. It is required for the regulation of synthesis and degradation
of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Zinc deficiency leads to
retardation in growth, loss of appetite, impaired immune function and increased
susceptibility to infections.
 Calcium: It is a mineral element required to build and maintain strong bones and
teeth. It also plays a vital role in muscle movement and
cardiovascular function. Deficiency of calcium leads to osteoporosis which causes
the bones to become brittle. Dental problems, cataracts and alterations in the
brain are the other associated symptoms.
 Vitamin-A: It is also called as retinol and is essentially required for the normal
functioning of the visual system, growth and development, maintenance of
epithelial cell integrity, immune system and reproduction. Night blindness is the
hallmark of vitamin-A deficiency. Further chances of anaemia, diarrhoea, measles,
malaria and respiratory infections are also enhanced.
 Vitamin-C: It is required for metabolism and repair of various tissues such as skin,
bone, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin-C helps in iron absorption from the
gastrointestinal tract. Deficiency leads to scurvy which is characterized by
bleeding gums, bruising and poor wound healing in the teeth and is also associated
with joint and muscle pains.

2Q) What is food Fortification? Discuss the advantages and challenges related to
Food fortification.
Approach:

Introduction Describe Food fortification

Body Advantages of Food Fortification
Conclusion Challenges

2
Food fortification: It is a process of physically adding vital nutrients to the food in order
to enrich it. For example,
(i) iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 fortified wheat and rice flour,
(ii) iron and iodine fortified salts,
(iii) vitamin-A and vitamin-D fortified oil and milk
Advantages of Food Fortification:
 Safer Method of Fortification. It is worth noting that these varieties are not
genetically modified — they have been developed through conventional crop
breeding techniques by the scientists.
 The addition of micronutrients to food does not pose a health risk to people. The
quantity added is so small and so well regulated as per prescribed standards.
 Increase in Nutritional Value
 Since the nutrients are added to staple foods that are widely consumed, this is an
excellent method to improve the health of a large section of the population, all at
once.
 It does not require any changes in food habits and patterns of people. It is a socio-
culturally acceptable way to deliver nutrients to people.
 It does not alter the characteristics of the food—the taste, the feel, the look.
 It can be implemented quickly as well as show results in improvement of health in
a relatively short period of time.
 This method is cost-effective especially if advantage is taken of the existing
technology and delivery platforms.
Challenges:
(i) Not a Substitute of Good Nutrition. While fortified foods contain increased amounts
of selected micronutrients, they are not a substitute for a good quality diet that
supplies adequate amounts of energy, protein, essential fats and other food
constituents required for optimal health.
(ii) Fails to Cater to the Poorest Segment of the Population. Poorest segments of the
general population have restricted access to fortified foods in the open markets due
to low purchasing power and an underdeveloped distribution channel.
(iii) Evidence supporting fortification is inconclusive and certainly not adequate before
major national policies are rolled out.
(iv) Many of the studies which promote fortification are sponsored by food companies
who would benefit from it, leading to conflicts of interest.
(v) Can Have Detrimental Effects. Adding one or two synthetic chemical vitamins and
minerals will not solve the larger problem, and in undernourished populations can
lead to many detrimental effects like toxicity. Ex: A study showed iron fortification
causing gut inflammation and pathogenic gut microbiota profile in undernourished
children.
(vi) Decrease Value of Natural Food. Once iron-fortified rice is sold as the remedy to
anaemia, the value and the choice of naturally iron-rich foods like millets, varieties

3
 of green leafy vegetables, flesh foods, liver, to name a few, will have been
suppressed.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/experts-raise-concerns-over-mandatory-
fortification-of-food-items/article35685066.ece

3Q) Discuss the Applications of Following Aromatic Plants:

a) Lemongrass
b) Mint
c) Davana
d) Geranium
e) Patchouli
Approach:

Introduction Mention Utility of each of the Aromatic Plants

Body a) Lemongrass
b) Mint
c) Davana
d) Geranium
e) Patchouli

Answer:
LEMONGRASS: `Lemongrass Oil' obtained from the leaves and shoot of the Lemongrass
plant.
Uses
Confectionery, Culinary Purposes, Drugs, Flavoring, Insect repellents, Liquors, Perfumery
• The lemongrass oil is mainly used in the manufacture of perfume for soaps, hair oils,
scents and medicines. It also has the antibacterial properties.
• Ionone prepared from the Citral present in lemongrass oil is one of the most
important raw materials for the preparation of vitamin `A'. In addition to its use in
perfumery, Ionone is used in certain kinds of confectionery and liquors. Ionone can
be prepared either directly from the lemongrass oil or from the citral obtained from
the oil.
Mint:
Uses
Cosmetics, Culinary purposes, Flavouring and Perfumery
• Mints, the evergreen herb (foliage), on distillation yield essential oils containing a
large variety of aroma-chemicals in varying composition. These oils and their
aroma-chemicals in pure form command a large and world-wide demand in trade.
• By and large, Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint and bergamot mint are
extensively cultivated for their oil and aroma-isolates like menthol, carvone, linalyl-

4
 acetate and linalool for use in pharmaceutical, food flavour, cosmetics, beverages
and allied industries.
• In recent years, a number of minor constituents of these oils have also come to
generate demand for several uses
Davana: Davana is an important annual aromatic herb, much prized in India for its
delicate fragrance.
Uses
Cosmetics, Flavouring beverages, confectionery, tobacco and perfumery
• Davana sprigs are commonly used in garlands, bouquets and religious offering in
most part of the year.
• The leaves and flowers contain essential oil valued for its exquisite and delicate
aroma and is used in high grade perfumes and cosmetics.
The essential oil of davana which is a brown viscous liquid with rich fruity odour has
acquired considerable reputation in the International trade particularly in USA and Japan
where it is being used for flavouring cakes, pastries, tobacco and beverages
GERANIUM
Uses
Cosmetics, Perfumery
• Geranium is one of the important aromatic plants, yielding an essential oil which is
highly priced for its very profound and strong rose like odour.
• The chief constituent of the oil are geraniol and citronellol
• The pure geranium oil is almost a perfume by itself and blends well with all other
perfumes.
PATCHOULI
Uses
Perfumery, toiletry and tobacco
• Essential oil is one of the best fixatives for heavy perfumes which imparts strength,
character, alluring notes and lasting qualities.
• It is a perfume by itself and is highly valued in perfume, soaps, cosmetics and flavour
industries.
https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/medicinal-
and-aromatic-plants/medicinal-aromatic-crops

4Q) What is DNA Fingerprinting? List out various applications of DNA

Fingerprinting Technology.
Approach:

Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual

from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their
DNA
Body Discuss about
Basic Background

5
 Minisatellites
Utility
Conclusion It is important to note that the technology establishes
individual’s identity by probing only a very small variable
region of their DNA
Answer:
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by
looking at unique patterns in their DNA
 Almost every cell in our body contains our DNA. On average, about 99.9 per cent
of the DNA between two humans is the same. The remaining percentage is what
makes a human unique.
 Although this might sound like a small amount, there are around three million
base pairs that are different between two people. These differences can be
compared and used to help distinguish one from someone else.
 Minisatellites are short sequences (10-60 base pairs long) of repetitive DNA that
show greater variation from one person to the next than other parts of the
genome. This variation is exhibited in the number of repeated units or ‘stutters’ in
the minisatellite sequence.
 DNA fingerprinting is a technique that simultaneously detects lots of minisatellites
in the genome to produce a pattern unique to an individual. This is a DNA
fingerprint.
 The probability of having two people with the same DNA fingerprint that are not
identical twins is very small.
 Just like actual fingerprint, DNA fingerprint will be unique to an Individual.
DNA Fingerprinting has seen success in Various Applications Like:
 Establishing paternity and maternity
 Identification of a missing child and mutilated body
 Identification of criminals in cases of rape, murder and assassination
 Immigration purposes
 Pedigree analysis of farm animals
 Assessment of inbreeding
 Plant variety identification
 Sexing of biological samples
 Wildlife forensics
 Wildlife conservation
 Biodiversity conservation
It is also important to note that the technology establishes individual’s identity by
probing only a very small variable region of their DNA. This region does not lead to any
information such as their medical history or ethnic background.

https://www.csir.res.in/dna-fingerprinting-technology-its-success-and-future

6
5Q) What is “IndiGau”? Discuss its significance.
Approach:

Introduction “IndiGau’ is the India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip for the
conservation of pure varieties of indigenous cattle breeds
Body Discuss about the importance of Indigenous breeds and their
conservation through the chip.
Conclusion IndiGau chip will be useful in identifying superior breeds of
bull.

Answer:
“IndiGau’ is the India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip for the conservation of pure varieties of
indigenous cattle breeds like, Gir, Kankrej, Sahiwal, Ongole etc.
 This indigenous chip was developed by the concerted efforts of scientists of
National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NAIB), Hyderabad, an autonomous
institution under the aegis of the Department of Biotechnology.
 It is based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), IndiGau is purely
indigenous and the largest cattle chip of the world. It has 11,496 markers.
 This chip can be used to identify the pure indigenous breeds of cows to segregate
them from mixed background to conserve germ plasm of native indigenous cows,
as they contain many valuable traits.
 In the long run, this chip can be used for genomic selection of indigenous cattle,
especially elite bulls, for important economic traits like milk yield, disease
resistance and heat tolerance.

To meet the growing demand of milk in India several crossbreeding programs were
taken up and every state has its own crossbreeding policy. This resulted in breed dilution

7
of our valuable indigenous cattle in their native breeding tract leaving behind very few
purebreds in comparison to graded cattle.
For genomic selection to be implemented in India, there is an urgent need to identify
the purebreds. The chip developed would identify the admixture in Indian cattle for
selection of purebreds so that they can be segregated and propagated. In the long run, the
chip will help in identifying productive bulls at a very early age. This may further help in
increased genetic gain and reduction of generation interval.
The genes of the indigenous cattle make them drought-tolerant; they can withstand
the hot Indian summers. The same cannot be said for the foreign or hybrid varieties of
cattle. IndiGau chip will be useful in identifying superior breeds of bull.

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1745479

8
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS Test - 48 (20-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

1Q) What Causes Tuberculosis? What are the Types of Tuberculosis? List out
Initiatives by the Government of India for TB eradication.
Appraoch:

Introduction TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that

most often affect the lungs but not just lungs but also other
parts.

Body Discuss the Types of TB

List out Initiatives like:
National Strategic Plan
BCG vaccine
Nikshay poshan etc..
Conclusion Tuberculosis is a preventable and treatable disease. Govt. of
India has made commitment to make India TB–free by 2025 by
ensuring access to quality healthcare and advanced treatment.
Answer:
TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs
but not just lungs but also other parts.

 Bacteria are spread through the air, just like a cold or the flu.
 When people with lung TB cough, sneeze, or spit, they propel the TB germs into
the air.
 WHO (World Health Organization) said the spread of TB is due to
1) Low Immunity
2) High density and Closed space.

1
 3) No health and hygiene (spitting).
Risks factors: The most common risk factor associated with TB is HIV and other
conditions that impair the immune system. Other risk factors include Tobacco use,
Malnutrition, and Alcoholism.
Types of Tuberculosis
 Latent TB. TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called
latent TB infection. In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become
infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. People
with latent TB infection Have no symptoms..
 Active TB. TB bacteria become active if the immune system can't stop them from
growing. When TB bacteria are active (multiplying in your body), this is called TB
disease
 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria
that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line
anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.
 Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a more serious form of MDR-TB
caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB
drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options.
Initiatives by the government for TB eradication
 National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination 2017-2025
 National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP)- Centrally Sponsored Scheme
 TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign
 Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine included in the Indradhanush program.
 National TB Elimination Programme to meet the goal of ending the TB epidemic
by 2025 the country, five years ahead of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
for 2030
 Two vaccines VPM (Vaccine Project Management) 1002 and MIP (Mycobacterium
Indicus Pranii) have been developed and are under Phase-3 clinical trial.
 Nikshay Poshan Yojana: It provides Rs 500 support through direct benefit transfer
to the patients.
 The government has also focused on utilizing technology and creating digital
health IDs for TB patients under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Health Mission to
ensure proper diagnostics and treatment are available.
Tuberculosis is a preventable and treatable disease. Govt. of India has made commitment
to make India TB–free by 2025 by ensuring access to quality healthcare and advanced
treatment.

2
2Q) What causes Malaria? List out various Malaria Control Strategies.
Appraoch:

Introduction Malaria is a potentially life threatening parasitic disease

Body Describe various control strategies:
1. Early case Detection and Prompt Treatment
2. Vector Control
3. Community Participation
4. Environmental Management & Source Reduction
Methods
5. Monitoring and Evaluation

Conclusion The government proposes to attain the status of “zero

indigenous cases” by 2027, maintain it up to 2030, and get the
WHO certification of malaria-free India by 2030.
Answer:
Malaria is a potentially life threatening parasitic disease caused by parasites known as
Plasmodium viviax (P.vivax), Plasmodium falciparum (P.falciparum), Plasmodium
malariae (P.malariae)and Plasmodium ovale (P.ovale)

 It is transmitted by the infective bite of Anopheles mosquito. One develops disease

after 10 to 14 days of being bitten by an infective mosquito. There are two types
of parasites of human malaria, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, which are
commonly reported from India.
 Inside the human host, the parasite undergoes a series of changes as part of its
complex life cycle. (Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite). The parasite completes
life cycle in liver cells and red blood cells. Infection with P.falciparum is the most
deadly form of malaria.
MALARIA CONTROL STRATEGIES
1. Early case Detection and Prompt Treatment (EDPT)
 EDPT is the main strategy of malaria control - radical treatment is necessary for
all the cases of malaria to prevent transmission of malaria.
 Chloroquine is the main anti-malaria drug for uncomplicated malaria.
 Drug Distribution Centres (DDCs) and Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) have been
established in the rural areas for providing easy access to anti-malarial drugs to
the community.
 Alternative drugs for chloroquine resistant malaria are recommended as per the
drug policy of malaria.
2. Vector Control
(i) Chemical Control
o Use of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) with insecticides recommended under the
programnme

3
 o Use of chemical larvicides like Abate in potable water
o Aerosol space spray during day time
o Malathion fogging during outbreaks
(ii) Biological Control
o Use of larvivorous fish in ornamental tanks, fountains etc.
o Use of biocides.
(iii) Personal Prophylatic Measures that individuals/communities can take up
o Use of mosquito repellent creams, liquids, coils, mats etc.
o Screening of the houses with wire mesh
o Use of bednets treated with insecticide
o Wearing clothes that cover maximum surface area of the body
3. Community Participation
o Sensitizing and involving the community for detection of Anopheles breeding
places and their elimination
o NGO schemes involving them in programme strategies
4. Environmental Management & Source Reduction Methods
o Source reduction i.e. filling of the breeding places
o Proper covering of stored water
o Channelization of breeding source
5. Monitoring and Evaluation of the programme
o Monthly Computerized Management Information System(CMIS)
o Field visits by state by State National Programme Officers
o Field visits by Malaria Research Centres and other ICMR Institutes
o Feedback to states on field observations for correction actions.
The government proposes to attain the status of “zero indigenous cases” by 2027,
maintain it up to 2030, and get the WHO certification of malaria-free India by 2030. In
this direction India has made significant progress according to the figures of the Union
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index.php

4
3Q) What causes Mucormycosis? What are the common symptoms? How it is
related with COVID-19?
Appraoch:

Introduction Mucormycosis or black fungus is a complication caused by

fungal infection
Body Discuss the risk factors and their relation with
COVID-19
Conclusion End with Treatment methods.
Answer:
Mucormycosis or black fungus is a complication caused by fungal infection. People catch
mucormycosis by coming in contact with the fungal spores in the environment. It can also
develop on the skin after the fungus enters the skin through a cut, scrape, burn, or other
type of skin trauma.

 The disease is caused by a set of micro-organisms known as mucormycetes, which

are present naturally in the environment, seen mostly in soil and in decaying
organic matter like leaves, compost and piles.
 In normal course, our body’s immune system successfully fights such fungal
infections. However, we know that COVID-19 affects our immune system.
Moreover, the treatment of COVID-19 patients involves intake of drugs like
dexamethasone, which suppress our immune system response. Due to these
factors, COVID-19 patients face a renewed risk of failing the battle against attacks
mounted by organisms such as mucormycetes.
According to an advisory issued by the Indian Council of Medical Research, the following
conditions in COVID-19 patients increase the risk of mucormycosis infection:
1. Uncontrolled diabetes
2. Weakening of immune system due to use of steroids
3. Prolonged ICU/hospital stay
4. Co-morbidities / post organ transplant / cancer
5. Voriconazole therapy (used to treat serious fungal infections)
But this does not mean that every COVID patient will get infected by Mucormycosis. The
disease is uncommon in those not having diabetes but can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Chances of recovery depend upon early diagnosis and treatment.
Symptoms & Treatment:
Mucormycosis begins to manifest as skin infection in the air pockets located behind our
forehead, nose, cheekbones, and in between the eyes and teeth. It then spreads to eyes,
lungs and can even spread to the brain. It leads to blackening or discoloration over the
nose, blurred or double vision, chest pain, breathing difficulties and coughing of blood.
While the infection may just begin with a skin infection, it can spread to other parts of the
body. Treatment involves surgically removing all dead and infected tissue. In some

5
patients, this may result in loss of upper jaw or sometimes even the eye. Cure may also
involve a 4-6 weeks course of intravenous anti-fungal therapy.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1718501

4Q) What is Vaccine Hesitancy? Discuss the reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy. Suggest
Way forward.
Appraoch:

Introduction WHO defines Vaccine hesitancy as a delay in acceptance or

refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination
services
Body Write various Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy

Suggest Way forward.

