OUTLINE REVIWER

1 Self Sense personal of identity

Distinguishes a person from other
What makes us unique

2 Philosophy The search for truths and answers

The love for knowledge. Philo for love, Sophia for wisdom.
The fundamental principles of life, knowledge, reality, existence,
morality, human nature, etc., through logic and reason.

3 The Milesians Students of Thales

Other term for Pre-socratic period
Period that spanned the workings of the natural world.

4 Arche Meaning principles, origin, or substance

5 Thales of Militus Believes that the arche is water

6 Anaximander Student of Thales that believes that the arche is apeiron (boundless
something; unlimited; undefined substance of unique quality)

7 Anaximenes Student of Thales that believe that the arche is air

8 Cosmology Focus of the Milesian

A science that studies the origin and evolution of the universe

9 Triumvirate The big three

Ancient Philosophy's Triumverate
- Socrates
- Plato
- Aristotle
1 Socrates He believes that each person has an immortal soul that surpasses the
0 death of the body.
Believes that bodily needs hinders happy and meaningful life
Believes one must separate the body from the soul, as much as possible
Dualistic Reality of the Person
- Body: changeable, transient, and imperfect. World of Senses/Matter
- Soul: unchanging, eternal, perfect. World of Ideas/ Form

1 Reason The soul’s tool to achieve a good life (wisdom and perfection).
1

1 Plato The soul is immortal.

2
He believed in the existence of the mind and soul
Three Parts of the Soul/Self (Psyche)
- Reason
- Physical Appetite
- Spirit/Passion
One must consistently make sure that their REASON is always in control
of their PHYSICAL APPETITE and SPIRIT/PASSION.

1 Aristotle The body and the soul are not separate. Without the body, the soul
3 cannot exist. The soul dies along with the body.

Kinds of Soul
- Vegetative Soul: physical body that can grow
Plants
Animals
Humans
- Sentient Soul: sensual desires, feelings and emotions
Animals
Humans
- Rational Soul: intellect that makes man know and understand things.
Humans

1 St. Augustine Being a creation of God, the human being is always geared towards the
4 good.
To know GOD is to know one's self
Truth - The truth of which Augustine spoke refers to
the truth of knowing God.
Medieval Philosopher

1 Rene Descartes A Rationalist

5
He believes that the self can exist independently of the body, but doesn’t
deny the association of the body to the self.

"I think, therefore, I am.”

1 John Locke An Empiricist

6
He believes that knowledge originates in our direct sense experiences
Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate

1 David Hume An Empiricist, Sceptic and Nihilist

7
The self is nothing more than a bundle of perceptions
THERE IS NO SELF

1 Immanuel Kant Through our rationality, the self transcends our sense experiences.
8

1 Sigmund Freud Father of Psychology

9
He believed that the self is multi-tiered/layered
The Conscious
governed by the reality principle, thus, behavior and experience are
organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the
social environment.
The Unconscious
contains the basic instinctual drives including sexuality,
aggressiveness, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled
wishes and childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be
considered socially taboo.

2 Rationalism/ A philosophy based on reason and awareness

0 Rationalist
2 Empiricism/ A philosophy based on experience and senses
1 Empiricist
2 Skepticism/ Skeptic A philosophical belief that question the possibility of knowledge
2
2 Nihilism/ Nihilist A philosophical belief in which all values are baseless and that nothing
3 can be known
2 Stoicism/ Stoic A philosophical belief which denies pleasure and lives apathetically.
4
2 Hedonism/ Hedonist A philosophical belief where pleasure and earthly needs are patronized
5
2 Epicureanism/ A philosophical belief which encourages moderation in all aspect
6 Epicureans

BUDDHISM
• Anatta – “no self”
• The concept of a self is an illusion. There is no permanent concept of the self. All
things are not permanent.
• Teachings based on Siddhartha Gautama or BUDDHA (“the awakened one”)
• Rejection of a permanent, self-existent soul (atman)
There are five (5) aspects:
1. Physical manifestation
2. Sensation
3. Conceptualization
4. Dispositions to act
5. Consciousness
Eight (8) paths to Nirvana (freedom from “attachments”):
1. Right view – cognitive aspect of Wisdom
2. Right intention – volitional aspect of Wisdom
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood – do not harm
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness - the mental ability to see things as they are, with clear
consciousness.
8. Right concentration through meditation
Taoism
• True knowledge cannot be known but perhaps it can be understood.
• Taos is a system of guidance.
Phrases that can describe Tao:
• Not a God
• Source of creation
• Ultimate
• Way of nature as a whole
Te
• Awareness of the Tao together with the capabilities that enable a person to follow
the Tao.
Tzu Jan
• That which is naturally so.
• Condition something will be in if it is permitted to exist and develop naturally.
The Great Nothing
• Some things are just unexplainable and that’s okay because not everything needs
explaining. “Why does a chicken, I don’t why

1. Nyaya (Reasoning)
• It was founded by the ancient sage Gautama
• It deals with logic which is the process of reasoning
• Doubt is considered a prerequisite for philosophical inquiry.
2. Vaisheshika (Physical Sciences)
• It was developed by Prashastapada
• It emphasizes the physical sciences such as chemistry
• It includes exploring the elements of earth, water, fire, air and space, as well
as time, mind and soul.