Conclusion A collaborative effort between paediatricians, family doctors,

parents, public health officials, governments, the technology
sector, and civil society will allow myths and misinformation
around vaccination to be dispelled.

Answer:
World Health Organization (WHO) in a report held that Vaccine hesitancy is among the
top 10 threats to global health. WHO defines Vaccine hesitancy as a delay in acceptance
or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services. Vaccine hesitancy
has been reported in more than 90% of countries in the world.
Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy
1. The main issue with Vaccine hesitancy is misinformation.
2. Religious propaganda that the vaccine may contain microbes, chemicals and
animal-derived products which is forbidden by religious laws.
3. Social media is used in stirring fear in people by falsely blaming vaccines for
unrelated diseases is the bedrock of the Vaccine hesitancy all across the globe.
4. Recently some sections in India are refraining from the polio vaccine. This is due
to the misconception that the polio vaccine caused illness, infertility and was
ineffective.
5. Vaccine-derived diseases: Oral Polio Vaccines (OPV) contains weakened but live
poliovirus. This virus from the vaccine is excreted by immunized children which
can move from one person to another.This allows the virus to stick around and
mutate to a more virulent form, raising the threat of vaccine-derived poliovirus
(VDPV).
6. Inconvenience in accessing vaccines is also the leading cause of Vaccine hesitancy.
Way Forward

6
  Vaccination as the default approach: Some countries have implemented specific
sanctions for Vaccine hesitant families. Like—unvaccinated children cannot be
enrolled at nurseries or schools, parents of children who are not vaccinated are
denied the universal Family Allowance welfare payments etc..
 Building trust: Vaccine manufacturer can provide honest information about side
effects and reassurance on a robust vaccine safety system.
 They can also provide vaccination-related FAQ's, answering questions on benefits,
safety, and immunologic aspects of vaccines and links to a number of online
resources for physicians and parents.
 Digital Algorithms: Google, Facebook and other such platforms can be requested
to make sure that users only get to see the credible, science-based information
about the vaccines.
The influential person or celebrities should come forward to dispel the myths leading
to Vaccine hesitancy.
A collaborative effort between paediatricians, family doctors, parents, public health
officials, governments, the technology sector, and civil society will allow myths and
misinformation around vaccination to be dispelled.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1726211

5Q) India approval world’s first COVID-19 DNA based ‘ZyCov-D’ vaccine. What are
DNA Vaccines? What are its advantages and associated challenges?
Appraoch:

Introduction DNA vaccines, which are often referred to as the third-

generation vaccines, use engineered DNA to induce an
immunologic response
Body Benefits
1. Stability and Safety
2. Efficacy
3. Rapid and Scalable Manufacturing

Conclusion Conclude with Associated Challenges.

Answer:
Zydus Cadila has received approval for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the
Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for ZyCoV-D, the world’s first and India’s
indigenously developed DNA based vaccine for COVID-19 to be administered in humans
including Children and adults 12 years
 DNA vaccines, which are often referred to as the third-generation vaccines, use
engineered DNA to induce an immunologic response in the host against bacteria,
parasites, viruses, and potentially cancer

7
  Like any other type of vaccine, DNA vaccines induce an adaptive immune
response. The basic working principle behind any DNA vaccine involves the use of
a DNA plasmid that encodes for a protein that originated from the pathogen in
which the vaccine will be targeted.

BENEFITS
1. Stability and Safety
 DNA Vaccines are non-infectious
 Carries no potential toxicity from viral vectors
 Non-replicating and non-integrating plasmid carrying the gene of interest
making it very safe

2. Efficacy and Boosting

 Stimulate both the humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune system
 DNA Vaccines pose minimal risk of anti-vector immunity

3. Rapid and Scalable Manufacturing

 Ease of manufacturing related to minimal biosafety requirements
 Rapid development from concept to human in 5 months
 Improved vaccine stability and lower cold chain requirements
CHALLENGES:
 Relatively limited data on safety and efficacy in humans
 Risk of development of anti-nuclear antibodies
 Induction of Antibiotic Resistance
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1747669

8
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS – Grand TEST (21-12-2022)
Time: 2 Hour Max Marks: 100

1Q) What is Malnutrition? What are the various forms of Malnutrition? What are
the Steps Taken by Government of India to Address Malnutrition?
Answer:
Malnutrition is caused by consumption of unbalanced diet.It affects most of the world’s
population at some point in their lifecycle during infancy to old age. Every country
experiences one or the other form of malnutrition. It affects all geographies, age groups
and people from rich to poor.
Malnutrition exists in different forms:

 Undernutrition: Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough food.

 Stunting: Low height as per age in children under five years of age due to limited
access to food, health and care.
 Wasting: Thin for their height in children under five years of age because of acute
food shortages or disease.
 Micronutrient deficiencies: Suboptimal nutritional status caused by lack of
intake, absorption or use of one or more vitamins or minerals.
 Moderate and severe thinness or underweight: A body mass index (BMI =
weight in kg/height in m2) <18.5 indicates underweight in adult populations,
while a BMI <17.0 indicates moderate and severe thinness.
 Overweight and obesity: Excessive weight as per height is classified as
overweight and obesity in adults. BMI ≥25 is considered overweight, while ≥30 is
treated as obesity
Steps Taken by Government to Address Malnutrition:
 The Government has accorded high priority to the issue of malnutrition and is
implementing several schemes like Anganwadi Services, Scheme for Adolescent
Girls and Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) under the Umbrella
 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme as direct targeted
interventions to address the problem of malnutrition in the country.
 The beneficiaries under the Anganwadi Services scheme are children in the age
group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and lactating mothers. The supplementary
nutrition is provided to pregnant women & Lactating mothers in the type of Take
Home Ration.
 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) is implemented with an aim to
provide cash incentive to improve health seeking behaviour amongst the Pregnant
Women & Lactating Mothers (PW&LM) and compensate for partial wage loss.
 POSHAN Abhiyaan, aims to achieve improvement in nutritional status of
Adolescent Girls, Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers in a time bound manner
by adopting a synergised and result oriented approach.
Steps have been taken to improve nutritional quality and testing in accredited labs,
strengthen delivery and leverage technology under Poshan Tracker to improve
governance.

2Q) What is Integrated Farming System? List out various advantages of Integrated
Farming System.
Answer:
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an interdependent, interrelated often
interlocking production systems based on few crops, animals and related subsidiary
enterprises in such a way that maximize the utilization of nutrients of each system and
minimize the negative effects of these enterprises on environment.
 The interrelated, inter-dependent interlocking nature of IFS involves the
utilization of primary produce and secondary produce of one system, as basic
input of the other system, thus making them mutually integrated as one whole
unit.
 The main purpose of integrated farming is that the farming components
 support one another, hence, reducing external inputs. It is based on the concept
that ‘there is no waste’ and ‘waste is only a misplaced resource’ which becomes a
valuable material for another product
 In general farmers work hard but do not make profit, due to high cost of
production and inputs. However, the emergence of Integrated Farming Systems
(IFS) has enabled the feasibility of small sized farming operations in relation to
larger ones.
 Integrated farming system is a commonly and broadly used word to explain a
more integrated approach to farming as compared to monoculture approaches. It
refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production or
integrate fish and livestock and may sometimes be known as Integrated Bio
systems. In this system, an inter-related set of enterprises is used so that the
“waste” from one component becomes an input for another part of the system,
which reduces cost and improves production and/or income.
  The IFS approach has multiple objectives of sustainability, food security and
poverty reduction. It involves the use of outputs of one enterprises component as
inputs for other related enterprises wherever feasible, for example, cattle dung
mixed with crop residues and farm waste can be converted into nutrient rich
vermicompost.

Uses:
 Enhanced productivity
 Recycling of resources
 Reduction in production cost
 Enhanced efficiency in resource utilization
 Reduced investment risk through diversification of crops.
 Sustainability
 Increased income
 Improve standard of living

3Q) What is food Adulteration? Discuss the initiatives of Food Safety and
Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to combat food adulteration.
Answer:

Food adulteration is an act of adding or mixing of poor quality, inferior, harmful,

substandard, useless or unnecessary substances to food. This act of spoiling the nature
and quality of food items is considered food adulteration.

Providing good quality food is thus of considerable importance for public health and the
national economy.
Reasons for adulteration:

 For increasing the bulk or quantity of a food item by adding cheaper substitutes
and making greater profits. For Ex. A shopkeeper may add water to milk or stones
to food grains.
 To save money, a sweet maker may place aluminium foil instead of silver foil on
the sweets he makes
 To mask food spoilage and ignorance of the people handling food. For Ex: Poor
quality fruits, vegetables and pulses are sometimes artificially coloured to give
them the fresh look
 To improve their consumer appeal. Thus several prepared food items being sold
in restaurants and eateries such as rice and meat 176 preparations, sweets etc.
have added colour because the consumer prefers it.
 Preservation of food for supply to distant places and to avoid its wastage during
the glut season. The milk vendors very commonly add chemicals like sodium
bicarbonate to neutralise developed acidity in the milk and increase the shelf life.

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Measures:

To prevent food adulteration regular surveillance, monitoring, inspection and random

sampling of food products, including edible oil, are being carried out by Food Safety
Officers of States/UT and action has been initiated against as per the provisions of FSS
Act, 2006 against the defaulting Food Business Operators.

 In order to ensure the availability of good quality foodstuffs to the consumers and
for keeping a check on problem of food adulteration, the state food safety
authorities have been advised from time to time to keep a strict vigil by regularly
drawing food samples from all sources viz. Manufacturers, wholesalers and
retailers and to take strict action against the offenders under the provisions of FSS
Act, 2006.
 FSSAI has strengthened the food testing ecosystem by notifying 263 primary food
testing labs across the country; and state food testing labs under a Central Sector
Scheme “Strengthening of Food Testing System in the Country including provision
of Mobile Food Testing Labs (SoFTeL)”.
 FSSAI has released a booklet called ‘Detect Adulteration with Rapid Test (DART)’
which covers more than 50 common quick tests for detection of food adulterants
at household by the citizens themselves so as to induce awareness among the
consumers about food safety.
 DART book is available on website of FSSAI. FSSAI has also introduced a policy for
adoption of Rapid Analytical Food Testing (RAFT) Kit/Equipment/Method for
regulatory purpose.

Several laws have been enacted and implemented by the Central and State
Governments to help maintain food quality at various stages from production through
storage, processing, internal and external trade and consumption.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1604954#:~:text=To%20prevent%20
food%20adulteration%20regular,the%20defaulting%20Food%20Business%20Operat
ors.

4Q) What are genetically modified crops? Discuss the Regulatory framework for
GM crops in India.
Answer:

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any living organism whose genetic

material has been modified to include certain desirable techniques. Genetic modification
has previously been used for the large-scale production of insulin, vaccines, and more. In
crops, genetic modification involves the manipulation of DNA.

 Soyabean, maize, cotton, and canola with herbicide tolerance and insect resistance
are the most widely grown GM crops around the world.
 To genetically modify a crop, the gene of interest is identified and isolated from
the host organism. It is then incorporated into the DNA of the crop to be grown.
The performance of the GM crop is tested under strict laboratory and field
conditions.
 Indian farmers started cultivating Bt cotton, a pest-resistant, genetically modified
version of cotton, in 2002-03.

Regulatory framework in India

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), under the Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), is responsible for the assessment
of proposals related to the release of genetically engineered organisms and products into
the environment, including experimental field trials.

GEAC or people authorised by it have the power to take punitive actions under the
Environment Protection Act.

Acts and rules that regulate GM crops in India include:

 Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)

 Biological Diversity Act, 2002

 Plant Quarantine Order, 2003

 GM policy under Foreign Trade Policy

 Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006

 Drugs and Cosmetics Rule (8th Amendment), 1988

Strict regulations are in place to control threats to animal health, human safety, and
biodiversity at large during the processes of development, cultivation and transboundary
movement of GM crops.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-genetically-modified-crops-and-
their-regulation-in-india/article66071153.ece

5Q) Discuss the importance of following Medicinal Crops:

1. Amla
2. Ashwagandha
3. Glory Lilly
4. Isabgol
5. Long pepper

Answer:

Amla:

 Amla is an important crop in Ayurveda

 Fruits have the richest source of vitamin-C (700 mg per 100 g of fruits)
Medicinal properties:

 laxative, antibiotic and anti-dysenteric.

 Phyllemblin, obtained from fruit pulp has been found to have mild depressant
action on central nervous system.
 Good liver tonic
 Good demand from the industries for the preparation of various health care
products also like hair oil, dye, shampoo, face creams and tooth powder.

ASHWAGANDHA

 The drug is mainly used in Ayurvedic and Unani preparation.

 The paste prepared out of its leaves is used for curing inflammation of tubercular
glands and that of its roots for curing skin diseases, bronchitis and ulcers. Roots
are mostly used for curing general weakness in human beings.
 As an insecticide, they are useful for killing lice infesting the body. An ointment
prepared by boiling the leaves, in fact, is useful for bed-sores and wounds.
 The fresh leaf juice is also applied for anthrax pustules.

GLORY LILY

 Seeds are rich source of Colchicine used against gout, rheumatism and in botanical
researches inducing polyploidy.
 The tubers are sued as tonic, antipatriotic, antihelmenthic and also against snake
bite in Indian systems of medicine.

ISABGOL

 India is the largest producer and exporter of this crop in the world.
 The seed husk is used to cure inflammation of the mucus membrane of
gastrointestinal and genito-urinary tracts, chronic constipation, dysentery,
duodenal ulcers, gonorrhea and piles.
 It is also used in calico printing, setting lotions and food industry.

LONG PEPPER

 In Ayurveda the root is used as tonic to the liver fruit is said to possess haematinic,
diuretic, digestive, general tonic properties, besides being useful in inflammation
of the liver, pains in the joints, snakebite, scorpion sting and night blindness.

https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/medicinal-
and-aromatic-plants/medicinal-aromatic-crops
6Q) What is Bioremediation? Explain various types of Bioremediation strategies.
Answer:

Bioremediation refers to the use of living organisms to remove contaminants,

pollutants, or unwanted substances from soil or water.This technology mainly utilizes
microbes.

Various factors necessary for the process of bioremediation are as follows;

 Microbial Population for the biological degradation.

 Availability of contaminants to degrade.
 Environmental Factors such as temperature, pH, nutrients, the presence of
oxygen, and other electron acceptors, and also the kinds of soils.

Types of Bioremediation

Based on Strategies Applied:

 Percolation comprises of put on water, having nutrients and perhaps a microbial

inoculum, to the exterior of a polluted part. It permits to filter into the soil and
blend with the groundwater.
 Bioventing is a technique of aeration of an unsaturated area by installing a well for
drawing a vacuum on the soil with the associated blowers and pumps.
 Air sparging is just the opposite of bioventing, otherwise called biosparging. It is
the aeration of a saturated area with contaminated soil
 Bioslurping is another strategy for purifying groundwater and soil (having
pollutants like petroleum hydrocarbons) by combining bioventing of surface soil
with vacuum-enhanced free products.
  In the land farming process, we use the blend of volatilization and biodegradation
with indigenous microbes to treat the soil contaminants by degrading or
transforming them.
 For enhancing water and air holding capacity, and physical handling properties,
we supplement the soil with composting elements like manure, wood chips, straw,
etc. This is the process of compost piles.

Based on Microorganisms:

Bioremediation is a thriving technique for eradicating biological contaminants like crude

oil, herbicides, pesticides, petroleum products, solvents with halogenation, and much
more.

7Q) How is chikungunya spread? Discuss the guidelines for containment of

chikungunya epidemic outbreaks
Answer:

Chikungunya, is caused by an arbovirus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito.

 The human infections are acquired by the bite of infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes,
which are day biters and epidemics are sustained by human-mosquito-human
transmission. These mosquitoes usually breed in clean water collections in
containers, tanks, disposables, junk materials in domestic and peri-domestic
situations
 Symptoms of infection generally last for three to seven days after the patient has
been bitten by the infected mosquito. After an incubation period of 4-7 days, there
is a sudden onset of flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, headache, nausea,
vomiting, severe joint pain (arthralgia) and rash
  Chikungunya outbreaks evolve quickly, requiring emergency actions to
immediately control infected mosquitoes in order to interrupt or reduce
transmission and to reduce or eliminate the breeding sites of the vector mosquito,
Ae. aegypti.

Guidelines for containment of chikungunya epidemic outbreaks:

1) Strengthening surveillance system for prediction, preparedness, early detection

and response to chikungunya outbreaks.
2) Improvement in early case detection and case management of chikungunya fever.
3) Integrated vector management (IVM).
4) Social mobilization and communication.
5) Partnerships
6) Household Level
Ae. aegypti mosquito bites during day times only. Kill adult mosquitoes by making
use of commercially available safe aerosols (Pyrethroid-based). Spray bedrooms,
including closets, bathrooms and kitchens (by removing/covering all food items
properly) for a few seconds and close the room for 15-20 minutes. The timing of
the spray should coincide with the peak biting times of the Ae. aegypti mosquito,
e.g., early morning or late afternoon.
Intensify efforts to reduce actual or potential larval habitats in and around houses.
7) Community level:
People should form groups to supplement and reinforce efforts at the household
levels. Such group can identify commercial activities such as traders dealing in
used tyres, which may be contributing larval habitats for the vector. They can
create awareness about dengue/chikungunya and seek cooperation for the
removal of breeding places.

An Emergency Action Committee should be constituted under the Chairmanship of

District Collector or Municipal Commissioner to co-ordinate activities aimed at
emergency vector control measures and management of serious cases Involvement of
NGOs, Faith Based Organizations, Community Based Organizations should be promoted
actively.

8Q) What are stem cells? Discuss about stem cell therapy and potential problems
with using embryonic stem cells in humans.
Answer:

Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with
specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a
laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.

 These daughter cells become either new stem cells or specialized cells
(differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells,
 heart muscle cells or bone cells. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to
generate new cell types.
 Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the repair
response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their
derivatives. It is the next chapter in organ transplantation and uses cells instead
of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
 Researchers grow stem cells in a lab. These stem cells are manipulated to
specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or
nerve cells.
 The specialized cells can then be implanted into a person. For example, if the
person has heart disease, the cells could be injected into the heart muscle. The
healthy transplanted heart muscle cells could then contribute to repairing the
injured heart muscle.
 People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord
injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis.
 Stem cells may have the potential to be grown to become new tissue for use in
transplant and regenerative medicine
 Embryonic stem cells. These stem cells come from embryos that are 3 to 5 days
old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells.
 These are pluripotent stem cells, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or
can become any type of cell in the body. This versatility allows embryonic stem
cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs
 For embryonic stem cells to be useful, researchers must be certain that the stem
cells will differentiate into the specific cell types desired.
 Researchers have discovered ways to direct stem cells to become specific types of
cells, such as directing embryonic stem cells to become heart cells. Research is
ongoing in this area.
 Embryonic stem cells can also grow irregularly or specialize in different cell types
spontaneously. Researchers are studying how to control the growth and
differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells might also trigger an immune response in which the recipient's
body attacks the stem cells as foreign invaders, or the stem cells might simply fail to
function as expected, with unknown consequences. Researchers continue to study how
to avoid these possible complications.

9Q) What are Different types of Cytokines? Also Elaborate on Cytokine storm.
Answer:

Cytokines are small and membrane-bound protein-based cell signaling molecules

that aid cell-to-cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of
cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, and trauma.
  Cytokines transmit various signals for cell survival, proliferation, differentiation,
and functional activity, circulate in picomolar concentrations, and may increase in
magnitude almost a thousand-fold in response to an infection or inflammation.
 Cytokines are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of the immune system
cells and blood cells. They can be used to treat cancer and/or help prevent or
manage chemotherapy side effects when injected, either subcutaneously,
intramuscularly, or intravenously. They also help to boost anti-cancer activity by
sending signals that can cause abnormal cell death and increase the longevity of
normal cells.

Chemokines

 A chemokine is a specific type of cytokine that can make immune cells move
toward a target, and there are different kinds of chemokines such as interleukins
(ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), and growth factors.

Interleukins

 Interleukins are a group of cytokines that act as chemical signals between white
blood cells (WBCs)

Interferons

 Interferons are chemicals that help the body resist viral infections and cancers.
 Cytokines are essential protein-based regulators and abnormal cytokine levels or
aberrations in their signalling pathways can lead to various diseases, including
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancers.

Cytokine storms, commonly used to describe an uncontrollable inflammatory response

by the immune system.

During a cytokine storm, various inflammatory cytokines are produced at a much higher
rate than normal. This overproduction of cytokines causes positive feedback on other
immune cells to occur, which allows for more immune cells to be recruited to the site of
injury, that can lead to organ damage.

One of the most notable clinical conditions associated with cytokine storms includes
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has accounted for a significant
number of deaths from COVID-19.
10Q) How are Recombinant DNA Vaccines Produced? Discuss their advantages
when compared to Traditional Vaccines.
Answer:

Recombinant vaccines are made using bacterial or yeast cells to manufacture the
vaccine. A small piece of DNA is taken from the virus or bacterium against which we want
to protect and inserted into the manufacturing cells.

For example, to make the hepatitis B vaccine, part of the DNA from the hepatitis B virus
is inserted into the DNA of yeast cells. These yeast cells are then able to produce one of
the surface proteins from the hepatitis B virus, and this is purified and used as the active
ingredient in the vaccine.

Advantages of rDNA vaccine

 It is cost effective.
 Initiates both cell-mediated and humoral response.
 Since the chances of contamination are less during production, the vaccine is
specific and side effects are less.
 The manufacture of such vaccines is faster and each vial contains a uniform
composition of the vaccine.
 They can be easily produced, and can be inserted into multiple carriers. Further,
there is enough scope for more genetic engineering.
 Also, they have less risks when compared to other forms of vaccines. Moreover,
they can be easily produced at a large scale.

These positive factors make them win over other types of vaccines, thus promoting
growth in the global recombinant vaccines market.
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS – Test - 50 (22-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

QUESTION 1

The table below gives the number of students in each class and the percentage of students
in the class who like Cricket, Volleyball, Basketball and Football. Solve the following question
based on the information given below:

i. How many students in the school like cricket?

Ans:
Number of students who like Cricket
60 50 40 65 70
= (120)  (140)  (160)  (180)  (240)
100 100 100 100 100
= 491

ii. By what percentage is the number of students who like volleyball in class 6 more/less than
those who like basketball in class 10?
Ans:
Number of students who like Volleyball in Class 6
70
= (120)  84
100
Number of students who like basketball in class 10

1
 75
= (240)  180
100
180  84
84 is less than 180 by (100)
180
= 53.33%

iii. The number of students who like cricket in class 7 is what percentage of the number of
students who like football in class 8?
Ans:
50
Number of students who like cricket in class 7 = (140)  70
100
45
Number of students who like foot ball in class 8 = (160)  72
100
70
Required percentage =  100  97.2%
72

iv. What can be the maximum percentage of students in class 6 who do not like any of the given
games?
Ans:
In class 6, the maximum percentage of students who like a game = the percentage of students
who like volleyball,
i.e., 70%.
The percentage of students who like at least one game would be minimum when all students
who like other games are also the same ones who like volleyball.
Maximum percentage required = 100 – 70 = 30%

v. In how many classes can more than 90 students like all the four games?
Ans:
In any class, the maximum value of the number of students who like all the four games would
be the number of students who like the game liked by the least number of students.
In class 6, the percentage of students who like a game is the least for basketball.
The number of students who like basketball
50
= (120)  60  90
100
In class 7, the percentage of students who like a game is the least for cricket and football.
The number of students who like cricket
50
= (140)  70  90
100
In class 8, the number of students who like a game is the least for cricket.
The number of students who like football
40
= (160)  64  90
100
In class 9, the percentage of students who like a game is the least for foot ball.
The number of students who like football

2
 55
= (180)  90  90
100
In class 10, the percentage of students who like a game is the least for football.
The number of students who like football
45
= (240)  108  90
100
In two classes, more than 90 students can like all the games.

QUESTION 2

The bars represent number of exports and imports of country in different years. Using the
information provided in the bar chart, answer the following questions.

i. In how many years were the exports at least 10% more than the imports
Answer:
10
In 1994, exports = 80  70  (70)  77
100
10
In 1994, exports = 130  120  (120)  132
100
In 1996, exports < Imports
 We need not consider this year.
10
In 1997, exports = 112  100  (100)  110
100
10
In 1998, exports = 170  160  (160)  176
100
10
In 1999, exports = 160  150  (150)  165
100
 The given condition was satisfied in two years.

ii. What was the average exports for the given period (in ‘000 crore)?
Answer:
80  130  140  112  170  160
Average Exports =
6
3
 = 132

iii. From 1995 to 1999, in which year was the percentage growth in exports, when compared to
the previous year, the highest?
Answer:

Exports in a year exceeded that in the previous year in 1995, 1996 and 1998.

Percentages by which exports in 1995, 1996 and 1998 exceed the exports in the previous year
were

50 10 58
(100)%, (100)% and (100)%, Respectively.
80 130 112
The growth rate was the highest in 1995.

iv. What is the simple average annual growth rate in the imports from 1994 to 1999?
Answer:

Imports in 1994 (in ‘000 crore) = 70

Imports in 1999 (in ‘000 crore) = 150

150  70
Percentage growth =  100 = 115%
70
115
Average annual growth = = 23
5
v. Among the years in which the imports as well as exports exceeded those in the previous
years, in how many years was the percentage increase in imports less than the percentage
increase in exports?
Answer:

The imports as well as exports exceeded those in the previous years in 1995, 1996 and 1998.

In none of the years was the given condition satisfied.

QUESTION 3

The following pie chart represents the break-up of Raju’s monthly expenses. Using the information
given in the pie-chart, answer the following questions.

4
i) If Raju spent Rs. 4500 more on food and transport together than he spent on rent, then find
his monthly expenses (in Rs).
ANSWER:

Percentage of his expenditure spent on rent = 15%

Percentage of his expenditure spent on transport and food = 30%

Therefore, 30% - 15% = 15% = Rs. 4500

Monthly expenses = 100%

100
= (4500)  Rs.30,000
15
ii) If Raju increased his savings, which is currently 10% of his income by 20% and reduced his
expenses by 20%, then his savings would be what percentage of his expenses?
ANSWER:

Let his monthly income be Rs. x

Original savings = Rs

New savings = + = .

Original expenditure = x - = Rs.

New expenditure = − = .

Required percentage (100) = 16 %

iii)Raju spent 20% of his expenditure on ‘others’ on entertainment. This amounted to Rs. 2100.
Find his expenditure on education.
ANSWER:

Expenditure on entertainment = 20% of 35% =

5
 7% = 2,100

1% = 300

Expenditure on education = 20% = Rs. 6000

iv) Find the angle made by the expenditure on rent and ‘others’ put together.
ANSWER:

Total expenditure on rent and ‘others’ = 15% + 35% = 50%

Required angle = (360°) = 180°

v) As prices dropped, Raju’s expenditure on clothes dropped by 10%. As a result of this, his
expenditure on ‘others’ decreased from Rs. 10,500 to Rs. 10,290. What percentage of his
expenditure on ‘others’ was spent on clothes?
(a) 20% (b) 10% (c) 12% (d) 15%

ANSWER:

Decrease in expenditure on ‘others’ = 10,500 - 10,290 = Rs. 210

Initial expenditure on clothes = 210 = Rs. 2100

Required percentage = (100) = 20%

QUESTION 4

These questions are based on the following line graph.

i. In which year is the ratio of actual exports of tea to the estimated exports of tea, the
highest?
ANSWER:

The ratios of actual exports of tea to the estimated exports of tea from 1992 to 1997 are

3 : 2, (1.5), 9 : 8 (125), 13 : 12 (1.083), 12 : 10, (1.2), 14 : 15 (0.93), 17 : 17 (1)

So, in 1992 the ratio of actual exports is the highest when compared to estimated exports.

6
 Hence, in 1992, the ratio of the actual exports to the estimated exports is the highest.

ii. Total exports to the US is approximately what per cent of total actual exports for the given
period?
ANSWER:

Total actual exports for the given period

= (3+9+13+12+15+17) lakh = 69 lakh

Total exports to the U.S. = 1.6 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 10

= 32.6 lakh

Required per cent = (32.6/69) (100) = 47%

iii.In the year 1996, the estimated exports to the US were Rs. 5.5. lakh when $1 was estimated
as Rs. 40. However, the actual exports to the US were only Rs. 5 lakh due to the appreciation
of the value of rupee. What was the actual value of $1 (other factors remained constant)?
ANSWER:

The decrease in exports is due to the appreciation of the rupee.

50000
Percentage decrease in exports =  100 = 9.09%
5, 50, 000
The percentage appreciation in rupee would be the same,

i.e., 9.09%

(100  9.09) 90.91

Value of $1 = 40  = 40  = 36.36
100 100
iv. In the year 1994, if $1 was equal to Rs. 40, then find the quantity of tea exported (in kg) to
the US where the cost of tea per kilo is $8.
ANSWER:

6 105
Quantity exported to the US = = 1875 kg.
8  40
v. In which year is the ratio of exports of tea to the US when compared to the actual exports of
Nilgiri tea Ltd, the highest?
ANSWER:

The ratio of exports of tea to the US to actual exports from 1992 to 1997 are in the same order
as 1.6 : 3 (i.3., 0.53); 4 : 9 (i.e. 0.44); 6 : 13 (i.e. 0.46); 6 : 12 (i.3., 0.50); 5 : 14 (i.3., 0.33); 10 : 17
(i.e., 0.58)

Hence, in 1997, the required ratio is the highest.

QUESTION 5

7
5. Answer these questions based on the information given below. Hiralal wrote his will on his
deathbed. The terms of his will are as follows:
(a) Hiralal’s wife gets a third of his property originally worth Rs. 51,00,000.
(b) After Hiralal’s wife, his son Haralal gets 50 % of the remaining property.
(c) After Haralal, Hiralal’s daughters Heera and Henna get the remaining property in the
ratio 8:9, respectively.
i. The share of the property that Hiralal’s wife gets, is what percentage of the property that
Haralal and Heera together get?
ANSWER:

1
Heralal’s wife gets of 51 lakh = Rs.17 lakh
3
1
Haralal gets of (51-71) lakh = 17 lakh
2
Heera’s share : Henna’s share = 8 : 9

8
Heera’s share = (17) lakh = Rs.8 lakh
17
Henna’s share = 17 – 8 = Rs.9 lakh

Hiralal’s wife’s share = Rs.17 lakh

Heralal + Heera’s share = Rs.25 lakh

17
 100  68%
25
ii. What is the difference in the amounts received by Haralal and Henna (in Rs. lakh)?
ANSWER:

Amount received by Haralal = Rs. 17 Lakh

Amount received by Henna = Rs. 9 Lakh

Haralal’s share – Henna’s share = Rs. 8 Lakh

Therefore the difference in the amounts received by Haralal and Henna is Rs. 8 Lakh

iii.The difference in the share of property that Heera and Henna gets is what percentage of the
property that Hiralal’s wife got?
ANSWER:
Amount received by Heera = Rs. 8 Lakh

Amount received by Henna = Rs. 9 Lakh

Amount received by Hiralal wife = Rs. 17 Lakh

( Heera  Henna )
100
Hiralal ' s wife

8
 1 15
100  5 %
17 17
15
Therefore, the difference in the share of property that Heera and Henna gets is 5 % of the
17
property that Hiralal’s wife got

iv. The share of the total property that Hiralal’s wife gets, is how many percentage points more
than Heera’s share?
ANSWER:
17 1
Heralal’s wife got =  = 33.33% of the total property.
51 3
8
Heera got = = 15.69% of the total property.
51
 Hiralal’s wife got 17.64 percentage points of the property more than Heera.

v. If the shares of Henna and Haralal are interchanged, then Heera’s share of the property
would be what percentage (approx.) of the property share of Haralal and Hiralal’s wife
together?
Ans:
After interchanging their shares,

Henna gets Rs.17 lakh and Haralal gets Rs.9 lakh.

Heera
 100
Haralal  Hiralal ' s wife

8 8
 100   100
9  17 26
= 30.77%

9
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TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS – Test - 51 (23-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

QUESTION 1

1) Ayesha, Bindu and Catherine invested amounts in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 respectively in a business
they have started. The amount of time they will spend in running their business is in the ratio
2 : 3 : 1 respectively. It was decided that one-third of the profits each year will be divided
among the three of them in the same ratio as their investments and two-third of the profits
each year will be divided in the same ratio as the time dedicated to the functioning of the
business. In a particular year the profit their business made was Rs. 6.3 crores. Determine the
earnings of Ayesha, Bindu and Catherine.