3. Samkhya (Framework of manifestation)

• It offers a framework for all the levels of manifestation
• It comes from samyag akhyate: that which explains the whole
• Sankhya deals with prakriti (matter), purusha (consciousness), buddhi or
mahat (intelligence), ahamkara (I-am-ness), three gunas (elements of
stability, activity, and lightness), mind (manas), cognitive and active senses
4. Yoga (Practical methods for direct experience)
• It systematically deals with all of the levels of one's being, striving to
experience the eternal center of consciousness
• It involves systematic witnessing of one’s inner states, so as to experientially
go beyond all of them to the center of consciousness.
• It is often called Samkhya-Yoga, as it contains the practical methods to realize
in direct experience the truths of Samkhya philosophy
5. Mimasa (Freedom through action)
• It has a detailed philosophy related to ritual, worship and ethical conduct,
which developed into the philosophy of karma.
6. Vedanta (Contemplative self-inquiry)
• It is contemplative methods of self-inquiry leading to the realization of one's
true nature, that which is not subject to death, decay, or decomposition

Levels of the Self in Sufism:

1. Commanding Self
• Self that succumbs to evil
• Seeks to dominate individuals
• No sense of morality or compassion and marked by unbridled selfishness
• Similar to the id; closely linked to lust and aggression
2. Regretful Self
• Where effects of the first state of state are realized/ made apparent
3. Inspired Self
• The individual begins to taste the joys of the spiritual experience.
• Considered the beginning of the real practice of Sufism, where the seeker is
truly motivated by ideals such as compassion, service and moral values.
• New level reduces the power of the desires and the ego.
• The goal is to live in terms of higher values.
4. Pleased Self
• Individual is content with life and even with the trials and difficulties,
realizing that they come from God.
• A difference in the way that the world is experienced.
5. Self-Pleasing to God
• Realization that the power to act comes from God and that nothing can be
achieved on one’s own.
• Inner marriage of the self and the soul wherein genuine inner unity and
wholeness is achieved.
6. Pure Self
• “There is no god, but God.”
William James’ Me Self and I Self (Empirical Self)
1. Material Self (It refers to mine, “my arm, my bag”)
• Tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation of mine.
• Bodily self & Extracorporeal self (beyond the body, e.g., emotional
investment)
2. Social Self (It refers to ours e.g., our parents, siblings, romantic partners)
• How we are regarded and recognized by others
• Relational self: interpersonal relationships
3. Spiritual Self (It refers to inner and psychological self, subjective being)
• Self-Perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, values, motives
NOTE: Individual Self-Individual traits, abilities and possessions
• Spiritual self and aspects of the material self (body, possessions, initials).
Example: I am tall. I am shy.
4. Relational Self (Other people with whom we have a personal relationship)
• Aspects of the social self (e.g. I am Noah’s father.)
5. Collective Self (Social roles, social categories, and social group membership)
• Aspects of social self (e.g. I am a Filipino.)
Allport’s Theory
Motivational Traits – personal dispositions that initiates action; what you do
Stylistic Disposition – Personal dispositions that guide actions
Proprium – Behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm and central in
their lives. It is the core of a person. It is equivalent to the self and ego
Allport’s proprium is described in terms of its functions or things that it does:
• Bodily self – knowing one’s body and its limits
• sSelf-identity – awareness of inner sameness and continuity
• Self-esteem – pride in the ability to do things
• Self-extension – sense of possession and valuing of others
• Self-image – sense of measuring up to expectations of others
• Self-as-rational-coper – sense of self as active problem-solving agent
• Propriate striving – development of long-term purpose and goals
Cattell’s Theory: Personality Traits
Personality traits
1. Ability – how far or how fast one can perform
2. Motivation (dynamic)
a. Attitudes – a specific course of action, or desire to act, in
response to a given situation
b. Ergs – drives or motives, such as sex, hunger, loneliness, pity,
fear
c. Sems – learned or acquired dynamic traits that can satisfy
several ergs at the same time
3. Temperament – how a person behaves

FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
Hiya.
Sibley (1965), an American scholar, translated hiya as ‘‘shame’’. Another
American, Lynch (1961) saw hiya as ‘‘the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies
awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially
unacceptable action.’’ For example, when an employee is scolded in front of other
people. To add to the negativity of this interpretation of hiya, Andres (1994) described
hiya as ‘‘an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their
visitors, even to the extent of going into debt’’ (p. 64).