Answer:

Given information:

Amounts invested by Ayesha : Bindu : Catherine = 4 : 2 : 1

Time spent in running business by Ayesha : Bindu : Catherine = 1 : 2 : 8

Total profits to be divided among them as follows-

1. 1/3rd in the ratio of their investment

2. 2/3rd in the ratio of their time spent in running business

Total profit earned by all of them in a year = 6.3 crores

Amounts earned by them according to the ratio of their investment

 1/3rd * 6.3 crore = 2.1 crores

 2.1 crores to be divided among them according to the ratio of their investment
 Amount earned by Ayesha = 2.1 * 4/7 = 1.2 crore
 Amount earned by Bindu = 2.1 * 2/7 = 0.6 crore
 Amount earned by Catherine = 2.1 * 1/7 = 0.3 crore
 Amounts earned by them according to the ratio of their time

 6.3 – 2.1 = 4.2 crore

 Amount earned by Ayesha = 4.2 * 2/6 = 1.4
 Amount earned by Bindu = 4.2 * 3/6 = 2.1
 Amount earned by Catherine = 4.2 * 1/6 = 0.7

Therefore approximately total earnings of-

1. Ayesha = 1.2 + 1.4 = 2.6 crore

2. Bindu = 0.6 + 2.1 = 2.7 crore
3. Catherine = 0.3 + 0.7 = 1 crore

QUESTION 2
2) Answer these questions on the basis of the information given below

Mr. Anand is planning to set up a small-scale unit to manufacture water tanks. He can
manufacture three types of tanks – 250 L, 500 L and 1000 L tanks. The costs involved are
machinery rent and a variable cost which depends on the type and number of tanks made. The
rent for machinery for making the 250 L and 500 L tanks is Rs. 1.2 lakh per month and the
variable costs involved are Rs. 500 and Rs. 700 for a 250 L tank and a 500 L tank, respectively.
For the manufacture of a 1000 L tank, the machinery would cost Rs. 1.7 lakh per month and the
variable cost is Rs. 900 for a tank. He also has the option of renting machinery for ` 2.5 lakh per
month, which can manufacture all the three types of tanks with the variable costs being Rs. 250,
Rs. 400 and Rs. 700 for a 250 L, a 500 L and a 1000 L tank, respectively.

I. What is the least cost incurred per tank if Anand has to manufacture 900 tanks of 250 L
capacity each month?

ANSWER:

II. Anand decides to manufacture only 250 L tanks. What is the minimum number of tanks
that he should manufacture so that the machinery which can manufacture all the three
types of tanks is the economically viable option?

ANSWER:
 III. If Mr. Anand manufactures 2,500 units of 1000 L tanks per month, then what is the lowest
price (in Rs.) at which he should sell each tank to make a pro t of 15%?

ANSWER:

IV. If Mr. Anand sells tanks of 500 L capacity at a price of Rs. 1300 per unit and makes a profit
of Rs. 200 per unit, then how many 500 L tanks did he sell?

ANSWER:

QUESTION 3
3) A company imported two components X and Y. It imported X from UK and Y from France. It then
assembled those components with other components to form a machine used in a chemical
process. X made up to 20% of the production cost. Y made up to 40% of the production cost.
Their regular practice was to sell the machine at 25% above the production cost. The UK pound
became 40% costlier and the French franc became 30% costlier. Owing to these reasons, the
company increased its selling price by 8%. Find the profit percentage, now.

Let the production cost be Rs. 100, before the currencies become costlier.

Cost of X = Rs. 20

Cost of Y = Rs. 40

Selling price of the machine = Rs. 125.

After the currencies become costlier, increase in the cost of

 X = 40% of 20 = Rs. 8
 Y = 30% of 40 = Rs. 12

Therefore, Product cost increases by Rs. 20 = Rs. 120.

Selling price of the machine becomes 8% more i.e., Rs. 10 more i.e., Rs. 135.
 Profit percentage now = (100)% = 12.5%

QUESTION 4
4) Following pie chart shows the break-up of employees working in various departments of an
organization. Table provides the ratio of men to women. It is given that Total Number of
Employees = 1800

Ratio of Men to Women

Department Men Women

Production 11 1
HR 1 3
IT 5 4
Marketing 7 5
Accounts 2 7

i. What is the number of men working in the Marketing department?

Given:

Ratio of Men to Women in Marketing department = 7:5

Total percentage of employees working in marketing department = 18%

Total number of employees = 1800

 Total employees working in marketing department= 1800 * 18/100 = 324

 Ratio of men working in marketing department = 324 *
= 189

ii. The number of women working in the IT department of the Organization forms
approximately what per cent of the total number of employees in the Organization
from all departments together?

Given:

Total percentage of employees working in IT department = 23%

 Total number of employees working in IT department = 1800 * = 414

Total female employees working in IT department = 414 * = 184

Hence required percentage =
∗ 100

= ∗ 100 = 10

iii. What is the respective ratio of the number of men working in the Accounts
department to the total number of employees working in that department?

Given:

Total percentage of employees working in Accounts department = 17%

Total number of employees working in Accounts department = 1800 * = 306

Total number of men working in Accounts department = 306 * = 68

Ratio of men to total employees in Accounts department= 68 : 306

=2:9

iv. The number of men working in the Production department of the organization forms
what percentage of total number of employees working in that department? (Rounded
off to two digits after decimal)

Given:

Total percentage of employees working in production department = 28%

Total number of employees working in production department = 1800 * = 504

Total number of men working in the production department = 504 * = 462

Total percentage of men working in the production department = ∗ 100 =

= ∗ 100 = 91.67%
 QUESTION 5
5) The pie charts give the breakup of graduates and postgraduates among males and females and
the breakup of males and females in percentage.

i. If 10% of the female postgraduates are married, the number of unmarried female
postgraduates is

Number of female postgraduates

 ∗ ∗ 5000
 ∗ 1800 = 360

Number of unmarried female postgraduates

 ∗ 360 = 324
ii. What approximate percentage of the students of the college are graduates?

Number of graduates = Number of female graduates + Number of male graduates

 (5000) + (5000)
. .
 (5000) + (5000) = (5000)

Therefore, 76.8% of the students are graduates

iii. If 496 male postgraduates are at least 30 years old, the number of male postgraduates
aged below 30 years is

Number of male postgraduates = ∗ ∗ 5000

= ∗ 5000 = 800

Number of male postgraduates who are at least 30 years old = 496

Number of male postgraduates aged below 30 years = 800 – 496 = 304

iv. The total number of postgraduates is approximately what percentage of the total number
of graduates?

Number of postgraduates = Number of male postgraduates + Number of female

postgraduates

= ∗ ∗ 5000 + ∗ ∗ 5000
. .
= ∗ 5000 + ∗ 5000 = ∗ 5000

Required % =
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TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS – Test - 52 (24-12-2022)
Time: 1 Hour Max Marks: 50

QUESTION 1
1) Following bar chart provides the percentage of Adult Males, Adult Females and Children out
of total population in five colonies A, B, C, D and E:

TOTAL NUMBER OF RESIDENTS IN THESE COLONIES

Colonies Residents
A 1250
B 2050
C 1800
D 1150
E 1620

i. What is the total number of adult females in colonies A, B and C together?

Given:

Percentage of adult females in colonies A, B and C is – 36, 30 and 42 respectively

Total residents in Colonies A, B and C is- 1250, 2050 and 1800 respectively

1
  Total number of adult females in colonies A, B and C together
∗ ∗ ∗
= + +
 (450 + 615 +756)
 1821

Therefore, total number of females in colonies A, B and C together is- 1821

ii. The number of children in colony A are approximately what per cent of the number of
children in colony E?

Given:

Total number of people in colony E is- 1620

Total number of people in colony A is- 1250

Total percentage of people in Colony A and E is 30 and 20 respectively

Number of children in colony A= ∗ 30 = 375

Number of children in colony E= ∗ 20= 324

Required percentage = ∗ 100= 116

iii. What is the respective ratio of the number of adult males to the number of adult females in
colony B?

Given:

Total percentage of adult males and females in colony B is 50 and 30 percentage

Required ratio= 50 : 3 = 5: 3

iv. What is the average number of residents from all the colonies together?

Average number of residents from all the colonies together

= = = 1574

v. What is the difference between the number of adult males and the number of children in
colony D?

Given:

Total number of residents in Colony D is 1150

Total percentage of adult males and children in Colony D is 38% and 26%
∗
 (38 − 26)% 1150 = = 138

2
 QUESTION 2
2) Go through the data set given below and solve the questions based on it.

Number of Computers Manufactured and Sold by Various Companies in a Year (Number in

Lakhs)

i. What is the respective ratio of the number of computers manufactured by companies

A and C together to the number of computers sold by companies A and C together?

Number of computers manufactures by companies A and C together

= (10 + 7.5) lakh= 17.5 lakhs

Number of computers sold by companies A and C together

= (7.5 + 5) lakh = 12.5 lakhs

Hence required ratio = 17.5 : 12.5 = 7 : 5

ii. What is the difference between the average number of computers manufactured by all
the companies together and the average number of computers sold by all the
companies together?

Average number of computers manufactured by all the companies together

. .
 lakhs = lakhs = 17 lakhs

Average number of computers sold by all the companies together=

. . . .
 lakhs = lakhs = 13.5 lakhs

Hence, required difference = (17 – 13.5) lakhs = 3.5 lakhs

iii. The number of computers sold by company B is what per cent of the number of
computers manufactured by company B?

Given:

The number of computers sold by B is 12.5 lakhs

The number of computers manufactured by B is 15 lakhs

.
Therefore, required percentage = ∗ 100 = 38.33%

3
 iv. The number of computers manufactured by company B is approximately what per cent
of the number of computers manufactured by all the companies together?

Number of computers manufactured by all the companies together = 85 lakhs

Number of computers manufactured by company B = 15 lakhs

Hence required percentage = ∗ 100 = 17.65

QUESTION 3
3) A small and medium enterprise imports two components A and B from Taiwan and China
respectively and assembles them with other components to form a toy. Component A
contributes to 10% of production cost. Component B contributes to 20% of the production
cost. Usually, the company sells this toy at 20% above the production cost. Due to increase in
the raw material and labour cost in both the countries, component A became 20% costlier
and component B became 40% costlier. Owing to these reasons the company increased its
selling price by 15% Considering that cost of other components does not change, what will be
the profit percentage, if the toy is sold at the new price?

ANSWER:

Let the price of the product be 100. Then, the prices of the components A and B will be 10 and
20 respectively. As the profit is 20%, the selling price = 120.

Due to increase in the price of raw material, the new costs of components A and B will be 12
and 28 respectively.

The new selling price = 115% of 120 = 138

As, there is no change in the price of the other components, new cost of the product = 110

Thus, the new profit% = ∗ 100= 25.45%

QUESTION 4
4) City Bus Corporation runs two buses from terminus A to terminus B, each bus making 5 round
trip in a day. There are no stops in between. These buses play back and forth on the same
route at different but uniform speeds. Each morning the buses start at 7 a.m. from the
respective terminuses. They meet for the first time at a distance of 7 Km from terminus A.
Their next meeting is at a distance of 4 Km from terminus B, while travelling in opposite
directions. Assuming that the time taken by the buses at terminuses is negligibly small, and
the cost of running a bus is `20 per km, find the daily cost of running the buses

ANSWER:

4
 QUESTION 5
5) In a rocket shape firecracker, explosive powder is to be filled up inside the metallic enclosure.
The metallic enclosure is made up of a cylindrical base and conical top with the base of radius
8 cm. The ratio of height of cylinder and cone is 5:3. A cylindrical hole is drilled through the
metal solid with height one-third the height of metal solid. What should be the radius of the
hole, so that volume of the hole (in which gun powder is to be filled up) is half of the volume
of metal solid after drilling?

ANSWER:

As the ratio of height of the cylindrical base to that of the conical top is 5:3, let their hugs
be 5K and 3K, respectively. Let R be the radius of the cylinder (as well as the cone) and let r be
the radius of the cylindrical hole.

Given that the height of cylindrical hole =

= (R)2 3K + x(R2)5K = 6xKR2

Given that the volume of the solid left after the hole is made = 2 (volume of the cylindrical hole)

= 6xKR2/ 3 = 2xKR2 = x(r2)

√
R2 = R2 => r = R

But it is given that R = 8

√
R= R * 8 = 4√3

5
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TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Day 53-Data interpretation

QUESTION 1

1.) Answer the questions based on the following information.

A company purchases components A and B from Germany and USA, respectively. A and B form 30% and 50% of
total production cost. Current gain is 20% Due to change in the international scenario, cost of the German mark
increased by 30% and that of USA dollar increased by 22% Due to market conditions, the selling price cannot be
increased beyond 10%

i. What is the maximum current gain possible?

ANSWER:

Let the cost of component A and B be Rs. 30 and 50, respectively.

Then cost of production = Rs. (30 + 50 + 20), where Rs. 20 contributes to the other expenses, assuming total
production cost Rs. 100.

Since, profit is 20% Hence, selling price = Rs. 120.

Now, new cost price of component A = Rs. 39

New cost price of component B = Rs. 61

New production cost (other expenses do not change)

= (39 + 61 + 20) = Rs. 20

Since, new SP = 120 * 1.1 = 132

132−120
Therefore, new profit% = 120
∗ 100 = 10

i. If the USA dollar becomes cheap by 12% over its original cost and the cost of German mark increased by
20%, what will be the gain?

New cost of component A = 30 × 1.2 = Rs. 36

New cost of component B = 50 × 0.88 = Rs. 44
New production cost = Rs. (36 + 44 + 20) = Rs. 100
New selling price is same.
Hence, profit = 120 − 10 = 20 or 20%
 QUESTION 2

2.)
(A)A sum of Rs. 430 has been distributed among 45 people consisting of men, women and children. The total
amounts given to men, women and children are in the ratio 12:15:16. But, the amounts received by each man,
woman and child are in the ratio 6:5:4. Find, what each man, woman and child receives (in Rs.)

ANSWER:

Ratio of personal shares = 6:5:4

Ratio of the amounts = 12:15:16
12 15 16
Ratio of men, women and children = : :
6 5 4
= 2:3:4
Sum of these ratios = (2 + 3 + 4) = 9
2
Number of men = (45 ∗ 9) = 10
3
Number of women = (49 ∗ 9) = 15
and, the number of children = 45 – (10 + 15) = 20
Now, dividing Rs. 430 in the ratio 12:15:16
12
Total amount of men’s share = Rs. (430 ∗ ) = 𝑅𝑠. 120
43
15
Total amount of women’s share = Rs. (430 ∗ ) = 𝑅𝑠. 150
43
Total amount of children’s share = Rs. [430 – (120 + 150)] = Rs. 160
Therefore,
120
 Each man’s share = Rs. ( ) = 𝑅𝑠. 12
10
150
 Each woman’s share = Rs. ( ) = 𝑅𝑠. 10
15
150
 Each child’s share = Rs. ( 15 ) = 𝑅𝑠. 8

(B)Sharma invested one-half of his savings in a bond that paid simple interest for 2 years and received Rs. 500
as interest. He invested the remaining in a bond that paid compound interest, interest being compounded
annually, for the same 2 years at the same rate of interest and received Rs. 605 as interest. What was the value
of his total saving before investing in these two bonds?

ANSWER:
 QUESTION 3

3.) Answer these questions based on the information given below.

The percentage growth in sales turnover of five companies over the respective previous years.

Name of the 1998 1999 2000 Projected

company for 2001
A 10 20 30 45
B 15 15 30 38
C 8 20 30 30
D 5 30 20 40
E 12 20 28 42

i. In which of the following companies, is the percentage growth in sales turnover highest from 1997 to 2000?

ANSWER:

Out of the given choices, the increase in B will be greater than that of A, since 15 % of 115 will be greater than
20 % of 110 which is greater than 20 % of 108. The tie is between A and E only.

The overall percentage increase from 1997 to 2000 in case of

 A = 1.3 × 1.2 × 1.1 × 1 = 171.6
 E = 1.28 × 1.1 × 1.12 × 1 = 172.03

Therefore, the increase in E is the greatest.

ii. Company D had earned a profit of Rs. 41 crores, which was 25 % of its total sales in 2000. What was its
sales in 1997 approximately?
ANSWER:

Profit in 2000 = 41 crore

100
Therefore, sales in 2000= 25
∗ 41 = 164 crores
 Let the sales in 1997 be x
 X * 1.05 * 1.30 * 1.20 = 164
 x = 100.12 crore
 Therefore, sales of Company D in 1997 is approximately 100.12 crores

iii. In 1999, the sales of company B and company D are Rs. 100 crores and Rs. 130 cores, respectively. What was
the ratio of their sales in 1997?

ANSWER:
Sales of B in 1999
100 crores = 1.15 * 1.15 * sales in 1997
100
Sales of B in 1997 =
1.15∗1.15

Sales of D in 1999 = Rs. 130 crores = 1.05 * 1.3 * sales in 1997

130
Sales of D in 1997 =
1.05∗1.3
Ratio of sales of B and D in 1997
100 130
= :
1.15∗1.15 1.05∗1.3

= 420:529

Therefore, the ratio of sales of Companies B and D in 1997 is = 420:529

iv. In 1999 the sale of each company was Rs. 130 crores. How many companies had sales below Rs. 100 crores in
1997?

ANSWER:
Had the sales of company A in 1997 been 100, the sales in 1999 would have been 100 × 1.1 × 1.2 = 132.
Given that the sales was 130.

130∗100
Therefore, actual sales of 1997 = 132
= 98.48
130
Similarly, sales turnover of B in 1997 = 132.5 ∗ 100 = 98.11

130
Sales turnover of C in 1997 = 129.6 ∗ 100 = 100.3
130
Sales turnover of D in 1997 = ∗ 100 = 95.2
136.5
130
Sales turnover of E in 1997 = 134.4
∗ 100 = 96.7

Therefore, there is only one company whose sales turnover was more than 100 crores.

QUESTION 4

4.) Go through the data set given below and solve the questions based on it.

Following pie chart gives the degree wise break-up of expenditure of a family in a particular month.
 Total amount spent in this month = Rs. 45,800.

i. What is the amount spent by the family on commuting?

ANSWER:

Angle of commuting = 79.2° => 360° = 45800

45800
 79.2° = 360
∗ 79.2 = Rs. 10076
Therefore, the total amount spent by the family on commuting = Rs. 10076

ii. What is the respective ratio of amount spent by family on Medicine to the amount spent on Groceries?
ANSWER:

Angle of amount spent on Medicine = 39.6°

Angle of amount spent on Groceries = 82.8°

39.6°
 Ratio of amount spent on Medicines to Groceries = = 11:23
82.8°

iii. What is the total amount spent by the family on Entertainment and Shopping together?

ANSWER:

Total angle of amount spent on shopping & entertainment = 36° + 68.4° = 104.4°

104.4°
Therefore, total expenditure = 360°
∗ 45,800 = Rs. 13,282

iv. Total amount spent by the family on Groceries, Entertainment and Investments together forms approximately
what per cent of amount spent on Commuting?

Total angle for expenditure on grocery, entertainment & investment = 82.8° + 36° + 54° = 172.8°.
Angle for amount spent on commuting = 79.2°

172.8
Required percentage = ∗ 100% = 218%
79.2

v. Amount spent by the family on Medicine forms what per cent of amount spent on Shopping? (Rounded off to
two digits after decimal)
 Angle for amount spent on medicine = 39.6°.
Angle for amount spent on shopping = 68.4°.
39.6
Required percentage = ∗ 100% = 57.89%
68.4

QUESTION 5

5.) Go through the data set given below and solve the questions based on it.

Following chart gives the population of 2 states from year 2001 to year 2007: (All the values are in the multiples
of 5 lakhs)

i. Population of State B in 2002 is what per cent of the total population of State B in all the years together?
ANSWER:

Total population of state B in all the years = (50 + 40 + 60 + 70 + 80 + 90 + 100) lakhs = 490 lakhs
Population of state B in 2002 = 40 lakhs
40
Hence required percentage = 490 ∗ 100 = 8.16%
ii. What is the ratio between the total population of State A for the years 2001, 2002 and 2003 together and the total
population of State B for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007 together respectively?
ANSWER:

Population of State A in 2001, 2002 and 2003 is = 40 + 45 + 60 = 145

Population of State B in 2005, 2006 and 2007 is = 80 + 90 + 110 = 280
Therefore, the required ratio = 145 : 280
= 29 : 56
iii. What is the percent rise in population of State B from 2003 to 2004?

ANSWER:
Population of State B in 2003 is = 60
 Population of State B in 2004 is = 70

70−60 50 2
Percentage increase = ∗ 100 = = 16
60 3 3

iv. Approximately what is the average population of State A for all the given years?

ANSWER:

Average population of the state

40+45+60+50+70+65+80 410
A=( 7
) 𝑙𝑎𝑘ℎ𝑠 = 7
= 58 lakhs

QUESTION 6

6.)
i. A medical clinic tests blood for certain disease from which approximately one person in a hundred suffers.
People come to the clinic in group of 50. The operator of the clinic wonders whether he can increase the
efficiency of the testing procedure by conducting pooled tests. In the pooled test, the operator would pool the
50 blood samples and test them altogether. If the polled test was negative, he could pronounce the whole group
healthy. If not, he could then test each person’s blood individually. The expected number of tests the operator
will have to perform if he pools the blood samples are:

ANSWER:
1 person in 100 person suffers from disease.
It means 99% persons are healthy.
 Probability that a person is healthy is = (99/100) = (0.99)
In a group of 50 people if the test is positive, the we have to perform 50 tests individually on each person and 1
group test. So, it means total 51 tests

So, probability that in a group of 50 people all are healthy = 50C50 * (0.99)50
= 1 * (0.99)50 ≈ 0.605

So, probability that in a group of 50 people at least one people suffers = 1 – 0.605 = 0.395

Therefore, expected no. of tests = 51 * 0.395 + 0.605 * 1

= 20.145 + 0.605
= 20.75
≈ 21 tests

ii. Only a single rail track exists between stations A and B on a railway line. One hour after the north bound
superfast train N leaves station A for station B, a south bound passenger train S reaches station A from station
B. The speed of the superfast train is twice that of a normal express train E, while the speed of a passenger train
S is half that of E. On a particular day N leaves for station B from station A, 20 minutes behind the normal
schedule. In order to maintain the schedule, both N and S increased their speeds. If the superfast train doubles
its speed, what should be the ratio (approximately) of the speed of passenger train to that of the superfast train
so that passenger train S reaches exactly at the scheduled time at station A on that day

ANSWER:
 If speed of N = 4 units
Speed of S = 1 unit
2∗4∗1
 Average speed = = 1.6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4+1
Because time available is 2/3, speed = 3/2
Now average speed = 2.4
Speed of N now = 8
Speed of S now = y

2∗8∗𝑦
 8+𝑦
= 2.4
 𝑦 = 1.3

Required ratio = 1.3 : 8 ≈ 1:6.

QUESTION 7

7.)
(A) In a class of 100 students, there are 60 students who study Mathematics, 55 students who study Physics and
45 students who study Chemistry. The number of students who study both Mathematics and Physics is 25, the
number of students who study both Physics and Chemistry is 18 and the number of students who study both
Mathematics and Chemistry is 23. If certain number of students did not study either Mathematics or Physics or
Chemistry, then find the minimum possible number of students who study only one subject i.e., either
Mathematics or Physics or Chemistry

ANSWER:

Let the number of students who study all the three subjects be ‘x’.

Number of students who study both Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry = 25 – x.
Number of students who study both Mathematics and Chemistry but not Physics = 23 – x.
Number of students study both Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics = 18 – x.
We can represent the situation by the above Venn diagram
Taking the union of all sets, we get the number of students who study at least one subject, as (94 + x).
Obviously, (94 + x) < 1000.
As it is mentioned that certain number of students did not study any of the subjects, we can conclude that 0 ≤ x ≤
5.
So, minimum value of x under the given condition is 0.
Therefore, minimum possible number of students who study only one subject = 12 + 12 + 4 = 28
(B) Write down what should come next in the following sequences :

i. 12, 12, 18, 36, 90, 270 ?

Therefore, the next number should be 945

ii. 6, 15, 36, 75, ?

ANSWER:
The sequence in the given series is + 9, + 21, + 39, + 63.
Therefore, the next number should be 138.

iii. 999, 730, 511, 344, 215, ?

ANSWER:
The terms of the given series are 103 – 1, 93 + 1, 83 – 1, 73 + 1, 63 – 1, 53 + 1.
Therefore, the next number should be 126

iv. –1, 3, –15, 105, –945, 10395, ?

ANSWER:
The sequence in the given series is × (–3), × (–5) × (–7), × (–9), × (–11), × (–13).
Therefore, the next number should be -135135

v. 1, 3, 15, 105, 945, ? 18

ANSWER:
The sequence in the given series is × 3, × 5, × 7, × 9, × 11.
Therefore, the next number should be 10395

QUESTION 8

8.) (A) The amount of work in a steel plant increased by 50% By what percent is it necessary to increase the number
of workers to complete the new amount of work in previously planned time, if the productivity of the new labour
is 25% more.
 ANSWR:

(B) 55% people like to travel by bus, 37% people like to travel by auto and 25% people like to travel by taxi. Also, 30%
people like to travel by at least two of bus, taxi and auto, while 6% people like to travel by all the three, then how
many people like to travel by at least one of the three vehicles?

ANSWER:

Let A, B and C denote the sets of people preferring bus, auto and taxi, respectively.
We know that
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
Hence, if there were 100 people in all, then
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 55 + 37 + 25 – (30 + 6 + 6) + 6 = 81
i.e., there are 81 people who prefer at least one of three vehicles

QUESTION 9

9.) Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below.

The below graph shows the number of employees working in five different companies in India in two different
years

i. The number of employees working in company R in the year 2018 is what percent of the number of employees
working in company P in the same year?
ANSWER:

Number of employees working in company R in the year 2018 = 300

 Number of employees working in company P in the same year = 400

300
Required percentage = ∗ 100 = 75%
400

ii. What is the respective ratio of the number of employees working in the company Q and S together in the year
2018 to the number of employees working in the company R and T together in the year 2019?
ANSWER:

Number of employees working in Q and S together in 2018 = 500 + 300 = 800

Number of employees working in R and T together in the year 2019 = 600 + 400 = 1000

Required ratio = 800:1000 = 4:5

iii. The number of employees working in the company R in the year 2019 is what percent of the number of employees
working in company S in 2019?
ANSWER:

Number of employees working in the company R in the year 2019 = 600

Number of employees working in company S in 2019 = 200

600
Required percentage = 200 ∗ 100 = 300%

iv. Find the average number of employees working in all the companies together in the year 2018.

ANSWER:
Required Average = = (400 + 500 + 300 + 300 + 600)/5

= 2100/5
= 420
v. Find the ratio of the number of employees working in T in the year 2018 to the number of employees working in
Q in 2019?
ANSWER:
Number of employees working in T in the year 2018 = 600
Number of employees working in Q in 2019 = 100
Required Ratio = 600: 100 = 6: 1

QUESTION 10

10.) You are an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). Under your jurisdiction, one of the Sub-Inspector sends a notice
to a local ruling party worker for carrying out unlawful activities. During the Janta Darbar (public court) conducted
by the Union Minister of the same party, the party worker complains about the notice. The minister questioned
the Sub-Inspector over his action and also warned him of serious repercussions of it. The whole incident was aired
by several television channels.

Having got deeply upset by this incident the sub-Inspector has filed a written complaint against Union Minister
for allegedly intimidating him. However, even the local Police station is not ready to file a complaint against the
Union Minister

What would be your course of action as an ACP? Also suggest few long term measures.
Course of action.
The ACP should ascertain the facts of the case prima-facie. After having assured himself of the merits of this case,
it's his responsibility to follow due course of law. He should feel his responsibility through upholding the principles
of rule of law and legality, professional integrity, and responsiveness to civil society.
Decision has to be based on his appraisal of the case and appropriate due process in such a case. In this case, the
ACP has to make sure that the FIR has been filed against the Minister. Further investigation should take place with
a special committee.
Even though the act of Minister is against the spirit of public office and decency, politely but firmly explain to him
the art of behaving with officials. Also try and explain the sensitivity involved and how any active media would
take cognizance of the case.
Similarly, communicate to the senior officials of the gravity of the issue. Sought their guidance minimum possible.

Long term measures.

Taking confidence building measures to regain the trust of people on the Police Department. Special schemes like
Anubhav platform should be used to develop emotional intelligence about police personnel.
Social media campaigns can be invoked to make public aware about exemplary activities of Police Department to
bring social change. One of the big challenges for government is to avoid propagation of unverified facts and
frivolous misleading rumours with respect to government policies. Leveraging these platforms can help to counter
such perceptions and present the facts to enable informed opinion making.
Code of conduct for politicians. There’s a lot more than Election Commission ought to do to make it difficult for
the errant politicians, which should direct political parties to withdraw such candidates. Therefore, to ensure
civility in political meetings and expressions, establishing code of conduct for politicians is mandatory.

This way one can fulfil his or her administrative duty by holding the spirit of human dignity and by simultaneously
showing the objectivity and non-partisan attitude of administration.
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS - DAY - 54 (26-12-2022)
Time: 2 Hour Max Marks: 100

1Q. The Rise of Blockchain in India and its Future

Approach:

Introduction Give Brief introductions on Blockchain usage in India or

Telangana. A real-life application or example will be
appreciated.
Introduction ● What is blockchain technology in brief, its popular
usage.
● How blockchain technology helps in governance and
various
Elaboration ● Impact of the blockchain technology
● What are the challenges and issues with blockchain
technology
Conclusion With Right Perspective blockchain will help India grow.

Answer
Blockchain is a new technology, which is known as Distributed Ledger Technology
(DLT). Blockchain derives its name from the digital databases or ledgers where information
is stored as “blocks’’ that are coupled together forming “chains”. It offers a singular
combination of permanent and tamper-evident record keeping, real-time transaction
transparency and auditability. An exact copy of the blockchain is available to each of the
1
multiple computers or users who are joined together in a network. Any new information
added or altered via a new block is to be vetted and approved by over half the total users.
Blockchain allows digital information to be recorded and distributed. Blockchain is an
irreversible record of transactions, which cannot be changed, deleted or destroyed.
Blockchain was first proposed in 1991 as a research project, but in the year 2009, Blockchain
was used in bitcoin. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency which is built on the basis of Block
technology. Blockchain has since been used in the creation of various cryptocurrencies,
decentralized finance applications, non-fungible tokens and smart contracts.
Blockchain technology can facilitate innovations across a range of processes and
applications requiring management, storage, retrieval and safety of vast and important
information. These include management of information pertaining to financial transactions
(as in the case of cryptocurrencies), electoral voting, medical records, academic lessons,
property ownership records and professional testimonials. A decentralised framework like
blockchain makes the system and the information stored therein fraud-proof, transparent
and credible. Blockchain technology provides an excellent technological framework for
preservation of classified and unclassified data in a reduced risk environment. Hence, it is
suitable for entities requiring such capability. Blockchain technology provides an
opportunity for transparent transaction processing in any domain as it supports track and
trace capability.
There are many features of Blockchain. Following are the main features
1. Decentralized: The network is decentralized meaning a group of nodes maintains the
network making it decentralized. This is one of the key features of blockchain
technology.
2. Immutability: Immutability is something that can’t be changed or altered. This one is
the top Blockchain features that ensures that the technology will remain as it is a
permanent, unalterable network
3. Enhanced Security: As it gets rid of the need for a central authority, no one can just
simply change any characteristics of the network for their benefit. Using encryption
ensures another layer of security for the system. Every information on the Blockchain
is hashed cryptographically.
4. Distributed Ledgers: A public ledger will provide every information about a
transaction and the participant nodes. Many people can see what really goes on in the
ledger. The ledger on the network is maintained by all other users on the system.
Distributed ledger responds really well to any suspicious activity or tamper.

2
5. Consensus: Every blockchain succeeds because of the consensus algorithms. Every
blockchain has a consensus to help the network make any transactions.
6. Blockchain technology is going to revolutionize the functionality of B2B, G2C, G2G, B2G
services corresponding to various application domains.
7. Public Blockchain A public blockchain is a non-restrictive, permission-less distributed
ledger system.
8. Private Blockchain A private blockchain is a restrictive or permission blockchain
operative only in a closed network.
Blockchain and Future
 The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ("MeitY") has created The
Centre of Excellence in Blockchain Technology will operate as a coordinated,
interoperable blockchain ecosystem around the nation, allowing all partners to
benefit from shared learning, experiences and resources.
 The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ("MeitY") released a
National Strategy on Blockchain (Strategy) aimed at incorporating blockchain
technology into government systems, particularly for e-governance, and providing
blockchain as a service. The strategy also calls for state governments to create state-
specific blockchain applications on top of the shared blockchain infrastructure.
 Land Records: The certificates issued by the Revenue Department will be stored in
the blockchain and can be used by the other agencies like the bank for any of the
verification process during a transaction on the land parcel / farmer.
 Blood Bank: The objective of using Blockchain Technology (BCT) in blood bank
system is to ensure that the patient gets safe blood. This can be achieved by the
different entities in the chain;
 Public Distribution System(PDS) Blockchain technology can be useful in managing
supply chain effectively using distributed ledger technology. Entire supply chain
starting from procurement till disbursement can be part of blockchain
 Remote Voting Chain – PoC The remote voting system is Blockchain-based
distributed system developed to enable migrants and other in-service voters posted
at different locations to cast their votes from their place of work (Host Constituency)
without commuting to their Parent constituencies, thereby saving time and money,
and enabling higher voter turnout. A Proof of Concept (PoC) was developed as per the
directions of Election Commission of India and demonstrated.
 GST Chain has been established using the Blockchain Technology to record the GST
transactions of various stake holders involved in GST management, by linking them

3
 like a chain. GST Chain will store all transactions of the tax payers and maintain the
running tax liability of tax payers.
 The unbanked can be reached for financial inclusion with the use of blockchain-based
decentralized finance (DeFi). DeFi is a peer-to-peer financial service that works on
a blockchain platform.
 The Telecom Sector – The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India(TRAI) has
instructed all telecom companies to start incorporating blockchain technology.
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) crypto and CBDCs will dramatically shape
India’s economy to be more open and efficient. Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI) – SEBI has instructed all depositories to make use of blockchain technology to
maintain records. Smart Contracts In insurance, smart contracts can revolutionize
claims
 NITI Aayog in collaboration with Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals
Limited (GNFC) has developed a Blockchain based system for fertiliser subsidy.
Jharkhand has become the first state in the country to distribute seeds through
blockchain technology to arrest the unhealthy trend of spurious seeds entering
markets and landing farmers in losses.
 Telangana to have India's first blockchain district The state government has
conceptualised the country's first 'Blockchain District', which will be a physical area
within Hyderabad, aimed at creating the ecosystem. It will house all major Blockchain
technology companies, a huge incubator and a world-class facility for promoting
research, innovation and industry collaboration.
 In a step expected to bring more transparency in the functioning of the police,
Telangana may introduce a blockchain system for receiving complaints.
Issues with Blockchain technology
● Scalability: One of the main challenges with blockchain technology is that it can
struggle with high transaction volumes, which can limit its scalability and adoption in
certain industries.
● Lack of regulation: The lack of clear regulations and standards for the use of
blockchain technology has created uncertainty for businesses and investors.
● Cybersecurity risks: Blockchain technology is vulnerable to cyber-attacks, such as
those that target the security of individual transactions or the integrity of the entire
network.
● Complexity: The technology behind blockchain can be complex and difficult to
understand, which can be a barrier to its adoption and implementation.