Utang na loob. Utang na loob

was translated by Kaut (1961) as ‘‘debt of
gratitude’’. Andres (1994, pp. 190–191) defined it, following Kaut’s logic, as ‘‘the
principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another. The person helped
then feels an obligation to repay the debt in the future when the helper himself (sic) is
in need of aid, or he (sic) may repay his debt by sending gifts. It is often not clear when
a debt has been fully paid, so that the relationship becomes an ongoing one.’’
Hollnsteiner (1961) took this interpretation further by claiming that the recipient of the
favor is forced ‘‘to show his (sic) gratitude properly by returning the favor with interest.’’

Kelly’s Eleven (11) Corollaries:

1. Construction – anticipate future events according to their interpretations of
recurrent themes
2. Individuality – people have different experiences, therefore construe events in
different ways
3. Organization – organize their personal constructs in a hierarchical system
4. Dichotomy – people construe events in an either-or manner
5. Choice – people choose the alternatives that they see as extending their range of
future choices
6. Range – constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience; not
relevant to all situations
7. Experience – people continually revise their constructs as the result of
experience
8. Modulation – some new experiences do not lead to a revision of constructs
because these are concrete or impermeable
9. Fragmentation – people behavior is sometimes inconsistent because their
construct system can readily admit incompatible elements
10. Commonality – personal constructs of people with similar experience tend to
be similar
11. Sociality – people can communicate with other because they are able to
construe others’ constructions

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

member of the student body. This entitlement is termed as ________ in the psychoanalytic
social theory of Horney.

a. neurotic pride
b. b. neurotic ambition
c. c. vindictive triumph
d. d. need for perfection
e. e. neurotic claim(s)

2. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for Rogers’ Actualization?

a. Genuineness
b. Unconditional acceptance
c. Conditions of worth
d. Empathy
e. All of the above are requirements for actualization

3. Don wants to repay all the favors he received from his neighbors and he even went
beyond what they had given to him. This concept is referred as __________ in the Sikolohiyang
Filipino.

a. utang na loob
b. bahala na
c. pagmamakatao
d. karangalan
e. pakikipag-kapwa tao

4. The facets of this factor according to Mcrae and Costa’s Big Five personality traits are
trust,
straight-forwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness.

a. Openness to experience
b. Conscentiousness
c. Extraversion
d. Agreeableness
e. Neuroticism

5. The psychosocial crisis during young adulthood is ____________

a. Industry vs. Inferiority

b. Identity vs. Role Confusion
c. Intimacy vs. Isolation
d. Generativity vs. Stagnation
e. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair

6. Derick has unacceptable sexual desires towards a colleague. According to Jung this is a
part of someone's _____________.

a. persona
b. shadow
c. anima
d. animus
e. self

7. The following are the phases of childhood according to Jung except:

a. Anarchic
b. Analytical
c. Monarchic
d. Dualistic

8. According to the theory of psychoanalysis of Freud, the psyche is divided into:

a. Conscious and personal unconscious

b. Conscious, preconscious and unconscious
c. Id, ego and superego
d. Persona, ego and self

9. During the flood, some of the constituents helped their neighbors without asking
anything in return. This altruism that occurred during that event is considered as ___________
trait by Allport

a. cardinal
b. secondary
c. central
d. source
10. Janna had seen her batchmates perform successfully during the last dance performance,
because of this, she felt increased self-efficacy. This statement is an example of
_____________.

a. vicarious experiences
b. verbal persuasion
c. performance outcomes
d. physiological feedback

11. Rahim is known to be very introspective, in fact this trait is so dominant to him that
people tie him with the single trait. This trait refers to the ____________of Allport.

a. cardinal disposition
b. central disposition
c. secondary disposition
d. attitude
e. stylistic disposition

12. Sunny at 18 years of age wanted to explore her independence and develop her sense of
self. This is only typical according to Erikson because she is in the ___________ stage of the
psychosocial development.

a. Trust vs. Mistrust

b. Identity vs. Role Confusion
c. Integrity vs. Despair
d. Intimacy vs. Isolation
e. Generativity vs. Stagnation
13. James is hesitating whether to fight or flee in his upcoming boxing match. The
neurotransmitter responsible for this response is the __________.

a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. GABA
d. Adrenaline

14. Which among the following pairs have conceptualized ideal-self and real self in their
theories?

a. Freud and Jung

b. Horney and Rogers
c. Klein and Rogers
d. James and Horney
e. Horney and Klein

15. What personal dispositions guide actions?

a. Central
b. Cardinal Dispositions
c. Stylistic Dispositions
d. Secondary