4
● Energy consumption: The process of verifying transactions on a blockchain, known
as mining, requires a significant amount of energy, which has raised concerns about
the environmental impact of the technology.
● Lack of skilled professionals: There is a shortage of professionals with the necessary
skills and expertise to develop and implement blockchain technology, which can be a
challenge for businesses looking to adopt it.
In conclusion, the rise of blockchain technology in India has the potential to
revolutionize various industries and transform the country's economy. The government's
proactive approach towards adopting and promoting the use of blockchain has already
resulted in several successful pilot projects and initiatives.
Overall, the future of blockchain in India looks bright, and with the right support and
infrastructure, it has the potential to bring about significant positive change and drive
economic growth.
Facts:
● The World Economic Forum anticipates that 10 per cent of global GDP will be stored
on the Blockchain by 2025.
● 56% of Indian businesses are moving towards blockchain technology, making it a part
of their core business. NITI
● As per a report by digital asset exchange Cross Tower and US-India Strategic Par
Partnership Forum, blockchain technology, and Web 3.0 innovations will propel the
digital asset economy’s value from $5 billion in 2021 to $262 billion over an 11-year
period, resulting in a $1.1 trillion contribution to India’s GDP

2Q. Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India.

Approach:

Introduction How Technology can help India become climate resilient and
withstand the Anthropocene effects.

Introduction ● What are alternative technologies?

● What is Climate resilience?
● What are the issues with climate change
Elaboration ● Impact of the blockchain technology
● What are the challenges and issues with blockchain
technology
Conclusion Climate Transparency Report, which was released recently, has
reaffirmed the serious concerns over climate change and its

5
 impact on society and economy, with specific reference to
India. India would be the worst-hit by climate change among all
the countries in the group. India suffered a loss of 5.4% of its
GDP in 2021 from climate events. The annual damage from
weather events will rise by 49% and labour productivity will
decline by 5% soon. Though India is responsible for only 3% of
global emissions, 142 million Indians, or about 10% of its
population, will be exposed to climate disasters.

Answer
According to the 2019 Inform Risk Index, India has some of the most significant disaster risk
levels globally, ranking 29th out of 191 countries. Floods, including riverine, flash, coastal
flooding, and tropical cyclones and their accompanying risks and drought, are widespread in
India. Some examples are the 2013 Uttarakhand floods and landslides, the 2015 Chennai
flood, and the 2016 drought. India’s population is also vulnerable to sea level rise, with up to
310 million people inhabiting low elevation coastal zones.
Working Group II (WG II) report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) says that over US $7 billion loss in agriculture in India by 2030; sorghum yield will
reduce by 2-14 per cent by 2020; there will be large reductions in wheat yield in the Indo-
Gangetic plain; and substantial increase in heat stress for rice, affecting yield in the country.
Climate change resilience refers to the ability of a system, community, or region to
withstand and recover from the negative impacts of climate change. It involves both
proactive measures to reduce the vulnerability of a system to climate-related risks, as well
as the capacity to adapt and recover from those impacts when they do occur.
Climate change resilience can be applied to various sectors, including agriculture,
energy, water resources, infrastructure, and health. It involves a range of actions, including
improving the efficiency and reliability of critical systems, building infrastructure that is
resistant to extreme weather events, and developing adaptive management strategies for
natural resources.
Developing climate change resilience is an important goal for communities and
governments around the world, as it can help reduce the negative impacts of climate change
on people, economies, and ecosystems.
India is facing a number of challenges due to climate change, including:
● Extreme weather events: India is vulnerable to extreme weather events such as
floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which can have devastating impacts on communities,
infrastructure, and the economy.

6
● Agricultural losses: Climate change is affecting the productivity of India's agricultural
sector, with rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather
events leading to crop failures and losses.
● Water scarcity: Changes in rainfall patterns and the increased frequency of drought
are leading to water scarcity in many parts of India, which can affect the availability of
clean water for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes.
● Health impacts: Climate change can have negative impacts on public health, such as
increasing the risk of heatstroke, respiratory problems, and the spread of vector-borne
diseases.
● Displacement of communities: Extreme weather events and the loss of livelihoods
due to climate change can lead to the displacement of communities, often resulting in
conflict and social unrest.
● Economic impacts: The negative impacts of climate change on agriculture,
infrastructure, and other sectors can have significant economic consequences,
including losses in GDP and reduced economic growth.
● Ecological impacts: Climate change is affecting the ecosystems of India, with rising
temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns leading to the loss of biodiversity and
degradation of natural habitats.
● Sea level rise: India has a long coastline, and sea level rise due to climate change poses
a significant risk to coastal communities and infrastructure.
● Energy security: Changes in the availability and reliability of energy sources due to
climate change can affect India's energy security and independence.
● Food security: Changes in agricultural productivity and the availability of water due
to climate change can have negative impacts on food security in India.
Disruption of traditional livelihoods: Many communities in India rely on natural resources
such as forests and waterways for their livelihoods. Climate change can disrupt these
traditional livelihoods, leading to economic and social issues.
Alternative Technologies
There are several alternative technologies that can help India become more climate change
resilient and reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Some of these technologies include:
● Renewable energy sources: India has tremendous potential for renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These sources of energy not only
reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also contribute to energy security and
independence.

7
● Electric vehicles: The adoption of electric vehicles can help reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, which is a significant
contributor to climate change.
● Energy efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and industrial
processes can significantly reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
● Carbon capture and storage: This technology captures carbon dioxide emissions
from power plants and other industrial sources and stores it underground, preventing
it from entering the atmosphere.
● Adaptive infrastructure: Infrastructure that is designed to be resilient to the impacts
of climate change, such as floods and extreme weather events, can help reduce the
negative impacts of these events on communities and the economy.
By investing in these and other alternative technologies, India can not only mitigate the
effects of climate change but also promote economic growth and development.
Initiatives launched by Indian government to build climate resilence
● National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008, the NAPCC is
a comprehensive plan that outlines India's strategies and actions to address climate
change. It includes eight national missions that focus on areas such as solar energy,
sustainable habitat, and water resources.
● Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): Launched in
2015, AMRUT is a program that aims to improve the infrastructure and livability of
urban areas in India, with a focus on climate-resilient practices.
● National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC): Established in 2015, the
NAFCC is a fund that provides financial support for projects that help communities
adapt to the impacts of climate change.
● National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP): Launched in 2007, the NCRMP
is a program that aims to reduce the risks and impacts of cyclones and other extreme
weather events on coastal communities in India.
● National Water Mission (NWM): Launched in 2008, the NWM is a mission that
focuses on the conservation, management, and development of water resources in
India, with a focus on climate-resilient practices.
● Promoting the adoption of renewable energy: The Indian government has set
ambitious targets for the development of renewable energy, with the goal of achieving
175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022.
● Promoting energy efficiency: The government has launched several initiatives to
improve energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and industrial processes, including

8
 the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and the Perform, Achieve, and Trade
(PAT) scheme.
● Investing in adaptive infrastructure: The government has implemented programs to
build infrastructure that is resilient to the impacts of climate change, such as floods and
extreme weather events. This includes the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
(NCRMP) and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) urban housing program.
● Promoting sustainable agriculture: The government has launched initiatives to
promote sustainable agriculture practices that are less resource-intensive and more
resilient to the impacts of climate change, such as the National Mission on Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA).
● Developing a national adaptation plan: In 2015, the Indian government released the
National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which outlines strategies and actions to help the
country adapt to the impacts of climate change.
● The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is a program
that aims to improve the infrastructure and livability of urban areas in India, with a
focus on climate-resilient practices.
● The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) is a program that aims to reduce
the risks and impacts of cyclones and other extreme weather events on coastal
communities in India.
● The National Water Mission (NWM) is a mission that focuses on the conservation,
management, and development of water resources in India, with a focus on climate-
resilient practices.
Initiatives launched in Telangana to build climate resilence:
 Floating Solar power plant in Ramagundam NTPC for the renewable energy generation
 Mission HarithaHaram for the promotion of afforestation to ensure the carbon
sequestration
 Mission Kakatiya for the local water management to ensure the drought resilience of
state in times of climate change
 Usage of water efficient techniques such as Drip and Sprinkler irrigation to ensure
lowering monsoon dependence in districts is Siddipet and Medak
 Gram Panchayat level Heat action plans and public awareness campaigns along with
community oriented intervention such as chalivendras
 Promotion of Startup ecosystem in Battery and battery swapping through T-Hub and
T-Works for the development and adoption of electric vehicles
Other measures that can help make India more climate resilient include:

9
● Adaptive infrastructure: Building infrastructure that is designed to be resilient to the
impacts of climate change, such as floods and extreme weather events, can help reduce
the negative impacts of these events on communities and the economy.
● Sustainable land use practices: Practices such as sustainable agriculture, forestry,
and land management can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the
resilience of natural systems to the impacts of climate change.
● Water management: Implementing effective water management practices, such as
conservation, irrigation, and water storage, can help ensure the availability of clean
water for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes, even in times of drought or extreme
weather events.
● Disaster risk reduction: Developing effective disaster risk reduction strategies and
plans can help reduce the impacts of extreme weather events on communities and the
economy.
● Public education and awareness: Increasing public awareness and understanding of
climate change and the measures that can be taken to reduce its impacts can help build
support for climate resilience initiatives.
● Climate change adaptation planning: Developing and implementing adaptation
plans that outline strategies and actions to help communities and sectors adapt to the
impacts of climate change can help build resilience.
● Risk assessment and management: Identifying and assessing the risks posed by
climate change and implementing risk management strategies can help reduce the
negative impacts of climate change on communities and the economy.
● Improved data and monitoring: Gathering and analyzing data on the impacts of
climate change can help inform adaptation and resilience-building efforts.
● Partnerships and cooperation: Building partnerships and cooperation with other
countries, organizations, and stakeholders can help share knowledge, resources, and
expertise, and enhance the resilience of communities and systems.
● Financing and investment: Providing financial support and incentives for climate
resilience initiatives can help encourage the development and adoption of these
measures.
In conclusion, it is clear that alternative technologies have the potential to play a
significant role in helping countries become more resilient to the impacts of climate change.
From renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures, to sustainable
transportation options and water management technologies, there are a wide range of
options available. By adopting these technologies, countries can not only reduce their

10
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change, but also create new
economic opportunities and improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. As such, it is
important for governments, businesses, and individuals to consider and invest in these
technologies as a key part of their efforts to build a more climate-resilient future.

Value Addition
Panchamrit strategy:
● Hon. PM Narendra Modi's Panchamrit strategy was announced at the COP 26 in
Glasgow conference into enhanced climate targets.
● India will increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 gigawatt (GW) by 2030.
● It will meet 50 percent of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.
● The total projected carbon emissions will be reduced by 1 billion tonnes from now
through 2030.
● The carbon intensity of its economy will be brought down to less than 45 percent.
● India will achieve its target of net zero by 2070.
● India also recently updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on the lines
of this strategy.
LiFE Movement
● On the occasion of World Environment Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched
the ‘Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE) Movement’, a global initiative.
● The idea of LiFE was introduced by the Prime Minister during the 26th United Nations
Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow 2021.
● The idea of LiFE promotes an environmentally conscious lifestyle that focuses on
‘mindful and deliberate utilization’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption.

11
 Hyderabad - Ashok Nagar – 9133237733; 9502318332;
www.kpias.com- mail us on: kptrainer@gmail.com
TELANGANA STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
GROUP-1 MAINS – Grand TEST (28-12-2022)
Time: 3 Hour Max Marks: 150

1) Discuss the significance of semiconductors. What are the various components under India
semiconductor Mission?

Approach

Introduction Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity that falls
between that of conductors and insulators, and are used in a variety of
electronic devices and other applications.

Body Significance of Semiconductors

• used in a range of electronic devices
• manufacturing of solar panels
• used in LED lights
• In the medical field

India Semiconductor Mission

• Developing an ecosystem for the design and manufacture of

semiconductor products in India
• Promoting research and development
• of advanced manufacturing technologies
• skilled workforce
• Facilitating partnerships and collaborations
• between industry and academia
• development of innovation and entrepreneurship

Conclusion Semi-conductors are vital to the economy, powering a wide range of industries
and enabling the production of many essential electronic devices.
Answer:

Introduction

Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity that falls between that of
conductors and insulators, and are used in a variety of electronic devices and other applications.

1
 Semiconductors have greatly impacted modern life, being essential for the operation of
electronic devices and enabling people to connect and communicate with each other in ways that
were not previously possible. They are used in almost every aspect of modern life, including
communication, transportation, and healthcare.

Significance of Semiconductors

• They are used in a range of electronic devices, including computers, phones, and other
electronic devices.
• For example, semiconductors are used in the manufacturing of solar panels, which are a clean
and renewable source of energy.
• They are also used in LED lights, which are more energy-efficient than traditional light bulbs.
• In the medical field, semiconductors are used in devices such as heart monitors and imaging
equipment.

India Semiconductor Mission

The India Semiconductor Mission is a government initiative to boost the growth of the semiconductor
industry in India.

Its goal is to establish India as a global hub for the design and manufacture of semiconductor products.

The mission has identified several key components that are essential for the development of
the semiconductor industry in India, including:

1. Developing an ecosystem for the design and manufacture of semiconductor products in India
2. Promoting research and development in the semiconductor industry
3. Encouraging the development of advanced manufacturing technologies for semiconductor
products
4. Building a skilled workforce in the semiconductor industry
5. Facilitating partnerships and collaborations between industry and academia in the
semiconductor sector
6. Encouraging the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in the semiconductor
industry.
7. The India Semiconductor Mission aims to support the growth of the semiconductor industry
in India through a range of measures, including financial incentives, technical assistance, and
infrastructure development. It also aims to foster partnerships and collaborations between
industry and academia to drive innovation and research in the semiconductor sector.

Conclusion

Semi-conductors are vital to the economy, powering a wide range of industries and enabling the
production of many essential electronic devices.

2
2) Prime Minister’s Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) has
identified nine national science missions aimed to address major scientific challenges. Briefly
describe these technology Missions.

Approach

Introduction The Prime Minister's Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory Council (PM-
STIAC) has identified nine national science missions aimed at addressing major
scientific challenges in India. These missions are:

Body • Natural language translation mission

• Quantum frontier mission
• Artificial Intelligence mission
• National Biodiversity mission
• Electric vehicles mission
• Bioscience for human health mission
• Waste to wealth mission
• Deep ocean exploration
• AGNIi (Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovations)-

Conclusion These national science missions aim to address major scientific challenges and
drive research and innovation in key areas that have the potential to impact
society and the economy.

Answer:

The Prime Minister's Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) has identified
nine national science missions aimed at addressing major scientific challenges in India. These missions
are:

1. Natural language translation mission- aims to make opportunities teaching, and research
material to different sects of the population in the country in all regional languages. Key
objectives of the Mission is to build a high-quality speech to speech machine translation
(SSMT) system for major Indian languages
2. Quantum frontier mission- aims to initiate work in the understanding and control of quantum
mechanical systems with a large number of degrees of freedom as one of the great
contemporary challenges in fundamental science and technology.
3. Artificial Intelligence mission- The Mission will focus on efforts that will benefit India in
addressing societal needs in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities and
infrastructure, including smart mobility and transportation.
4. National Biodiversity mission- The Mission will include Comprehensive documentation with
potential for cataloguing and mapping all lifeforms in India & assessment of distribution and
conservation status. Development of professionals' adept at handling large sets of
environmental data for management and monitoring of biodiversity is also a prime objective
of the Mission.
5. Electric vehicles mission- The ‘Electric Vehicles’ mission of the PM-STIAC aims to develop
vehicle sub-systems and components specific to Indian requirements. It is to assist speedy
adoption of electric vehicles by making their use viable

3
 6. Bioscience for human health mission- The primary goal of the mission is to construct
comprehensive reference maps of genomes and to understand the dynamics of how exposure
to different environments impact our bodies.
7. Waste to wealth mission- its key objective is to identify, develop, and deploy technologies to
treat waste to generate energy, recycle materials, and extract those of value.
8. Deep ocean exploration - The focus areas cover the development of technologies for deep sea
exploration and exploitation of living (biodiversity) and non-living (minerals) resources;
development of underwater vehicles and underwater robotics; development of ocean climate
change advisory services; technological innovations and conservational methods for
sustainable utilization of marine bio-resources; onshore based desalination techniques; and
renewable energy generation.
9. AGNIi (Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovations)- The aim of AGNIi (Accelerating
Growth of New India's Innovations) is to support the national efforts to boost the innovation
ecosystem in the country by connecting innovators across industry, individuals, and the
grassroots to the market and helping commercialise innovative solutions.

These national science missions aim to address major scientific challenges and drive research and
innovation in key areas that have the potential to impact society and the economy.

3) The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites is one of the largest civilian remote sensing
constellations in the world. Discuss the applications of remote sensing satellites for national
development.

Approach

Introduction The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites are a series of earth observation
satellites operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The IRS
constellation is one of the largest civilian remote sensing constellations in the
world and is used for a variety of applications related to national development
Body
Some of the applications of remote sensing satellites for national development
include:
• Resource mapping and management:
• Environmental monitoring:
• Disaster management:
• Agriculture and forestry:
• Urban planning:
• Water resource management:
• Transportation and infrastructure:
• Natural resource exploration:
• Coastal and marine resource management:
• Military and national security:

Conclusion Overall, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites play a vital role in supporting
national development efforts in a range of areas, including resource
management, environmental monitoring, disaster management, agriculture and
forestry, and urban planning.

4
Answer:

The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites are a series of earth observation satellites operated
by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The IRS constellation is one of the largest civilian
remote sensing constellations in the world and is used for a variety of applications related to national
development.

Some of the applications of remote sensing satellites for national development include:

1. Resource mapping and management: Remote sensing satellites can be used to map and
monitor natural resources such as land, water, forests, and minerals. This information can be
used to support land-use planning, resource management, and conservation efforts.
2. Environmental monitoring: Remote sensing satellites can be used to monitor the
environment and track changes over time. This information can be used to identify and
address environmental issues such as land degradation, pollution, and climate change.
3. Disaster management: Remote sensing satellites can be used to provide timely and accurate
information about disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and landslides. This information can
be used to support emergency response efforts and assist in recovery efforts.
4. Agriculture and forestry: Remote sensing satellites can be used to monitor and assess
agricultural crops, forests, and other land cover. This information can be used to support
sustainable land management practices and improve crop yields.
5. Urban planning: Remote sensing satellites can be used to map and monitor urban areas and
track changes over time. This information can be used to support urban planning and
development efforts.
6. Water resource management: Remote sensing satellites can be used to monitor and assess
water resources, including surface water bodies such as lakes and rivers, and underground
water reserves. This information can be used to support the sustainable management of water
resources and address issues such as drought and water scarcity.
7. Transportation and infrastructure: Remote sensing satellites can be used to map and monitor
transportation networks and infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and airports. This
information can be used to support the development and maintenance of transportation and
infrastructure systems.
8. Natural resource exploration: Remote sensing satellites can be used to identify and map the
distribution of natural resources such as oil, gas, and minerals. This information can be used
to support exploration and development efforts.
9. Coastal and marine resource management: Remote sensing satellites can be used to monitor
and assess coastal and marine resources, such as coral reefs, mangroves, and marine wildlife.
This information can be used to support the sustainable management of coastal and marine
resources.
10. Military and national security: Remote sensing satellites can be used to support military
operations and national security efforts, such as border management, surveillance, and
disaster response. They can also be used to monitor and assess threats such as weapons of
mass destruction and illegal activities.

Overall, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites play a vital role in supporting national development
efforts in a range of areas, including resource management, environmental monitoring, disaster
management, agriculture and forestry, and urban planning.

5
4) Discuss the Mitigation and Preparedness Measures for Cyclones. Also highlight Government
Initiatives for Cyclone Management in India.

Approach

Introduction Cyclones are severe storms that can cause significant damage and disruption.
There are several mitigation and preparedness measures that can be taken to
reduce the impact of cyclones. Some of these measures include:

Body • Building strong, cyclone-resistant homes and infrastructure

• Developing early warning systems
• Evacuating to safe areas:
• Storing supplies:
• Protecting property

Government has implemented a number of initiatives

• Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) operates a network of
weather stations and radar systems to monitor cyclone activity
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF
• National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP
• National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
• Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

Conclusion In conclusion, cyclones can have significant impacts on communities, and it is

important to take a range of measures to reduce the risk of damage and
disruption.
Answer:

Cyclones are severe storms that can cause significant damage and disruption. There are several
mitigation and preparedness measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of cyclones. Some of
these measures include:

1. Building strong, cyclone-resistant homes and infrastructure: Structures that are built to
withstand strong winds and rain can reduce the risk of damage during a cyclone.
2. Developing early warning systems: Effective early warning systems can alert people to the
potential danger of a cyclone and give them time to prepare and evacuate if necessary.
3. Evacuating to safe areas: In the event of a cyclone, it may be necessary to evacuate to a safer
area. It is important to have a plan in place and to follow the instructions of authorities.
4. Storing supplies: Having a supply of food, water, and other essentials can be helpful in the
event of a cyclone, as power outages and damage to infrastructure may make it difficult to
access these items.
5. Protecting property: Measures such as securing loose objects and covering windows can help
to reduce the risk of damage to property during a cyclone.

In India, the government has implemented a number of initiatives to manage and respond to
cyclones. Some of these initiatives include:

1. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) operates a network of weather stations and
radar systems to monitor cyclone activity and provide early warning alerts.
2. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a specialized force trained to respond
3. The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) is a government initiative that aims to
reduce the risk of cyclones and their impact on vulnerable communities. This project involves

6
 building strong, cyclone-resistant infrastructure, improving early warning systems, and
promoting preparedness measures.
4. The Ministry of Home Affairs has developed the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
which outlines the roles and responsibilities of various agencies in responding to cyclones and
other disasters.
5. The Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Indian National Centre for Ocean
Information Services (INCOIS) which provides real-time information on cyclone activity and
issues forecasts and alerts to help people prepare and respond.

In conclusion, cyclones can have significant impacts on communities, and it is important to take a
range of measures to reduce the risk of damage and disruption.

5) What are Fuel Cells? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with Fuel cells.

Approach

Introduction Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electrical
energy through a chemical reaction. They are a type of electrochemical energy
conversion device, and they operate by oxidizing a fuel (such as hydrogen or
natural gas) to produce electricity, water, and heat.

Body There are several advantages associated with fuel cells:

• High efficiency:
• Low emissions:
• Long lifespan:
• Quiet operation:
• Scalability:

However, there are also some disadvantages associated with fuel cells:
• High cost:
• Limited fuel availability:
• Complexity:
• Limited application:

Conclusion Overall, fuel cells have the potential to be a clean and efficient source of energy,
but there are still some challenges that need to be addressed in terms of cost,
fuel availability, and scalability.

Answer:

Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electrical energy through
a chemical reaction. They are a type of electrochemical energy conversion device, and they operate
by oxidizing a fuel (such as hydrogen or natural gas) to produce electricity, water, and heat.

There are several advantages associated with fuel cells:

1. High efficiency: Fuel cells are highly efficient at converting chemical energy into electricity,
with efficiencies of up to 80%.
2. Low emissions: Fuel cells produce very low levels of greenhouse gases and air pollutants,
making them a clean energy source.

7
 3. Long lifespan: Fuel cells have a long lifespan and can operate for many years without the need
for major maintenance or repairs.
4. Quiet operation: Fuel cells are relatively quiet when in operation, making them suitable for
use in residential and commercial settings.
5. Scalability: Fuel cells can be used in a range of applications, from small portable devices to
large stationary power plants, and can be easily scaled up or down to meet energy demand.

However, there are also some disadvantages associated with fuel cells:

1. High cost: Fuel cells are still relatively expensive compared to other energy sources,
particularly hydrogen fuel cells, which can be expensive to produce and distribute.
2. Limited fuel availability: Some types of fuel cells, such as hydrogen fuel cells, require a specific
type of fuel that may not be widely available.
3. Complexity: Fuel cells are relatively complex systems that require specialized knowledge and
expertise to operate and maintain.
4. Limited application: Fuel cells are most commonly used for stationary power generation, but
they have limited applications in the transportation sector due to their size and weight.

Overall, fuel cells have the potential to be a clean and efficient source of energy, but there are still
some challenges that need to be addressed in terms of cost, fuel availability, and scalability.

6) Oceans occupy more than 70 per cent of earth’s surface and are an inexhaustible source of
renewable energy. Elaborate.

Approach

Introduction Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface and are a vast and largely
untapped source of renewable energy.
Body The oceans are a source of several types of renewable energy, including:
• Tidal energy:
• Wave energy:
• Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC):
• Ocean currents:
• Salinity gradient energy:
• Seabed hydrothermal vents:
• Ocean biomass:

Conclusion Ocean energy has the potential to make a significant contribution to global
energy demand, and it has the added benefit of being a clean and renewable
source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases or air pollutants.
However, there are still challenges to be addressed in terms of technology
development and cost, and more research is needed to fully harness the
potential of ocean energy.

Answer:

Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface and are a vast and largely untapped source
of renewable energy.

The oceans are a source of several types of renewable energy, including:

8
 1. Tidal energy: Tidal energy is generated by the movement of water caused by the gravitational
pull of the moon and sun. Tidal energy can be harnessed using tidal turbines or barrages,
which use the rise and fall of the tides to generate electricity.
2. Wave energy: Wave energy is generated by the movement of waves caused by the wind.
Wave energy can be harnessed using wave energy converters, which use the up and down
motion of waves to generate electricity.
3. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): OTEC is a type of renewable energy that uses the
temperature difference between the warm surface water and the cold deep water to generate
electricity. OTEC systems use a heat exchanger to vaporize a working fluid, which drives a
turbine to generate electricity.
4. Ocean currents: Ocean currents are caused by the movement of water in the oceans, and they
can be harnessed using underwater turbines.
5. Salinity gradient energy: Salinity gradient energy is a type of renewable energy that uses the
difference in salt concentration between seawater and freshwater to generate electricity. This
type of energy can be harnessed using reverse electrodialysis (RED) systems, which use a
membrane to separate the saltwater and freshwater and generate a voltage that can be used
to produce electricity.
6. Seabed hydrothermal vents: Seabed hydrothermal vents are areas on the ocean floor where
hot water and minerals are emitted. These vents can be used to generate electricity using
microorganism-based systems called microbial fuel cells, which use bacteria to produce
electricity through a chemical reaction.
7. Ocean biomass: Ocean biomass, such as seaweed and algae, can be used to produce biofuels
that can be used to generate electricity or power transportation. Ocean biomass has the
potential to be a sustainable and renewable source of energy, as it can be grown in large
quantities without the need for land or fresh water.

Ocean energy has the potential to make a significant contribution to global energy demand, and it has
the added benefit of being a clean and renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse
gases or air pollutants. However, there are still challenges to be addressed in terms of technology
development and cost, and more research is needed to fully harness the potential of ocean energy.

7) Discuss the Importance of Bio-fuels in India. Highlight the objectives of National Policy on
Biofuels.

Approach

Introduction Biofuels are fuels that are derived from biological sources, such as plant
materials or animal waste. They are an important source of renewable energy
and have the potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse
gas emissions.
Body In India, biofuels play a significant role in meeting the country's energy needs
and have several important benefits:

• Energy security:
• Economic development:
• Environmental benefits:
• Agricultural benefits:
• Increased energy access:

9
 • Improved air quality:
• Reduced land and water use:
• Carbon sequestration:
The objectives of the National Policy on Biofuels 2018 in India were to:
• Promote the production and use of biofuels
• Encourage the use of advanced technologies
• Promote the development of a sustainable supply chain for biofuels
• Encourage the adoption of biofuels by the transportation sector
• Promote the development of research and development activities
• Encourage the participation of private sector companies in the biofuels
sector,
• Promote the use of biofuels as a means of improving energy security

Conclusion In conclusion, biofuels are an important source of renewable energy in India and
have several benefits, including energy security, economic development,
environmental benefits, agricultural benefits, increased energy access,
improved air quality, reduced land and water use, and carbon sequestration.

Answer:

Biofuels are fuels that are derived from biological sources, such as plant materials or animal
waste. They are an important source of renewable energy and have the potential to reduce reliance
on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

In India, biofuels play a significant role in meeting the country's energy needs and have several
important benefits:

1. Energy security: Biofuels can help to reduce India's reliance on imported fossil fuels and
increase energy security.
2. Economic development: The production and use of biofuels can create jobs and stimulate
economic development in rural areas.
3. Environmental benefits: Biofuels are a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels and can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
4. Agricultural benefits: The production of biofuels can provide a new market for agricultural
crops and by-products, supporting farmers and rural communities.
5. Increased energy access: Biofuels can help to increase energy access in rural areas,
particularly in areas that are not connected to the grid.
6. Improved air quality: Biofuels can help to reduce air pollution and improve air quality,
particularly in urban areas.
7. Reduced land and water use: Biofuels can be produced using plant materials that are not
suitable for food production, which can help to reduce the demand for land and water
resources.
8. Carbon sequestration: Some biofuels, such as biochar, can help to sequester carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, which can help to mitigate climate change.

The objectives of the National Policy on Biofuels 2018 in India were to:

1. Promote the production and use of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, as a means of
reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

10
 2. Encourage the use of advanced technologies for the production of biofuels, including second-
generation technologies that use non-food feedstocks.
3. Promote the development of a sustainable supply chain for biofuels, including the cultivation
of feedstocks, production of biofuels, and distribution and marketing of biofuels.
4. Encourage the adoption of biofuels by the transportation sector, including the use of biofuels
in public transport and the blending of biofuels with gasoline and diesel.
5. Promote the development of research and development activities related to biofuels,
including the identification of new feedstocks and the development of advanced technologies
for biofuel production.
6. Encourage the participation of private sector companies in the biofuels sector, including
through the provision of financial and technical support.
7. Develop a framework for the certification and labeling of biofuels to ensure their quality and
sustainability.
8. Promote the use of biofuels as a means of improving energy security and reducing the
country's reliance on imported fossil fuels.

In conclusion, biofuels are an important source of renewable energy in India and have several benefits,
including energy security, economic development, environmental benefits, agricultural benefits,
increased energy access, improved air quality, reduced land and water use, and carbon sequestration.
The National Policy on Biofuels aims to promote the production and use of biofuels in India and
support the development of advanced biofuels and bioenergy technologies.

8) What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)? Highlight the applications of it in water purification. Also
discuss the issues associated with RO water purifiers.

Approach

Introduction Reverse osmosis (RO) is a process that is used to remove contaminants from
water by forcing it through a membrane under pressure. RO works by using a
semipermeable membrane to filter out contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses,
and chemicals, while allowing water molecules to pass through. The water that
is produced by the RO process is often referred to as "purified" or
"demineralized" water.

Body There are several applications of RO in water purification, including:

• Household water purification
• Industrial water treatment
• Desalination:
• Aquaculture:

However, there are also some issues associated with RO water purifiers,
including:
• High energy consumption:
• Waste water production:
• Membrane fouling:
• Reduced mineral content:
Conclusion RO systems remove contaminants from water by forcing it through a membrane
and are commonly used in water purification. However, they have issues

11
 including high energy use, waste water production, membrane fouling and
reduced mineral content that must be considered when deciding to use them.

Answer:

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a process that is used to remove contaminants from water by forcing
it through a membrane under pressure. RO works by using a semipermeable membrane to filter out
contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, while allowing water molecules to pass
through. The water that is produced by the RO process is often referred to as "purified" or
"demineralized" water.

RO is commonly used in water purification systems, including household water purifiers, to

remove contaminants and improve the quality of the water. RO systems can be used to treat a wide
range of water sources, including tap water, well water, and seawater.

There are several applications of RO in water purification, including:

1. Household water purification: RO systems are often used in households to purify tap water
or well water for drinking and cooking.
2. Industrial water treatment: RO is often used in industrial settings to purify water for use in
processes such as manufacturing, power generation, and oil and gas production.
3. Desalination: RO systems can be used to remove salt from seawater to produce fresh water,
which can be used for drinking and irrigation.
4. Aquaculture: RO systems can be used to purify water in aquaculture systems, such as fish
farms, to improve the quality of the water and the health of the animals.

However, there are also some issues associated with RO water purifiers, including:

1. High energy consumption: RO systems require a significant amount of energy to operate,

which can make them expensive to run.
2. Waste water production: RO systems produce a significant amount of waste water, which can
be a challenge to dispose of in an environmentally responsible manner.
3. Membrane fouling: The RO membrane can become fouled over time, which can reduce the
efficiency of the system and increase the cost of operation.
4. Reduced mineral content: RO systems can remove minerals from the water, which can affect
the taste and quality of the water. Some people may also be concerned about the potential
health effects of consuming demineralized water over an extended period of time.

RO systems remove contaminants from water by forcing it through a membrane and are commonly
used in water purification. However, they have issues including high energy use, waste water
production, membrane fouling and reduced mineral content that must be considered when deciding
to use them.

9) What are causes for occurrence of Cholera? Discuss the Symptoms associated with the
disease. Also mention about treatment and preventive strategies.

Approach

12
 Introduction Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is
transmitted through contaminated water or food, and it can cause severe
diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is a major public health concern in many
developing countries, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and a lack of
clean water.

Body The main causes of cholera include:

• Contaminated water:
• Contaminated food:
• Poor hygiene:
• Overcrowding:
• Natural disasters
The symptoms of cholera include:
• Severe diarrhea:
• Vomiting:
• Leg cramps:
• Rapid pulse:

Preventive strategies for cholera include:

• Improved hygiene and sanitation:
• Access to clean water
• Cholera vaccination:
• Health education:
• Surveillance and response systems:

Conclusion It is important to combat and prevent cholera in India because cholera can cause
severe illness and death, particularly in people who are already weakened by
malnutrition or other health conditions. Cholera outbreaks can also have a
significant impact on the economy, as they can disrupt trade and cause a decline
in tourism.

Answer:

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted

through contaminated water or food, and it can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is a
major public health concern in many developing countries, particularly in areas with poor sanitation
and a lack of clean water.

The main causes of cholera include:

1. Contaminated water: Cholera is often transmitted through contaminated water, particularly

in areas with poor water treatment and sanitation.
2. Contaminated food: Cholera can also be transmitted through contaminated food, particularly
if it has been prepared with contaminated water or handled by an infected person.
3. Poor hygiene: Poor hygiene practices, such as not washing hands properly, can increase the
risk of cholera transmission.
4. Overcrowding: Cholera is more likely to spread in crowded areas, such as refugee camps or
slums, where people may be more likely to come into contact with contaminated water or
food.

13
 5. Natural disasters: Natural disasters, such as floods or earthquakes, can disrupt water and
sanitation systems and increase the risk of cholera outbreaks.

The symptoms of cholera include:

1. Severe diarrhea: Cholera causes watery diarrhea that can lead to rapid dehydration and
electrolyte imbalances.
2. Vomiting: Cholera can also cause vomiting, which can further contribute to dehydration.
3. Leg cramps: Some people with cholera may experience leg cramps due to electrolyte
imbalances.
4. Rapid pulse: Cholera can cause a rapid pulse due to dehydration and other physiological
changes.

Treatment for cholera typically involves rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
This can be done through the oral administration of rehydration solution, or in severe cases, through
intravenous fluids. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to kill the bacteria and shorten the duration of
the illness.

Preventive strategies for cholera include:

1. Improved hygiene and sanitation: Ensuring that water and food are free from contamination
can help prevent the spread of cholera. This can be achieved through the proper disposal of
feces, the use of clean water for drinking and cooking, and the proper handling and
preparation of food.
2. Access to clean water: Providing people with access to clean water can help reduce the risk
of cholera. This may involve the construction of water treatment plants or the distribution of
water purification tablets.
3. Cholera vaccination: Cholera vaccines can help protect against the disease and are particularly
important for people who are at high risk of contracting cholera, such as travelers to areas
with cholera outbreaks or people living in areas with poor sanitation.
4. Health education: Educating people about the risks of cholera and how to prevent the disease
can help reduce the spread of the disease. This may involve teaching people about proper
hygiene practices and the importance of using clean water.
5. Surveillance and response systems: Establishing surveillance and response systems can help
detect and respond to cholera outbreaks quickly and effectively. This may involve the
establishment of cholera treatment centers and the implementation of measures to control
the spread of the disease.

It is important to combat and prevent cholera in India because cholera can cause severe illness and
death, particularly in people who are already weakened by malnutrition or other health conditions.
Cholera outbreaks can also have a significant impact on the economy, as they can disrupt trade and
cause a decline in tourism.

10) mRNA technology presents several advantages that makes it an attractive alternative over
traditional vaccines. Elaborate.

Approach

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 Introduction mRNA (messenger RNA) technology involves using small pieces of genetic
material called messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells to produce a specific
protein.
Body This technology has several advantages that make it an attractive alternative
for vaccine development:
• Fast development:
• High efficacy:
• Safe:
• Customizable:
• Easy to manufacture:
• Long-lasting protection:
• Easy to store and transport
• Can be used to target specific populations:
• Can be used to treat diseases:
• Can be easily updated:

Conclusion Overall, the advantages of mRNA vaccines make them an attractive alternative
to traditional vaccines and have the potential to revolutionize vaccine
development in the future.

Answer:

mRNA (messenger RNA) technology involves using small pieces of genetic material called
messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells to produce a specific protein.

This technology has several advantages that make it an attractive alternative for vaccine
development:

1. Fast development: Traditional vaccines take years to develop, but mRNA vaccines can be
developed much faster because they do not require the use of live viruses or cells. This was
particularly evident in the case of COVID-19, where mRNA vaccines were developed and
approved for emergency use in just a few months.
2. High efficacy: mRNA vaccines have been shown to be highly effective at triggering an immune
response and providing protection against diseases. For example, the mRNA-based COVID-19
vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech have been shown to be 95% and 94%
effective, respectively.
3. Safe: mRNA vaccines do not contain live viruses or cells, which means they cannot cause the
disease they are designed to prevent. They also do not alter the genetic material of the
recipient, which is a concern with some traditional vaccines.
4. Customizable: Because mRNA vaccines are based on genetic material, they can be customized
to target specific proteins associated with a particular disease. This makes them highly
versatile and allows for the development of vaccines for a wide range of diseases.
5. Easy to manufacture: mRNA vaccines are relatively easy to manufacture because they do not
require the use of live cells or viruses. This means they can be produced in large quantities
relatively quickly, which is important in the case of a pandemic.
6. Long-lasting protection: Some mRNA vaccines have been shown to provide long-lasting
protection against diseases. For example, the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by
Moderna has been shown to provide protection for at least 6 months after the second dose.

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 7. Easy to store and transport: mRNA vaccines are relatively stable and do not require special
storage or handling conditions. This makes them easy to transport and distribute, which is
important in the case of a pandemic.
8. Can be used to target specific populations: Because mRNA vaccines can be customized to
target specific proteins, they can be designed to specifically target certain populations. For
example, an mRNA vaccine could be developed to specifically target a protein that is only
present in a particular type of cancer cell.
9. Can be used to treat diseases: In addition to preventing diseases, mRNA technology has the
potential to be used to treat diseases. For example, mRNA therapies are being developed to
treat cancer, genetic diseases, and other conditions.
10. Can be easily updated: Because mRNA vaccines do not alter the genetic material of the
recipient, they can be easily updated to target new strains of a disease. This makes them
particularly useful in the case of rapidly evolving diseases like COVID-19, where new variants
can emerge.

Overall, the advantages of mRNA vaccines make them an attractive alternative to traditional vaccines
and have the potential to revolutionize vaccine development in the future.

11) (A) The average marks of the students in four sections A, B, C, and D of a school is 60% The
average marks of the students of the A, B, C and D individually are 45%, 50%, 72%, and
80%, respectively. If the average marks of the students of sections A and B together is
48% and that of the students of B and C together is 60%, What is the ratio of the number
of students in sections A and D?
ANSWER:

Let a, b, c and d be the number of students in class A, B, C, and D, respectively.

Then, total marks in section A = 45a

Total marks in section B = 50b

Total marks in section C = 72c

Total marks in section D = 80d

Now, average marks of the students of sections A, B, C and D = 60

45𝑎+50𝑏+72𝑐+80𝑑
Therefore, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
= 60

 45a + 50b+ 72c + 80d = 60a + 60b + 60c + 60d

 15a + 10b – 12c - 20d = 0

 15a + 10b = 12c + 20d

Also, average marks of the students in sections and = 48

45𝑎+50𝑏
 𝑎+𝑏
= 48

 45𝑎 + 50𝑏 = 48𝑎 + 48𝑏

 3a = 2b

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 And average marks of students in sections B and C = 60
50𝑏+72𝑐
 𝑏+𝑐
= 60

 50𝑏 + 72𝑐 = 60𝑏 + 60𝑐

 12c = 10b

Putting the value of 12c from Eq. (3) in Eq. (1), we get

15a + 10 = 10b + 20d

 15a = 20d

 a:d = 20:15 = 4:3

(B) Three friends, returning from a movie, stopped to eat at a restaurant. After dinner, they
paid their bill and noticed a bowl of mints at the front counter. Sita took one-third of
the mints, but returned four because she had a monetary pang of guilt. Fatima then
took one-fourth of what was left but returned three for similar reasons. Eswari then
took half of the remainder but threw two back into the bowl. The bowl had only 17
mints left when the raid was over. How many mints were originally in the bowl?
ANSWER:

(C) A, B and C enter into a partnership. A contributes Rs. 320 for 4 months, B contributes
Rs. 510 for 3 months and C contributes Rs. 270 for 5 months. If the total profit is Rs.
208, find the profit share of A, B and C.
ANSWER:

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 (D) One year ago, the ratio between Mahesh’s and Suresh’s salaries was 3:5. The ratio of
their individual salaries of last year and present year are 2:3 and 4:5 respectively. If
their total salaries for the present year are `43000, what is the present salary of
Mahesh?
ANSWER:

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12) (A) There is a ring road connecting points A, B, C and D. The road is in a complete circular
form but having several approach roads leading to the centre. Exactly in the center of
the ring road there is a tree which is 20 Km from point A on the circular road. You have
taken a round of circular road starting from point A and finish at the same point after
touching points B, C and D. You, then drive 20 Km interior towards the tree from point
A and from there, reach somewhere in between B and C on the ring road. How much
distance do you have to travel from the tree to reach the point between B and C on the
ring road?

(B) A part of Rs. 38800 is lent out at 6% per six month. The rest of the amount is lent out at
5% per annum after 1 years. The ratio of interest after 3 years from the time when first
amount was lent out is 5:4. Find the second part that was lent out at 5%?

ANSWER:

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 (C) What comes next in the following series?
i. 11, 13, 17, 25, 32, ?
ANSWER:

ii. 8, 4, 4, 7, 8, 1, 3, 9, 3, 2, 1, ?

(D) Three wheels can complete 60, 36, 24 revolutions per minute, respectively. There is a
red spot on each wheel that touches the ground at time zero. After how much time, all
these spots will simultaneously touch the ground again:

ANSWER:

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 L.C.M of 1, 5/3, 5/2 = (L.C.M of 1,5,5)/(H.C.F of 1,3,2) = 5

Hence, after every 5 seconds the red spots on all the wheels
will simultaneously touch the ground again.

13) These questions are based on the following information:

There are six sections, A, B, C, D, E and F, in each class at the model school. The table given
below shows the number of students who passed in six subjects in each of the sections of
class VIII. It is also known that every student passed in at least one subject and each section
has exactly 50 students

i. The number of students who passed in a minimum of four subjects in section A is at most
ANSWER:

The total number of instances are 20 (English) + 24 (Hindi) + 10 (Maths) + 15 (Physics) + 20

(Chemistry) + 12 (Biology) i.e, a total of 101 instances.

Of these, we are looking for the maximum possible number of students having four
instances or more.

To maximize the number of students satisfying the condition, we should keep the number of
instances for each student (among 4, 5 and 6) as low as possible i.e., each student must have
4 instances.

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 Of the total 50 students, let ‘x’ people satisfy our requirement i.e., have four or more
instances. As we are maximizing x, the instances for each of the remaining students must be
as low as possible i.e., one (as every student passed in at least one subject).

Now, x people have 4 instances each and (50 - x) people have one instance each, and the
total number of instances are 101.

Therefore 4x + (50 – x) (1) = 101

X = 17

Therefore, at most 17 people have passed in at least four subjects.

ii. The number of students who passed in both Hindi and Chemistry in all the six sections put
together is at most
ANSWER:

In section A, 24 students passed in Hindi and 20 in Chemistry.

Therefore, at most 20 students passed in both. similarly, the number of students who passed
in both in

section B = least of (18, 18) = 18

section C = least of (17, 21) = 17

section D = least of (21, 16) = 16

section E = least of (12, 12) = 12

section F = least of (11, 19) = 11

Therefore, a total of 94.

iii. The number of students in section D who passed in a maximum of two subjects is at most
ANSWER:

We are looking for the maximum possible number of persons with at the most two
instances. let the number of persons satisfying this condition be x. Of the total 116
instances, at the most 2x instances are for the group of x persons that we considered. Of the
persons out of the group, any person can have at the most 6 instances. To minimize the
number of persons in this group, we have to allot maximum instances (i.e., 6 instances) to
each of those persons

Therefore, 2x + (50 - x) 6 = 116

Here x = 46

Therefore, a maximum of 46 persons can have at most two instances i.e., passed in at most
two subjects.

iv. The number of students who failed in English as well as Maths in all the sections put together
is at least
ANSWER:

22
 We are looking for the minimum number of students who failed in English as well as Maths.
This happens when the maximum number of students pass in Maths or English. This number
for section A can be at most 20 + 10 = 30

similarly, the number for

Section B: 18 + 20 = 38

Section C: 19 + 15 = 34

Section D: 22 +20 = 42

Section E = 24 + 18 = 42

Section F: 28 + 12 = 40

i.e, 226 students

since the total number of students is 300, the required value is 300 – 226 = 74

14) Answer these questions on the basis of the information given below.
The following line graph gives the sales and profit margin of a company XYZ

𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠
Profit margin = x 100
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

Profit = Sales – Expenses

i. What is the average sales of the company in the given period?

ANSWER:

The average sales of the company in the given period is –

148+162+181+178+192 861
 5
= 5
= 172.2

ii. What is the profit made by the company in 2004?

ANSWER:

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iii. What is the profit margin of the company for the given period?
ANSWER:

iv. In which year was the increase in expenses, over the previous year, the highest?
ANSWER:

15) Sanjeev is an idealist. He believes that truth is the greatest virtue and should never be
compromised. One day he witnessed a person running away from a mob equipped with sticks
and stones. He watches him hiding in a particular spot. The mob asked Sanjeev whether he
saw the thief? Sanjeev tells the truth pointing towards the spot, where he saw the person
hiding. The mob gets hold of the person and beats him till death. In light of above
circumstance, Answer the following questions
i. List out what are the other options available to Sanjeev at the instance of mob’s question?
ANSWER:
Some alternative options that Sanjeev could have considered in this situation might include:

ii. Lying to the mob and denying that he saw the person being chased.

iii. Refusing to answer the mob's question and instead seeking help from authorities or trying to
intervene to protect the person being chased.

iv. Offering to help the person being chased escape or find a safe place to hide.

v. Trying to reason with the mob and explain that violence is not the solution to resolving
conflicts or seeking justice.

vi. Seeking help from authorities or trying to intervene to protect the person being chased
before the mob arrived and asked for his assistance.

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ii. What is the alternative option he should resort to?
ANSWER:
The best option for Sanjeev to protect the person being chased, considering his belief in the
importance of truth, may be to seek help from authorities or try to intervene to protect the person
before the mob arrived and asked for his assistance. This option allows for a peaceful resolution to
the situation and may prevent violence or harm to the person being chased, while also allowing
Sanjeev to uphold his values by not lying or compromising his commitment to honesty.

Alternatively, if it is not practical or feasible to seek help from authorities or intervene before
the mob arrives, offering to help the person escape or find a safe place to hide may also be a good
option for protecting the person being chased and preventing violence. This option may demonstrate
compassion and empathy towards the person and allow for a more peaceful resolution to the
situation.

It is worth noting that both of these options may also come with risks, such as the possibility of
harm to Sanjeev if he tries to intervene alone or the possibility of the mob becoming agitated or hostile
in response to his actions. Therefore, it is important for Sanjeev to carefully consider the potential
risks and benefits of each option before making a decision.

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